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Bernard of Olairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux BERNARD OF OLAIRVAUX BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX THE TIJVlES, THE JVlAN, AND HIS WORK BY RICHARD S. STORRS, D.D., LL.D. Author of" The Divine Origin of Ci,~istianity," etc. ~.tl'ltb'.tl'tt HODDER AND STOUGHTON 27, PATERNOSTER ROW MDCCCXCII TO BROOKLYN, NEW YORK: Trained by God's grace, in its own happy work, till its freedom ha.s become the helper effaith, its devout11ess the teacher </f catholic sympathy, the beauty of holiness its commanding ideal, the victor.¥ </f Christ its supreme expectation, - long service in which has been rich i11 reward, - WRlTTRN IN ITS LIBRARY, AND SKETCHING A LIFE OF SINGULAR LUSTRE, ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED. AUTHOR'S NOTE. THE following Lectures were prepared at the invita­ tion of the honored Professors in the Theological Semi­ nary at Princeton, New Jersey, to be delivered on what is there known as the L. P. Sume Foundation. They were subsequently delivered before the Lowell Institute in Boston ; and three of them, the third, fourth, and seventh, have since been read at the Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore. The course was at first designed to embrace only six Lectures ; and the writer has sometimes regretted that the primary plan had not been adhered to, - two, of the briefer course, being devoted perhaps to each of three of the greater Church Fathers, as to Chrysostom and · Augustine, representing, respectively, the Eastern and the Western Ch_urch of the earlier period, with Ber­ nard, representing the medireval period. Having begun, however, with Bernard, on account of more recent familiarity with his writings and his work, the lecturer soon discovered that the entire series would be needed to set forth the great Abbot in any tolerable complete­ ness ; and other possible subjects were accordingly viii AUTHOR'S NOTE, postponed, for a leisure which is now quite certain not to come. It further became evident, as the effort to exhibit Bernard was pursued, that in order to any sufficient delineation of the man and his career, it was indispen­ sable to have his times more plainly in view than it could be assumed that they had been or were before some of those who might hear or afterward read the Lectures. Simply to present this remarkable leader of thought and action, belonging to a distant century, in an obscure passage of history between indefinite dark spaces, would be neither just to him nor useful to those whose thoughts might for a time be occupied with him. It seemed necessary, at least, to recur to that command­ ing work of Hildebrand which wrought memorable change in European society ; and the work of Hilde­ brand could not be understood except in connection with the disastrous preceding decadence in Church and State, as well as with tp_eir subsequent comprehensive progress. So the first two Lectures came to be written, after the others were well advanced, as introductory to those which were to follow. The series thus took the larger compass which it retains, aiming not only to outline the personal figure of Bernard, but to trace rapidly the genesis of the forces which in his time were governing in Europe, from which he commonly took incentive and aid, which he had sometimes persis­ tently to withstand, but which shaped always the envi­ ronment of his life. Any apparent disproportion between the parts preliminary and those which succeed may be measurably relieved by this explanation. AUTHOR'S NOTE. ix It was the purpose of the writer, after delivering the Lectures, to supply at once such references and notes as should seem needful, and then to commit them to the press. But he became immediately occupied in pre­ paring another longer series, previously promised to another institution, on a widely different theme, and the manuscripts already in hand had therefore to be laid aside till time might come for what it was fore­ seen would be the considerable labor of .selecting and arranging suitable sustaining or illustrative notes. The multitude of cares constantly engaging the atten­ tion of a pastor in active service, with unexpected and exacting public duties afterward presented, still further delayed the fulfilment of the plan. Having, however, accepted an invitation to deliver the series before the Lowell Institute, the lecturer gladly availed himself of the chance to revise in a measure what he had written, and to point out or transcribe some of the passages in the writings of Bernard or his contemporaries, as well as of previous or subsequent authors, which had been before his mind in his earlier work ; and so it comes to pass that after an interval greater than was expected the Lectures and Notes appear in this volume. The Lectures are to be taken, of course, for what they were designed to be, associated general sketches of Bernard, in different relations, events, and activi­ ties of his life ; not as aiming to supply a continuous or complete biographical or historical account of the man and his career. It is hoped, however, that the points of chief importance in his spirit, genius, and labors, as well as in the times which he powerfully affected, will X AUTHOR'S NOTE. be found suggested in them. The Notes are more nu­ merous, and sometimes more extended, than they would have been except for the hope that some may be at­ tracted to the volume to whom the authors quoted may not be accessible, who will still be glad to have before them elucidation or confirmation of statements appearing in the text. The extracts from the letters, sermons, and other writings of ~ernard, and from. the monastic accounts of his life, are uniformly taken from his "Operat edited with affectionate care by Mabillon, and reprinted in Paris, in A. D. 1839. The six quarto parts of this collection are distributed, it will be remembered by those who know them, into two comprehensive " vol­ umes;" and for greater convenience in consulting these volumes the references in the Lectures are always made to numbered columns, rather than to pages. In the cases of other authors cited the editions used have been, unless by inadvertence, carefully noted. The edi­ tion of Abelard's " Opera " is that edited by Cousin, and published in Paris, A. D. 1849 ; with the " Ouvrages Inedits " of A. n. 1836. Not very much appears to have been written in Eng­ lish about Bernard, aside from brief essays, or occa­ sional notices of him in general Church histories. The most extended and particular sketch of him is un­ doubtedly that given ·by James Cotter Morison in a volume dedicated to Carlyle, and published in London twenty-five years since. It is not altogether lucid in arrangement, or satisfactory in particular discussions, and is sometimes less sympathetic than could be desired AUTHOR'S NOTE. xi in spiritual tone ; but it is prepared with conscientious ea.re, is written in a clear and vigorous style, and con­ tains passages of much beauty. An English transla­ tion of the works of Bernard has recently begun to appear, under the editorship of S. J. Eales, D. C. L., two volumes of which are already published. German historical or biographical literature does not .,. seem to have concerned itself extensively with the great French Doctor and Saint, though outlines of his opinions and his labors of course appear in the larger historical works of Neander, Hagenbach, Gieseler, and others, and two German monographs respecting him are well known: the more famous one, that of Neander, "Der heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter;" another, less important, by Ellendorf, " Der heilige Bernhard und die Hierarchie seiner Zeit." The early French translation of the Latin sermons has also been recently edited and published by Wendelin Foerster, A. D. 1885. Among French writers on Bernard, the one most fre­ quently referred to by the lecturer has been Theodore Ratisbonne, whose "Histoire de Saint Bernard et de son Siecle" (Paris A. D. 1875) is written with ardent admiration for the illustrious Abbot, though with a certain cultivated intensity of expression, as well as an occasionally ~isturbing polemical bias, which de-­ tract from its value. The article on Bernard in the " Biographic U niverselle " is an excellent brief sum­ mary of his career; and there are a number of small volumes treating of him, like the " Etudes sur Saint Bernard" by Abel Desjardins, or one in the series by Capefigue on " Les Fondateurs des Grand Ordres." xii .AUTHOR'S NOTE. Usually, however, these contain little of importance which does not better appear in Bernard's own works. This is equally true of the " Vie de Saint Bernard " which forms the first volume of the Bibliotheque Ois­ tercienne. It remains an occasion of unceasing regret that M. de Montalembert did not complete that Life of Bernard for which he had made vast preparation, to accomplish which he was fitted beyond all others, and to which the entire series of his noble volumes on the Monks of the West 1 had been designed to lead the way. His failure to complete his magni(icent plan involved a real loss to Christendom. The writer of the following unpretending Lectures, which have no claim to attention other than that derived from their subject, has wished to avail him­ self of the labors of others wherever he might, but at the same time to keep his mind free from any determining impression by them, while picturing to himself the Abbot and his work, as presented in his own writings, and in the records made of him by those who were nearest to him in spirit and in time. He fully believes that any fruitful study of Bernard must be conducted along these lines, though excellent suggestions may be often received from those whose minds had been previously engaged upon the same theme.
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