DOCSLIB.ORG

Securing Food and Livelihoods: Opportunities and Constraints to Sustainably Enhancing Household Food Production in Santa Familia Village, Belize

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Securing Food and Livelihoods: Opportunities and Constraints to Sustainably Enhancing Household Food Production in Santa Familia Village, Belize University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2014 SECURING FOOD AND LIVELIHOODS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO SUSTAINABLY ENHANCING HOUSEHOLD FOOD PRODUCTION IN SANTA FAMILIA VILLAGE, BELIZE Siobhan B. Lozada The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lozada, Siobhan B., "SECURING FOOD AND LIVELIHOODS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO SUSTAINABLY ENHANCING HOUSEHOLD FOOD PRODUCTION IN SANTA FAMILIA VILLAGE, BELIZE" (2014). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4202. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4202 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SECURING FOOD AND LIVELIHOODS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO SUSTAINABLY ENHANCING HOUSEHOLD FOOD PRODUCTION IN SANTA FAMILIA VILLAGE, BELIZE By SIOBHAN BURMA LOZADA Latin American Studies, University of California at San Diego, 2008 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Resource Conservation, International Conservation and Development University of Montana Missoula, MT April 2014 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of the Graduate School Graduate School Stephen F. Siebert, Chair Department of Forest Management Dane Scott, Co-chair Department of Society and Conservation Sarah J. Halvorson Department of Geography Joshua Slotnick Department of Environmental Studies © COPYRIGHT by Siobhan Burma Lozada 2014 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Rural households play an active role in reorganizing their livelihood strategies to respond to external stresses and shocks. What is unclear is the extent to which rural households can remain resilient in the face of continued external stresses and how policy actions at larger scales can more effectively encourage rural food and livelihood sustainability. Economic and ecological stresses and shocks have negatively impacted livelihood security and wider economic stability in Belize. This has increased the number of people below the poverty line to 41.3 percent, who remain disproportionately located in rural areas. With a high degree of import dependency, global food price surges have resulted in direct pass through effects on domestic prices, creating food price inflation of up to 22.8 percent between 2006 and 2009. Within this context, this study assesses the state of livelihood security in a village of the Cayo district by assessing the quality of household capital assets, including human, financial, natural and social capital. Semi-structured face-to- face interviews were conducted in 2012 using a random sample of 64 households. Participant observation, key-informant interviews, the use of secondary sources and extra-local interviews with government officials were also employed to gain deeper insight into the complexity of the rural environment and institutional policies related to food security and sustainable agricultural development. Results show high levels of livelihood diversification among both grain farmers and non-farming households. No significant difference existed between total household median incomes. However, the median income of non-grain male household heads is significantly greater than that of grain farmer male householders (U = 1393, n1 = 43, n2 = 16, p < .05). Part-time farming households maintained the highest number of livelihood strategies compared to non-grain households, with a median of 4 to 3 respectively (U = 506, n1 = 11, n2 = 48, p < .0005). Compared to non-farmers, part-time farmers are disproportionately engaged in day labor as a primary income strategy, where pay is lower and work is less reliable (Chi = 57, df = 1, p < .01). Human capital is low among both household types, with 65 percent of non-farming male householders receiving no education above the primary school level, while all grain farmers received no education above the primary school level (Chi = 59, df = 1, p < ii .01). Domestic and foreign remittances did not impact the majority of participants, as only 28 percent reported they received, or would receive, some amount of extra-household monetary support. Yet, the median value of out-country remittances were significantly greater for non- farmers compared to grain farmers (U = 21.00, n1 = 4, n2 = 3, p < .05). Despite these strategies, financial capital remains constrained, as over 75% of households are unable to save money, and the large majority of working females worked out of necessity. In addition, nearly two thirds of households have reduced meal size in recent years, with no significant difference between household types. Nearly three quarters of all householders valued home gardens as a mode to adding diversity to the diet and improving health or reducing purchasing costs. Among grain farmers, 94 percent stated that grain farms provided their family with food, where 62.5 percent indicated risk management, specifically, as their reason for farming. This proportion rises to 83.3 percent when looking at white corn producers exclusively. When asked if farming has become more difficult, less difficult, or the same compared to the past, 62.5 percent of grain farmers stated that agriculture in Belize has become more difficult (Chi = 6.5, df = 2, p < .05). Biophysical constraints among both household types include vulnerability to waterlogging and drought, soil fertility and pest problems. Input costs are also of concern, while grain farmers faced additional transaction risk. Furthermore, land tenure insecurity is widespread. To compound the problem, social capital is also weak given disillusionment with formal organizing, where exclusionary policies by the local cooperative further restrict access to relevant low-cost and low-input technologies. Expanding access to sustainable technologies through participatory research and extension is recommended. However, greater access to technology alone is insufficient for sustaining intensification that can ensure resilient food and livelihood strategies. Reducing costs and risk through secure access to productive resources, markets, and financial services in a manner that accounts for heterogeneity in farming systems and local food security priorities are also essential. To this end, and with attention to national-level social and economic conditions, a pro-poor agricultural growth strategy is considered within a dynamic food sovereignty framework. Keywords: Belize, Sustainable Agriculture, Small Farmers, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, Subsistence Farmers, Agricultural Development, Political Agroecology, Local Food Systems, Adaptive Capacity, Food Sovereignty. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my principle advisor, Steve Siebert, for his guidance and feedback in the completion of my thesis. Your constructive comments greatly improved the quality of this analysis. I am also grateful to Dane Scott for his professional support and warm encouragement. I further acknowledge the Provost and the Mansfield Ethics and Public Affairs Program for financially supporting this work. I give my upmost thanks to my mother for continuously inspiring my journey by reminding me what true strength, intelligence and wisdom looks like. To my professors throughout my academic career for your dedication to developing the mind and spirit of students everywhere. To my close friends for your heartfelt care and those indispensable instances of laughter. To all the families and farmers I have had the privilege of meeting, I express special thanks for diversifying my understanding through your steadfast insistence on my re-education. To my partner who kept me balanced through many memorable excursions during the interviewing period, as well as fed throughout my writing days in the bush, you are the power that drives my convictions. To the forest, flora and fauna, for nourishing the body and mind, reminding us what truly matters; it is to you to which I dedicate this work. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... I LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. V LIST OF FIGURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS ......................................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE NATURE OF ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL STRESSES AND SHOCKS IN BELIZE ............ 1 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 RESEARCH OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petition to the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organization
    August 10, 2019 BY EMAIL Petition to the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organization Cc: Antonio Campinos, President of the EPO Emmanuel Macron, President, French Republic Christoph Ernst, VP Legal/ International Affairs Angela Merkel, Chancellor, Germany Karin Seegert, COO, Healthcare & Chemistry Mark Rutte, Prime Minister, The Netherlands Piotr Wierzejewski, Quality Management Boris Johnson, Prime Minister, United Kingdom Stoyan Radkov - Applicant’s Representative Cornelia Rudloff-Schäffer, President, German PTO Tim Moss, CEO, Intellectual Property Office of Cadre Philippe, Director, French National Institute the United Kingdom of Industrial Property Vincentia Rosen-Sandiford, Director, Netherlands Patent Office Re: European patent application 09735962.4; and European divisional application 17182663.9; Applicant: Asha Nutrition Sciences, Inc. Dear Delegates in the Administrative Council, We have been prosecuting the referenced patent applications directed to critical innovations for public health at EPO for last 10 years. However, rather than advancing the innovations EPO has been obstructing them. EPO statements in the prosecution history evidence that rejections have been applied to oblige us to reduce the claimed scope, even though as per provisions of European Patent Convention, the subject claims are perfectly patentable. A narrow patent is not synonymous with a quality patent. The metric of quality disregarded by EPO is genuine innovation, measured by betterment of life achieved, though that is the very purpose of patents and is built into the law. For example, solutions to critical unmet needs are inventive even if claims are otherwise obvious (GL1, G-VII, 10.3). Narrow patents in the nutrition arts have already caused great harm to public health and created patent-practice- made humanitarian crises by creating misinformation and taken us farther away from solving nutritional problems, preventative solutions, and sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • Niop Trading Rules
    NIOP TRADING RULES Effective July 2013 Minor changes and corrections (approved by the NIOP Technical Committee) have been included as of July 29, 2013 APPLICATION OF RULES INCORPORATION OF THESE RULES OR ANY PORTION THEREOF IS NOT MANDATORY BUT IS OPTIONAL BETWEEN PARTIES TO CONTRACTS. Published by the National Institute of Oilseed Products 750 National Press Building, 529 14th St NW Washington, D.C. 20045 TEL: (202) 591-2438 FAX: (202) 591-2445 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.niop.org ©2013 by the National Institute of Oilseed Products NIOP TRADING RULES TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - TYPES OF SALES RULE 1.1 TRADE PRACTICE 1 -1 1.2 PLACE OF CONTRACT 1 -1 1.3 C.I.F. (COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT) 1 -1 LISTING OF DOCUMENTS 1 -2 1.4 C.& F. (COST AND FREIGHT) 1 -3 1.5 F.O.B. VESSEL (FREE ON BOARD VESSEL) 1 -3 1.6 F.A.S. VESSEL (FREE ALONGSIDE) -NAMED PORT OF SHIPMENT 1 -5 1.7 EX DOCK (NAMED PORT OF IMPORTATION) 1 -6 1.8 EX WAREHOUSE 1 -7 1.9 MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF SALES 1 -7 1.10 VESSEL CLASSIFICATION 1 -7 1.11 PUBLIC HEALTH SECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM PREPAREDNESS 1 -7 CHAPTER 2 - SHIPMENT RULE 2.1 TIME 2 -1 2.2 DAYS OR HOURS 2 -1 2.3 NOTICE 2 -1 2.4 TENDERS 2 -1 2.5 EXTENSION OF SHIPMENT 2 -1 2.6 PROOF OF ORIGIN 2 -3 2.7 TRANSHIPMENT 2 -3 2.8 SHIPPING INSTRUCTIONS 2 -3 2.9 VESSEL NOMINATION AND DECLARATION OF DESTINATION 2 -3 2.10 BILL OF LADING-EVIDENCE OF DATE OF SHIPMENT 2 -3 CHAPTER 3 - TANK CARS, TRUCKS, BARGES AND CONTAINERS RULE 3.1 DATE OF SHIPMENT 3 -1 3.2 TIME OF SHIPMENT 3 -1 3.3 SPREAD (SCATTERED) DELIVERIES OF SHIPMENTS 3 -1 3.4 F.O.B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soap Making Companion a Guide for Beginners 2Nd Edition
    The Soap Making Companion A Guide for Beginners 2nd Edition The companion guidebook to the Thermal Mermaid Artisan Soap Makers Course By Thermal Mermaid & Jennifer Tynan Copyright 2020 by SpeckledEggPublishing All rights reserved. This book, or parts within may not be reproduced without permission from the publisher. Published by SpeckledEggPublishing Waterbury, CT 06706 https://speckledeggpublishing.com Contains material edited and modified from The Soap Making Companion: A Guide for Beginners, 1st Edition, by Jennifer Tynan, copyright 2018, 2015. ISBN: 9798643284789 Printed in the United States of America This publication is designed to provide accurate information in respect to the material presented. It is sold with the understanding that the recipes and suggestions are personal thoughts and understanding on the artisan craft of soap making and is not engaged in professional or medical advice. No claims are made about any of the recipes regarding cures, therapies, or treatments for personal care. Soap is made for cleaning, and the recipes in this book are geared toward the artistic techniques in creating only soap. Photography by Jennifer Tynan 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 Table of Contents Introduction 1. 1: Soaping, Setup, & Safety Welcome to the Beginning Gather the Supplies You Need Lye Safety & First Aid How to Mix & Use Lye Properly Saponification & Lye Calculations by Hand First Simple Soap Recipe 2. Cold Process Method, Techniques & Designs White Soap Trace Lavender Flowers Gel Insulating Glycerin Rivers Soda Ash Neapolitan Clay Bar Salt Bar & Brine Drop Swirl Soap 3 Hangar Swirl In the Bowl Swirl Column Pour Peacock Swirl Lava Bubbles 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Saponification Oil Values for Soap Making
    Thermal Mermaid SAP Chart Saponification Oil Values for Soap Making SAP value SAP value No. Name of Oil for NaOH for KOH 1 Abyssinian Oil 0.12 0.168 2 Almond Butter 0.134 0.188 3 Almond Oil 0.139 0.195 4 Aloe Butter 0.171 0.24 5 Andiroba Oil 0.134 0.188 6 Apricot Kernal Oil 0.139 0.195 7 Argan Oil 0.136 0.191 8 Avocado Butter 0.133 0.187 9 Avocado Oil 0.133 0.186 10 Babassu Oil 0.175 0.245 11 Baobab Oil 0.143 0.2 12 Beeswax 0.067 0.094 13 Black Cumin Seed Oil 0.139 0.195 14 Black Currant Seed Oil 0.135 0.19 15 Borage Oil 0.135 0.19 16 Brazil Nut Oil 0.135 0.19 17 Broccoli Seed Oil 0.123 0.172 18 Buriti Oil 0.159 0.223 19 Camelina Seed Oil 0.134 0.188 20 Candelila Wax 0.031 0.044 21 Canola Oil 0.133 0.186 22 Carrot Seed Oil 0.103 0.144 23 Castor Oil 0.128 0.18 24 Cherry Kernal Oil 0.135 0.19 25 Chicken Fat 0.139 0.195 26 Cocoa Butter 0.138 0.194 27 Coconut Oil 0.183 0.257 28 Coconut Oil, fractionated 0.232 0.325 29 Coffee Been Oil, green 0.132 0.185 30 Coffee Bean Oil, roasted 0.128 0.18 31 Cohune Oil 0.146 0.205 32 Corn Oil 0.137 0.192 33 Cotton Seed Oil 0.138 0.194 34 Cranberry Seed Oil 0.135 0.19 35 Crisco 0.138 0.193 36 Cupuacu Oil 0.137 0.192 37 Duck Fat 0.138 0.194 38 Emu Oil 0.135 0.19 39 Evening Primrose Oil 0.135 0.19 Crafter's Community Member Page 1 Lesson 1 Part 5 Thermal Mermaid SAP Chart SAP value SAP value No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belize Ag Report Belize’S Most Complete Independent Agricultural Publication
    The Belize Ag Report Belize’s most complete independent agricultural publication pg. 16 NOV 2013 - JAN 2014 BGGA on Corn pg. 17 ISSUE 23 Thiessen Liquid Fertilizer Rice Field Day Pg. 12 Field Margins pg. 18 Mamey Sapote pg. 22 Syngenta.com Panela pg. 21 Citrus Industry pg. 5 Cohune Stove pg. 3 57 ac Farm 668-0749 / 663-6777 holdfastbelize.com US$ 275 K FARM LISTINGS Home with Pool See pg. 2 & 26 www.brandbelize.com NOV 2013 - JAN 2014 BelizeAgReport.com 1 Harvesting Ag News from All of Belize Land is our language TM We speak farm land and river land We are involved in agriculture so we are familiar with local issues and understand agricultural concerns. We have buyers/renters for farmland. Let us know if have land to sell or rent. S L As a small company, we personalize our service to both buyer and seller. Court Roberson•Beth Roberson 668-0749 / 663-6777 www.holdfastbelize.com Belize Spice Farm && Botanical Gardens Come and visit the largest Vanilla & Black Pepper farm in Belize!!! Come enjoy our tropical plant collection which in addition to Vanilla and Black Pepper, includes Cardamom, Clove, Nutmeg, Cashew, Rambuttan, Sapote, Anjili, Bilimbi, Carambola, Nellipuli, Jackfruit, Mangos, Jatropha and many flowering plants too many to list! Tours are open to the public!!! Nursery plants on sale til end of Chocolate Festival May 26th Golden Stream, Southern Highway, Toledo District 221 km, or approximately 3 hours drive from Belize City (501) 732 - 4014 • [email protected] www.belizespicefarm.com NOV 2013 - JAN 2014 BelizeAgReport.com 2 Harvesting Ag News from All of Belize Belize’s ‘Green Coal’: cohune nuts.
    [Show full text]
  • RULE 5.12 - PRIOR CARGO LISTINGS September 1, 2007
    RULE 5.12 - PRIOR CARGO LISTINGS September 1, 2007 NOTE: All substances on Acceptable Lists 1 and 2 also appear on the NIOP-FOSFA Harmonized International List of Acceptable Previous Cargoes except those designated by (*). Substances not appearing on either Acceptable List 1 or 2 are not permitted to be carried as the last cargo immediately prior to edible oils. 5.12.1 - ACCEPTABLE PRIOR CARGO - LIST NO. 1 The following items are acceptable prior cargoes for transported edible oils, which may or may not be further processed prior to use: CARGO COMMON NAME Acetic acid – (USP and Food Grades only) Alcoholic beverages (i.e. rum, wine) Almond oil Anchovy oil Apple juice concentrate Apricot kernel oil Avocado oil Babassu oil Beechnut oil Beeswax (white & yellow) Candelilla wax Canola oil - LEAR (“double zero”) Carnauba wax Castor oil Cocoa butter Coconut oil Cod liver oil Cod oil Cohune oil Corn oil - (maize oil) Corn syrup Cottonseed oil Dairy products (limited per USA 21CFR, Part 131) Dextrose solution Ethyl alcohol – (Food Grades only) Fish liver oil Fish oil Fructose Glucose syrup Glycerin Grape juice concentrate Grapeseed oil Hazelnut oil Herring oil Illipe butter - (mowrah butter) Juice concentrates (i.e. apple, grape) Lactic acid (limited per USA 21CFR, Parts 150 & 184) Lard Linseed oil Lycopersicum esculentum oil - (tomato seed oil) Menhaden oil Molasses Montan wax Murumuru fat Mustard seed oil Non-alcoholic beverages Nutmeg butter Olive oil Orange juice slurry Palm kernel oil Palm kernel olein Palm kernel stearin Palm oil 5.12.1 -
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA)
    ,. / UXVT/O.J _/ t //^ <P*)- ouj Plant Resources ofSouth-Eas t Asia No 14 Vegetable oils and fats H.A.M. van der Vossen and B.E. Umali (Editors) H Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2001 \h^ i ^35^50 DR H.A.M, VAN DER VOSSEN graduated from Wageningen University in 1964 with an Ir (MSc) degree in tropical agronomy and plant breeding. He was re­ search officer-in-charge of the Oil Palm Research Centre at Kade, Ghana from 1964 to 1971 and head of the Coffee Breeding Unit at the Coffee Research Sta­ tion near Ruiru, Kenya, from 1971 to 1981. He obtained his PhD degree from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1974 with a thesis on breeding and quantitative genetics in the oil palm. In 1981 he joined Sluis & Groot Seed Company at Enkhuizen (Netherlands) as research manager and subsequently became director of the breeding programmes for vegetable and flower seed crops. After early retirement in 1993 he went overseas once more as seed in­ dustry adviser to the Ministry ofAgricultur e in Dhaka, Bangladesh until 1996. Since that time he has been active as a freelance consultant in plant breeding, and has undertaken assignments concerning vegetable seeds, cereal crops, co­ coa, oil palm and coffee. He has published over 40 scientific papers and written a chapter on breeding in two handbooks on coffee, contributed as co-author and associate editor of PROSEA No 8 Vegetables and as co-author and co-editor of PROSEA No 16 Stimulants. DR B.E. UMALI graduated from the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) in 1975 with a BSc degree in agriculture (major in horticulture).
    [Show full text]
  • Community Baboon Sanctuary
    Management Plan for the Community Baboon Sanctuary Linking Conservation and Sustainable Development 2013-2018 CBS Management Plan 2013-2018 Funding Provided by: Prepared by: Dr. Jon Lyon Department of Biology Merrimack College North Andover, MA 01845 USA 31 August 2013 2 CBS Management Plan 2013-2018 Executive Summary The Uniqueness of the Community Baboon Sanctuary The Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS) was established in 1985 and is located on the northern coastal plain of Belize. It is geographically centered on the Village of Bermudian Landing in the lower Belize River Valley (Longitude 17o 55’ 65”N; Latitude: -88o 53’ 07” W). The CBS is an IUCN Category IV protected area but it is a Community Conserved Area where individual landowner participation is completely voluntary and based on a pledge system. The present membership is some 170 landholders and includes members of seven area villages, Flowers Bank, Scotland Half-Moon, Isabella Bank, St. Paul’s Bank, Willows Bank, Double Head Cabbage, and Bermudian Landing. The CBS covers some 14,800 acres. The Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS) is unlike any other protected area or wildlife sanctuary in Belize. The nature and functioning of the CBS is completely embedded within the seven Belize River Valley communities that comprise it and it is inextricably linked to the Kriol culture and history of the region. The sanctuary nature of the CBS exists because of the long-held cultural appreciation for the black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) by the people that co-inhabit the region. Villagers in the Belize River Valley have very rarely ever hunted howlers for food and rarely engaged in capturing them for pets or the pet trade.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California, San Diego
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Social Implications of Ritual Behavior in the Maya Lowlands: A Perspective from Minanha, Belize. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Sonja Andrea Schwake Committee in charge: Professor Geoffrey E. Braswell, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Paul Goldstein Professor Elizabeth Newsome Professor Eric Van Young 2008 Copyright Sonja Andrea Schwake, 2008 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Sonja Andrea Schwake is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2008 iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother, Janja Van Lehn (Janette Schwake). Her endless support, love, and encouragement have helped me on so many occasions and I could not have completed this without her. She has an astonishing strength of spirit, and she has always taught me to reach for my dreams. Thanks Mom, you are the most amazing woman in the world, and a great inspiration to me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page........................................................................................... iii Dedication.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Harvest of Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products in Belize
    Chapter 5: Goods from the Woods: The Harvest of Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products in Belize Robert Heinzman and Conrad Reining, with Michael J. Balick The Logwood Period The forests of Belize have been logged for over 300 years, primarily for export, beginning with British settlers in the 1600’s (Munro, 1989). One of the earliest and most important species was logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum L.), also known as palo tincta or ek. This was used to produce a vegetable dye used by the European textile industry in the 18th century, with exports reaching their peak in 1756. Gibbs (1883, cited in Standley and Record, 1936) noted: “If, as by the adoption of her totem and appropriate motto [sub umbra floreo], the Colony of British Honduras would appear to consider herself indebted (if at all for past prosperity), mostly to another tree [Mahogany], it is to Logwood she certainly owes in the first instance her existence.” (p. 28) British privateers cruising the waters around Belize would seek to capture the Spanish traders bringing logwood to Europe, and, after offloading their cargo, set fire to their vessels. Gibbs (1883) continues, “But it so happened that a Captain James, the master of a letter of marque, having captured a Spanish vessel the cargo of which consisted of this wood, brought the ship and cargo into the Port of London. On endeavoring to dispose of the latter he was gratified as well as surprised to find for it a ready sale at an enormous price per ton. The crew, who had used up a portion of the precious freight to burn in
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX a NOTE: This Disposition Is Nonprecedential
    1a APPENDIX A NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit IN RE: URVASHI BHAGAT, Appellant 2016-2525 Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 12/426,034 Decided: March 16, 2018 URVASHI BHAGAT, Palo Alto, CA, pro se. NATHAN K. KELLEY, Office of the Solicitor, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, for appellee Andrei Iancu. Also represented by THOMAS W. KRAUSE, AMY J. NELSON. Before NEWMAN, O’MALLEY, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge. Urvashi Bhagat (“the Applicant”) appeals the decision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“the 2a Board”) affirming the examiner’s rejection of claims 52, 61, 64, 65, 67–69, 73–75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 90– 102, 107, 116–122, 124, and 128–145 of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/426,034 (“the ’034 application”).1 We affirm the Board’s decision.2 BACKGROUND The ’034 application is directed to lipid- containing compositions comprising omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. The ’034 application states that dietary deficiency or imbalance of these fatty acids may lead to a variety of illnesses, and that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are naturally occurring in oils, butters, nuts, and seeds. The ’034 application claims a range and ratios of these fatty acids and other limitations. Application claim 65 is the broadest claim: 65. A lipid-containing formulation, comprising a dosage of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids at an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 4:1 or greater, contained in one or more complementing casings providing controlled delivery of the formulation to a subject, wherein at least one casing comprises an intermixture of lipids from different sources, and wherein (1) omega-6 fatty acids are 4–75% by weight of total lipids and omega-3 fatty acids are 0.1–30% by weight of total lipids; or (2) omega-6 fatty acids are not more than 40 grams.
    [Show full text]
  • Traduction Des Huiles Anglais/Français (Huiles De "The Sage" Et "Soap Calc") by Tanit
    Traduction des huiles anglais/français (huiles de "the sage" et "soap calc") by Tanit Français Anglais Français Anglais Français Anglais açai (beurre) Acai butter kukui (hv) Kukui oil abeille (cire Beewax aloe (beurre) Aloe verra butter mangue (hv) Mango oil lanoline Lanolin aloe (extrait) Aloe extract mangue (beurre) mango butter graisse d'oie goose fat amande douce (beurre) Almond butter sweet macadamia (hv) Macadamia butter matieres grasses du beurre Butter fat amande douce (hv) Almond oil sweet macadamia (hv) Macadamia nut oil matiere grasses du lait milk fat andiroba(hv) Andiroba oil baies de laurier (hv) laurel fruit oil suif de chevre tallow goat argan (hv) Argan oil ecume des pres (hv) Meadowfoam oil graisse de chevre Goat fat avocat (beurre) Avocado butter neem (hv) Neem oil graisse de chevreuil tallow deer avocat (hv) Avocado oil avoine (hv) Oat oil beurre clarifié ghee babassu (hv) Babassu oil olive (beurre) Olive butter graisse de poulet chiken fat baobab (hv) Baobab oil acide laurique lauric acid huile d'emeu Emu oil bourrache (hv) Borage oil noyaux de palme (hv) Palm kernel oil graisse de lapin rabbit fat cacao (beurre) Cocoa butter pépins de framboise (hv) Red raspberry seed oil huile de vison Mink oil café (beurre) Coffee butter carthame (hv) Safflower oil huile de pieds de bœuf Neats foot oil camelia (hv) Camelia oil arachide (hv) Peanut oil graisse d'ours Tallow bear cameline (hv) Camelina oil palme (hv) Palm oil saindoux Lard pig tallow candelilla (cire) Candelilla wax fruits de la passion (hv) Passion fruit seed oil
    [Show full text]