DOCSLIB.ORG

University of California, San Diego

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of California, San Diego UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Social Implications of Ritual Behavior in the Maya Lowlands: A Perspective from Minanha, Belize. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Sonja Andrea Schwake Committee in charge: Professor Geoffrey E. Braswell, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Paul Goldstein Professor Elizabeth Newsome Professor Eric Van Young 2008 Copyright Sonja Andrea Schwake, 2008 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Sonja Andrea Schwake is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2008 iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother, Janja Van Lehn (Janette Schwake). Her endless support, love, and encouragement have helped me on so many occasions and I could not have completed this without her. She has an astonishing strength of spirit, and she has always taught me to reach for my dreams. Thanks Mom, you are the most amazing woman in the world, and a great inspiration to me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page........................................................................................... iii Dedication.................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents.........................................................................................v List of Figures........................................................................................... vii List of Tables ...............................................................................................x Acknowledgments..................................................................................... xii Vita........................................................................................................... xvi Abstract.................................................................................................... xix I. Introduction..................................................................................................1 II. Ritual Theory, Mortuary Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya...................6 Theoretical Approaches to Ritual and Religion.....................................7 Mortuary Archaeology.........................................................................28 Mortuary Analysis in the Maya Area...................................................44 Cache and Ritual Offerings in the Maya Area.....................................56 Conclusion ...........................................................................................62 III. Research Design.........................................................................................66 Sampling Strategy and Methodology...................................................69 Excavation Biases ................................................................................71 Archaeological Expectations ...............................................................73 Conclusion ...........................................................................................77 IV. Environment, History, Site Description, and Previous Research ..............79 Environment, Climate, Flora, and Fauna.............................................79 Geology of Belize and the Vaca Plateau..............................................84 A Brief History of Modern Belize .......................................................87 History of Investigations at Minanha...................................................95 Site Description..................................................................................102 General Interpretations of Minanha Archaeology .............................105 Conclusion .........................................................................................108 V. Case Study: Minanha ...............................................................................113 Excavations in Group A.....................................................................113 v Excavations in Group S .....................................................................140 Excavations in the MRS4 Group .......................................................157 Conclusion .........................................................................................164 VI. Comparative Regional Perspectives ........................................................219 The Southeast Petén Region ..............................................................221 The Belize Valley Region..................................................................234 The Vaca Plateau Region...................................................................250 Similarity and Disjunction: Trends in the Mortuary Sample.............263 Conclusion .........................................................................................271 VII. Mortuary Archaeology at Minanha .......................................................303 Regional Tradition: Commoner Mortuary Practice ............................305 Representation of Group Identity: Lesser Elite Mortuary Practice ....308 Social Memory and Community: Apical Elite Mortuary Practice......315 Discussion and Conclusion.................................................................322 VIII. The Minanha Mortuary Assemblage.....................................................331 Appendix..................................................................................................337 References................................................................................................357 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Graph of traditional hierarchical model of social organization..............64 Figure 2.2: Graphic representation of triangulation effect for lesser elites ...............65 Figure 4.1: Top plan and section of the site from the 1927 expedition ...................110 Figure 4.2: Regional location of Minanha ...............................................................111 Figure 4.3: Site core of Minanha .............................................................................112 Figure 5.1: Structure 3A with location of excavation units.....................................165 Figure 5.2: Incensario fragment...............................................................................166 Figure 5.3: Top plan of Unit 3A-1 (3A-1st construction).........................................167 Figure 5.4: Profile Unit 3A-1...................................................................................168 Figure 5.5: Chert eccentric lithics............................................................................169 Figure 5.6: Sierra Red: Society Hall vessel .............................................................170 Figure 5.7: Top plan of Structure 3A, Units 3A-1, 3A-2, and 3A-3........................171 Figure 5.8: Top plan of Unit 3A-2...........................................................................172 Figure 5.9: Top plan of Units 3A-2 and 3A-3, top of 3A-B/3 capstones ................173 Figure 5.10: Structure 3A, running profile of Burial 3A-B/3...................................174 Figure 5.11: Top plan Unit 3A-2 and Burial 3A-B/3.................................................175 Figure 5.12: East-West running profile of Structure 3A............................................176 Figure 5.13: Top plan, Structure 4A, Unit 4A-1, Level 3..........................................177 Figure 5.14: Unit 4A-1, profile looking east..............................................................178 Figure 5.15: Top plan Structure 4A, Unit 4A-1, Level 5...........................................179 Figure 5.16: Top plan of Group S, showing location of Structure 77S`....................180 Figure 5.17: Profile map of Structure 77S, Unit 77S-1 .............................................181 vii Figure 5.18: Top plan of Unit 77S-1, Level 3............................................................182 Figure 5.19: Top plan of Burial 77S-B/1...................................................................183 Figure 5.20: Top plan of Burial 77S-B/1, Units 77S-1 and 77S-2 ............................184 Figure 5.21: Profile of Structure 77S, Unit 77S-2 .....................................................185 Figure 5.22: Top plan of Burial 77S-B/2 chamber, Structure 77S ............................186 Figure 5.23: Profile map of Burial 77S-B/2...............................................................187 Figure 5.24: Top plan of Burial 77S-B/2, Structure 77S ...........................................188 Figure 5.25: Shell adorno and pin from Burial 77S-B/2............................................189 Figure 5.26: Late Classic period Tu-Tu Camp ceramic group vessel........................190 Figure 5.27: Late Classic orangeware plate from Burial 77S-B/2.............................191 Figure 5.28: Pigment vessel from 77S-B/2................................................................192 Figure 5.29: Zacatel Cream Polychrome from 77S-B/2 ............................................193 Figure 5.30: Shell artifacts from 77S-B/2..................................................................194 Figure 5.31: Plan of MRS4 ........................................................................................195
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maya Mountains M Ountain Pine Ridge
    89º00'W 88º30'W 0 20 km 0 10 miles Belize City (32mi) River ize La Democracia Bel BELIZE DISTRICT Guanacaste Banana National Bank Lodge CAYO Park Western Hwy Roaring Art Box DISTRICT Creek El Pilar Archaeological The Leslies’ Belmopan Airport aya Spanish El Pilar Reserve for M Private Paradise Flora and Fauna Lookout Mount BELMOPAN River Hope Teakettle Creek Nohoch Che'en e Unitedville Village Yim Hummingbird Caves Branch Ontario Saan Highway Beliz g Archaeological Reserve Bullet Georgeville Village Roarin Ian Anderson's Jaguar Paw Tree Falls Central Farm Caves Branch Esperanza C Jungle Reserve hiqu Jungle Lodge iver Santa Elena Actun Kropf's R San Ignacio ibul Cahal Pech Tunichil Bakery n y Rd Muknal GUATEMALA Cristo Rey Tapir Mountain St Herman's Blue Hole Mopa Chial Rd Nature Reserve estern Hw Barton National Park W Cristo Rey Xunantunich San José Branch Hummin Creek gbird Succotz Rd Sibun Melchor de San Antonio River Benque Viejo Forest Hwy Mencos Nojkaaxmeen Thousand Café Casita del Carmen Reserve River Foot Falls Caves De Amour Eligio Panti Coom Cairn National Park Cree a Poustinia Land on k Rd Art Park Cooma Sibun Privassi Cairn Baldy Beacon 17º00'N (3126ft) (3346ft) Vaca Forest Pools 17º00'N Rí On Reserve o Sittee River Granite Cairn Forest Reserve Douglas D'Silva (2820ft) (Augustine) Sibun Gorge Rio Mac Vaqueros Mollejon Frio Mountain al Creek Pine Ridge r Creek e Forest Reserve River iv Rd R Chiquibul l ountain Pinec aRidge M Ma Sittee River Chiquibul Victoria National Peak Natural Park Monument Caracol Victoria Peak Archaeological CAYO DISTRICT (3675ft) Reserve STANN Chiquibul CREEK Caracol Forest s Reserve in DISTRICT ta n Cockscomb u Basin Vaca Plateau (1650ft) a Mo y Ma Chiquibul National Park Maya Mountain Forest Reserve TOLEDO DISTRICT Red Bank Chiquibul Branch River 16º30'N Bladen y 16º30'N Doyle's Nature Reserve Hw Delight n s a i (3687ft) n t Southern o u M y a Deep River Swasey Bladen a Forest Columbia River M Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Reserve 89º00'W 88º30'W.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press
    UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press Title Rock Art of East Mexico and Central America: An Annotated Bibliography Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68r4t3dq ISBN 978-1-938770-25-8 Publication Date 1979 Data Availability The data associated with this publication are within the manuscript. Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Rock Art of East Mexico and Central America: An Annotated Bibliography Second, Revised Edition Matthias Strecker MONOGRAPHX Institute of Archaeology University of California, Los Angeles Rock Art of East Mexico and Central America: An Annotated Bibliography Second, Revised Edition Matthias Strecker MONOGRAPHX Institute of Archaeology University of California, Los Angeles ' eBook ISBN: 978-1-938770-25-8 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE By Brian D. Dillon . 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . vi INTRODUCTION . 1 PART I: BIBLIOGRAPHY IN GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER 7 Tabasco and Chiapas . 9 Peninsula of Yucatan: C ampeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Belize 11 Guatemala 13 El Salvador 15 Honduras 17 Nicaragua 19 Costa Rica 21 Panama 23 PART II: BIBLIOGRAPHY BY AUTHOR 25 NOTES 81 PREFACE Brian D. Dillon Matthias Strecker's Rock Art of East Mexico and Central America: An Annotated Bibliography originally appeared as a small edition in 1979 and quickly went out of print. Because of the volume of requests for additional copies and the influx of new or overlooked citations received since the first printing, production of a second , revised edition became necessary. More than half a hundred new ref­ erences in Spanish, English, German and French have been incorporated into this new edition and help Strecker's work to maintain its position as the most comprehen­ sive listing of rock art studies undertaken in Central America.
    [Show full text]
  • Petition to the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organization
    August 10, 2019 BY EMAIL Petition to the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organization Cc: Antonio Campinos, President of the EPO Emmanuel Macron, President, French Republic Christoph Ernst, VP Legal/ International Affairs Angela Merkel, Chancellor, Germany Karin Seegert, COO, Healthcare & Chemistry Mark Rutte, Prime Minister, The Netherlands Piotr Wierzejewski, Quality Management Boris Johnson, Prime Minister, United Kingdom Stoyan Radkov - Applicant’s Representative Cornelia Rudloff-Schäffer, President, German PTO Tim Moss, CEO, Intellectual Property Office of Cadre Philippe, Director, French National Institute the United Kingdom of Industrial Property Vincentia Rosen-Sandiford, Director, Netherlands Patent Office Re: European patent application 09735962.4; and European divisional application 17182663.9; Applicant: Asha Nutrition Sciences, Inc. Dear Delegates in the Administrative Council, We have been prosecuting the referenced patent applications directed to critical innovations for public health at EPO for last 10 years. However, rather than advancing the innovations EPO has been obstructing them. EPO statements in the prosecution history evidence that rejections have been applied to oblige us to reduce the claimed scope, even though as per provisions of European Patent Convention, the subject claims are perfectly patentable. A narrow patent is not synonymous with a quality patent. The metric of quality disregarded by EPO is genuine innovation, measured by betterment of life achieved, though that is the very purpose of patents and is built into the law. For example, solutions to critical unmet needs are inventive even if claims are otherwise obvious (GL1, G-VII, 10.3). Narrow patents in the nutrition arts have already caused great harm to public health and created patent-practice- made humanitarian crises by creating misinformation and taken us farther away from solving nutritional problems, preventative solutions, and sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • Yun Mi Hwang Phd Thesis
    SOUTH KOREAN HISTORICAL DRAMA: GENDER, NATION AND THE HERITAGE INDUSTRY Yun Mi Hwang A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1924 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence SOUTH KOREAN HISTORICAL DRAMA: GENDER, NATION AND THE HERITAGE INDUSTRY YUN MI HWANG Thesis Submitted to the University of St Andrews for the Degree of PhD in Film Studies 2011 DECLARATIONS I, Yun Mi Hwang, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2006; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2006 and 2010. I, Yun Mi Hwang, received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of language and grammar, which was provided by R.A.M Wright. Date …17 May 2011.… signature of candidate ……………… I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Stalking Wild Cats
    ©2005 Graphic Arts Network, Inc. by Jeff Borg, [email protected] STALKING WILD CATS HEAR JAGUARS ROAR IN COCKSCOMB BASIN Once upon a time in the Cockscomb Basin, poachers hunted the powerful jaguars, loggers cut the mahogany trees, and hurricanes toppled the old-growth canopy. Just 20 years later, the jaguars rule, the trees grow dense, and the only threat that remains is from hurricanes. Today, the five wild cats of Belize — jaguars, jaguarundis, margays, ocelots, and pumas — all thrive under the protection of Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1986 as the world’s first jaguar preserve and now home to the world’s largest concentration of wild cats. Nature-lovers also thrive at Cockscomb Basin — a 128,000-acre bowl of pristine rainforest, winding rivers, and scenic waterfalls in Stann Creek District — surrounded by mountain ridges and the looming 3,675-foot Victoria Peak. People flock here to hike, camp, kayak, canoe, tube, and swim. The Belize Audubon Society manages the sanctuary, with a visitor center, Maya craft shop, and accommodations just off Southern Highway at Maya Centre. Well-marked hiking trails lead children, adults, and serious naturalists throughout the terrain. Some paths take visitors on casual strolls along riverbanks. Some pose more muscular challenges. One dry-season route dares hearty hikers to conquer Victoria Peak, a two- day trek finished by climbing up on all fours. Get a permit and take a guide. The trails reward visitors with breathtaking views across the basin, rare bird sightings, and a chance to meet diverse Belizean wildlife. While evidence of jaguars abounds, including their ominous roars, humans rarely get to see these masters of stealth.
    [Show full text]
  • Movement, Space, and Identity in a Mexican Body Culture
    societies Article From the Calendar to the Flesh: Movement, Space, and Identity in a Mexican Body Culture George Jennings Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; [email protected] Received: 20 July 2018; Accepted: 9 August 2018; Published: 13 August 2018 Abstract: There are numerous ways to theorise about elements of civilisations and societies known as ‘body’, ‘movement’, or ‘physical’ cultures. Inspired by the late Henning Eichberg’s notions of multiple and continually shifting body cultures, this article explores his constant comparative (trialectic) approach via the Mexican martial art, exercise, and human development philosophy—Xilam. Situating Xilam within its historical and political context and within a triad of Mesoamerican, native, and modern martial arts, combat sports, and other physical cultures, I map this complexity through Eichberg’s triadic model of achievement, fitness, and experience sports. I then focus my analysis on the aspects of movement in space as seen in my ethnographic fieldwork in one branch of the Xilam school. Using a bare studio as the setting and my body as principle instrument, I provide an impressionist portrait of what it is like to train in Xilam within a communal dance hall (space) and typical class session of two hours (time) and to form and express warrior identity from it. This article displays the techniques; gestures and bodily symbols that encapsulate the essence of the Xilam body culture, calling for a way to theorise from not just from and on the body but also across body cultures. Keywords: body cultures; comparative analysis; Eichberg; ethnography; games; martial arts; Mexico; physical culture; space; theory 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Occ Papers #18 TEXT.Pdf (4.551Mb)
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PUNTA DE CACAO, AN ANCIENT MAYA TOWN-SIZED SETTLEMENT IN ORANGE WALK DISTRICT, NORTHWEST BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA; THE UNIVERSITY OF THE INCARNATE WORD PROJECT, 2001-2004 Hubert R. Robichaux, Kristen Hartnett, Candace Pruett, Alexandra Miller The University of the Incarnate Word With a Contribution From: Fred Valdez, Jr. The University of Texas at Austin Occasional Papers, Number 18 Center for Archaeological and Tropical Studies The University of Texas at Austin 2015 OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES EDITORS Fred Valdez, Jr., The University of Texas at Austin David M. Hyde, Western State Colorado University Contents IN MEMORIAM ............................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 A Regional Perspective of the Punta de Cacao Ceramic Complexes Fred Valdez, Jr. ................................................................................................... 11 Mapping Punta de Cacao ............................................................................................. 21 Excavations at Punta de Cacao .................................................................................... 29 The Central Precinct of Punta de Cacao ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerary & Program
    Overview Explore Belize in Central America in all of its natural beauty while embarking on incredible tropical adventures. Over nine days, this tour will explore beautiful rainforests, Mayan ruins and archeology, and islands of this tropical paradise. Some highlights include an amazing tour of the Actun Tunichil Muknal (“Cave of the Crystal Maiden”), also known at ATM cave; snorkeling the second largest barrier reef in the world, the critically endangered Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, at the tropical paradise of South Water Caye; touring Xunantunich Mayan ruin (“Sculpture of Lady”); and enjoying a boat ride on the New River to the remote Mayan village of Lamanai. Throughout this tour, we’ll have the expertise of Luis Godoy from Belize Nature Travel, a native Mayan and one of Belize’s premier licensed guides, to lead us on some amazing excursions and share in Belize’s heritage. We’ll also stay at locally owned hotels and resorts and dine at local restaurants so we can truly experience the warm and welcoming culture of Belize. UWSP Adventure Tours leaders Sue and Don Kissinger are ready to return to Belize to share the many experiences and adventures they’ve had in this beautiful country over the years. If you ask Sue if this is the perfect adventure travel opportunity for you she’ll say, “If you have an adventurous spirit, YOU BETTER BELIZE IT!” Tour Leaders Sue and Don Kissinger Sue and Don have travelled extensively throughout the United States, Canada, Central America, Africa and Europe. They met 36 years ago as UW-Stevens Point students on an international trip and just celebrated their 34th wedding anniversary.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Eight: the Bladen Management Consortium
    Chapter Eight: The Bladen Management Consortium Introduction The Bladen Nature Reserve inspires passion among its many advocates and frustration among residents of the communities that it borders. Called “the jewel in the crown of Belize’s protected area system,” for its exceptional biodiversity, dramatic topography, and archeological treasures, the 97,000-acre reserve is afforded Belize’s highest level of protection (Pinelo 2002). Only education and research are allowed in Bladen: hunting, fishing, logging, harvesting of plant materials for food, fiber, or medicine, removal of artifacts, tourism, and trespass of any sort without a permit are all prohibited. While these restrictions exist “on the books,” until recently the under-resourced Government agencies and thinly stretched non-governmental organizations tasked with enforcing them have implemented little real on the ground management in the reserve. With growing population and mounting development pressure, illegal activities in the reserve have continued to increase in the last several years, threatening both the natural and archeological resources that have made the Bladen Nature Reserve famous. The Bladen Management Consortium was born out of its founders’ conviction that the Bladen Nature Reserve was a unique resource in dire need of management and their recognition that the management challenges were beyond the capacity of any one organization. As a case study in collaboration, it highlights the many difficulties associated with initiating and sustaining an multi-stakeholder management body, particularly with regard to funding, staffing, representation, and legitimacy. It also illustrates how a few committed individuals can drive a collaborative process forward despite such challenges. Significantly, several of the key individuals and organizations involved in the Bladen Management Consortium also interact in the broader landscape of the Toledo District.
    [Show full text]
  • CATALOG Mayan Stelaes
    CATALOG Mayan Stelaes Palos Mayan Collection 1 Table of Contents Aguateca 4 Ceibal 13 Dos Pilas 20 El Baúl 23 Itsimite 27 Ixlu 29 Ixtutz 31 Jimbal 33 Kaminaljuyu 35 La Amelia 37 Piedras Negras 39 Polol 41 Quirigia 43 Tikal 45 Yaxha 56 Mayan Fragments 58 Rubbings 62 Small Sculptures 65 2 About Palos Mayan Collection The Palos Mayan Collection includes 90 reproductions of pre-Columbian stone carvings originally created by the Mayan and Pipil people traced back to 879 A.D. The Palos Mayan Collection sculptures are created by master sculptor Manuel Palos from scholar Joan W. Patten’s casts and rubbings of the original artifacts in Guatemala. Patten received official permission from the Guatemalan government to create casts and rubbings of original Mayan carvings and bequeathed her replicas to collaborator Manuel Palos. Some of the originals stelae were later stolen or destroyed, leaving Patten’s castings and rubbings as their only remaining record. These fine art-quality Maya Stelae reproductions are available for purchase by museums, universities, and private collectors through Palos Studio. You are invited to book a virtual tour or an in- person tour through [email protected] 3 Aguateca Aguateca is in the southwestern part of the Department of the Peten, Guatemala, about 15 kilometers south of the village of Sayaxche, on a ridge on the western side of Late Petexbatun. AGUATECA STELA 1 (50”x85”) A.D. 741 - Late Classic Presumed to be a ruler of Aguatecas, his head is turned in an expression of innate authority, personifying the rank implied by the symbols adorning his costume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Investigation of Classic Period Maya Warfare at Caracol, Belice
    The Investigation of Classic Period Maya Warfare at Caracol, Belice ARLEN F. CHASE DIANE Z. CHASE University of Central Florida Prior to the 1950s the prevalent view of the like rulers who were concerned whith preserving ancient Maya was as a peaceful people. ln 1952, their histories in hieroglyphic texts on stone and Robert Rands completed his Ph. D. thesis on the stucco; investigations at the site have thus far evidences of warfare in Classic Maya art, following uncovered some 40 carved monuments (Beetz and up on the important work just completed by Tatia- Satterthwaite 1981; A. Chase and D. Chase na Proskouriakoff (1950). Since then, research has 1987b). Caracol is unusual, however, in having rapidly accumulated substantial documentation left us written records that it successfully waged that the Maya were in fact warlike (cf. Marcus warfare against two of its neighboring polities at 1974; Repetto Tio 1985). There is now evidence different times within the early part of the Late for the existence of wars between major political Classic Period. units in the Maya area and, importantly, Maya There are two wars documented in the hiero- kingship has also been shown to be inextricably glyphic texts: Caracol defeats Tikal in 9.6.8.4.2 or joined with concepts of war, captives, and sacrifice A. D. 562 (A. Chase and D. Chase 1987a:6, (Demarest 1978; Schele and Miller 1986; Freidel 1987b:33,60; S. Houston in press) and Naranjo in 1986). Warfare also has been utilized as a power- 9.9.18.16.3 or A. D. 631 (Sosa and Reents 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoadventures Central American Travel Brochure Third Edition
    New! Suggested Itineraries Guatemalan Highlands Belize & Guatemala 6 Days/5 Nights Antigua • Chichicastenango • Lake Atitlan 7 Days/6 Nights - Caves Branch Lodge or Chaa Creek (Cayo) Tikal & Antigua, Guatemala Day 1, Mon or Thur: Arrive Antiqua Arrival at the Guatemala City Airport and transfer to Antigua. Overnight in selected hotel. Day 1: Afternoon shuttle transfer from Belize International or Belize Municipal Day 2, Tue or Fri: In Antigua Antigua is a true colonial gem, and today Airport to the Cayo District, the tropical highlands of Belize. Visits will be made you will visit the principal en route to the Belize Zoo and Xunantunich Mayan Ruins. Accommodations at sites, which will include Caves Branch Lodge, Chaa Creek Cottages or Blancaneaux. Dinner at the centuries-old churches, con- lodge. (D) vents, and plazas. You will Days 2 & 3: At Caves Branch Lodge you have a wide selection of activities. See have a walking tour with a page 26 for details. At Chaa Creek you are provided with a full-day excursion to special historian/guide. Many Vaca Falls and Chumpiate Cave. A visit to the Butterfly Farm and a canoe trip down buildings have been beauti- the Macal River are also included. (B, L, D Daily) fully restored, others remain Day 4: Cayo District/Tikal Early morning departure to the vast Mayan archaeo- as they were after the devas- logical site of Tikal in Guatemala. Enjoy a full-day guided tour of the site including tating earthquakes of 1776 admissions, guide services and lunch. Overnight at the Jungle Lodge in the and 1976.
    [Show full text]