Maya Mountains M Ountain Pine Ridge

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89º00'W 88º30'W 0 20 km 0 10 miles Belize City (32mi) River ize La Democracia Bel BELIZE DISTRICT Guanacaste Banana National Bank Lodge CAYO Park Western Hwy Roaring Art Box DISTRICT Creek El Pilar Archaeological The Leslies’ Belmopan Airport aya Spanish El Pilar Reserve for M Private Paradise Flora and Fauna Lookout Mount BELMOPAN River Hope Teakettle Creek Nohoch Che'en e Unitedville Village Yim Hummingbird Caves Branch Ontario Saan Highway Beliz g Archaeological Reserve Bullet Georgeville Village Roarin Ian Anderson's Jaguar Paw Tree Falls Central Farm Caves Branch Esperanza C Jungle Reserve hiqu Jungle Lodge iver Santa Elena Actun Kropf's R San Ignacio ibul Cahal Pech Tunichil Bakery n y Rd Muknal GUATEMALA Cristo Rey Tapir Mountain St Herman's Blue Hole Mopa Chial Rd Nature Reserve estern Hw Barton National Park W Cristo Rey Xunantunich San José Branch Hummin Creek gbird Succotz Rd Sibun Melchor de San Antonio River Benque Viejo Forest Hwy Mencos Nojkaaxmeen Thousand Café Casita del Carmen Reserve River Foot Falls Caves De Amour Eligio Panti Coom Cairn National Park Cree a Poustinia Land on k Rd Art Park Cooma Sibun Privassi Cairn Baldy Beacon 17º00'N (3126ft) (3346ft) Vaca Forest Pools 17º00'N Rí On Reserve o Sittee River Granite Cairn Forest Reserve Douglas D'Silva (2820ft) (Augustine) Sibun Gorge Rio Mac Vaqueros Mollejon Frio Mountain al Creek Pine Ridge r Creek e Forest Reserve River iv Rd R Chiquibul l ountain Pinec aRidge M Ma Sittee River Chiquibul Victoria National Peak Natural Park Monument Caracol Victoria Peak Archaeological CAYO DISTRICT (3675ft) Reserve STANN Chiquibul CREEK Caracol Forest s Reserve in DISTRICT ta n Cockscomb u Basin Vaca Plateau (1650ft) a Mo y Ma Chiquibul National Park Maya Mountain Forest Reserve TOLEDO DISTRICT Red Bank Chiquibul Branch River 16º30'N Bladen y 16º30'N Doyle's Nature Reserve Hw Delight n s a i (3687ft) n t Southern o u M y a Deep River Swasey Bladen a Forest Columbia River M Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Reserve 89º00'W 88º30'W.

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Chapter Eight: the Bladen Management Consortium
Chapter Eight: The Bladen Management Consortium Introduction The Bladen Nature Reserve inspires passion among its many advocates and frustration among residents of the communities that it borders. Called “the jewel in the crown of Belize’s protected area system,” for its exceptional biodiversity, dramatic topography, and archeological treasures, the 97,000-acre reserve is afforded Belize’s highest level of protection (Pinelo 2002). Only education and research are allowed in Bladen: hunting, fishing, logging, harvesting of plant materials for food, fiber, or medicine, removal of artifacts, tourism, and trespass of any sort without a permit are all prohibited. While these restrictions exist “on the books,” until recently the under-resourced Government agencies and thinly stretched non-governmental organizations tasked with enforcing them have implemented little real on the ground management in the reserve. With growing population and mounting development pressure, illegal activities in the reserve have continued to increase in the last several years, threatening both the natural and archeological resources that have made the Bladen Nature Reserve famous. The Bladen Management Consortium was born out of its founders’ conviction that the Bladen Nature Reserve was a unique resource in dire need of management and their recognition that the management challenges were beyond the capacity of any one organization. As a case study in collaboration, it highlights the many difficulties associated with initiating and sustaining an multi-stakeholder management body, particularly with regard to funding, staffing, representation, and legitimacy. It also illustrates how a few committed individuals can drive a collaborative process forward despite such challenges. Significantly, several of the key individuals and organizations involved in the Bladen Management Consortium also interact in the broader landscape of the Toledo District.
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Chapter Eight: the Bladen Management Consortium
Chapter Eight: The Bladen Management Consortium Introduction The Bladen Nature Reserve inspires passion among its many advocates and frustration among residents of the communities that it borders. Called “the jewel in the crown of Belize’s protected area system,” for its exceptional biodiversity, dramatic topography, and archeological treasures, the 97,000-acre reserve is afforded Belize’s highest level of protection (Pinelo 2002). Only education and research are allowed in Bladen: hunting, fishing, logging, harvesting of plant materials for food, fiber, or medicine, removal of artifacts, tourism, and trespass of any sort without a permit are all prohibited. While these restrictions exist “on the books,” until recently the under-resourced Government agencies and thinly stretched non-governmental organizations tasked with enforcing them have implemented little real on the ground management in the reserve. With growing population and mounting development pressure, illegal activities in the reserve have continued to increase in the last several years, threatening both the natural and archeological resources that have made the Bladen Nature Reserve famous. The Bladen Management Consortium was born out of its founders’ conviction that the Bladen Nature Reserve was a unique resource in dire need of management and their recognition that the management challenges were beyond the capacity of any one organization. As a case study in collaboration, it highlights the many difficulties associated with initiating and sustaining an multi-stakeholder management body, particularly with regard to funding, staffing, representation, and legitimacy. It also illustrates how a few committed individuals can drive a collaborative process forward despite such challenges. Significantly, several of the key individuals and organizations involved in the Bladen Management Consortium also interact in the broader landscape of the Toledo District.
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Identifying Immigration to the Maya Site of T
MISSIONIZATION AND SHIFTING MOBILITY ON THE SOUTHEASTERN MAYA-SPANISH FRONTIER: IDENTIFYING IMMIGRATION TO THE MAYA SITE OF TIPU, BELIZE THROUGH THE USE OF STRONTIUM AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES A Dissertation by WILLA RACHEL TRASK Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Lori E. Wright Committee Members, David L. Carlson Darryl J. de Ruiter Deborah J. Thomas Head of Department, Cynthia Werner August 2018 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2018 Willa Rachel Trask ABSTRACT The early Colonial Period visita mission cemetery Tipu represents an important opportunity to understand the role mobility played in indigenous Maya resistance on the southeastern Maya-Spanish frontier. This dissertation seeks to identify the geographical origin of a subset (N=195) of the over 600 Postclassic and early Colonial period Maya buried at Tipu. As geographic and cultural frontier, Tipu experienced a dynamic history of fluctuating political alliances and was a pivotal player in frontier politics. Ethnohistorical records indicate that the remote frontier community of Tipu functioned as a place of refuge for a large southern exodus of indigenous Maya from the northern Yucatan escaping the hardships encountered in more populated regions under Spanish colonial control; to date little concrete evidence for this migration has been identified. To test whether the frontier community of Tipu functioned as a haven for refugee Yucatec Maya, strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes are used as geologic and climatic tracers to estimate potential childhood homelands for individuals buried at Tipu.
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Outline of Chiquibul National Park Management Plan
ChiquibulChiquibul CaveCave SystemSystem ManagementManagement PlanPlan 20102010--20152015 Meerman & Moore 2009 Table of Contents Index 1 List of Figures 2 List of Tables 3 List of Boxes 3 Executive Summary 4 Acknowledgements 6 Acronyms 7 1. Introduction 1-1 1.1. Background and Context 1-1 1.2. Purpose and Scope of Management Plan 1-5 1.3. Delineation of the Chiquibul Cave System 1-7 2. Current Status 2-1 2.1. Location 2-1 2.2. Regional Context 2-3 2.3. National Context 2-4 2.3.1. Policy Framework 2-5 2.3.2. Legal and Administrative Framework 2-7 2.3.3. Socio-economic Context 2-9 2.4. Physical Environment of CCS 2-13 2.4.1. Climate 2-13 2.4.2. Hydrology 2-14 2.4.4. Geology 2-16 2.4.5. Soils 2-17 2.5. Biodiversity of CCS 2-17 2.5.1. Ecosystems 2-17 2.5.2. Flora 2-19 2.5.3. Fauna 2-20 2.5.4. Past and Present Research 2-21 2.6. Cultural and Socio-Economic Value of CCS 2-22 2.6.1. Community and Other Stakeholder Use 2-22 2.6.2. Archaeological Sites 2-23 2.6.3. Tourism and Recreation Use 2-24 2.6.4. Other Economic Use 2-25 2.6.5. Education Use 2-25 3. Analysis of Conservation & Cultural Targets and Threats 3-1 3.1. Conservation and Cultural Targets 3-1 Meerman-Moore 2009 - Management Plan Chiquibul Cave System | Index 1 3.2. Threats to Biodiversity and Cultural Resources 3-6 4.
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The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize
Reports Submitted to FAMSI: Phillip J. Wanyerka The Southern Belize Epigraphic Project: The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize Posted on December 1, 2003 1 The Southern Belize Epigraphic Project: The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize Table of Contents Introduction The Glyphic Corpus of Lubaantún, Toledo District, Belize The Monumental Inscriptions The Ceramic Inscriptions The Glyphic Corpus of Nim LI Punit, Toledo District, Belize The Monumental Inscriptions Miscellaneous Sculpture The Glyphic Corpus of Xnaheb, Toledo District, Belize The Monumental Inscriptions Miscellaneous Sculpture The Glyphic Corpus of Pusilhá, Toledo District, Belize The Monumental Inscriptions The Sculptural Monuments Miscellaneous Texts and Sculpture The Glyphic Corpus of Uxbenka, Toledo District, Belize The Monumental Inscriptions Miscellaneous Texts Miscellaneous Sculpture Other Miscellaneous Monuments Tzimín Ché Stela 1 Caterino’s Ruin, Monument 1 Choco, Monument 1 Pearce Ruin, Phallic Monument The Pecked Monuments of Southern Belize The Lagarto Ruins Papayal The Cave Paintings Acknowledgments List of Figures References Cited Phillip J. Wanyerka Department of Anthropology Cleveland State University 2121 Euclid Avenue (CB 142) Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2214 p.wanyerka @csuohio.edu 2 The Southern Belize Epigraphic Project: The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize Introduction The following report is the result of thirteen years of extensive and thorough epigraphic investigations of the hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Maya Mountains region of southern Belize. The carved monuments of the Toledo and Stann Creek Districts of southern Belize are perhaps one of the least understood corpuses in the entire Maya Lowlands and are best known today because of their unusual style of hieroglyphic syntax and iconographic themes. Recent archaeological and epigraphic evidence now suggests that this region may have played a critical role in the overall development, expansion, and decline of Classic Maya civilization (see Dunham et al.
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A New Species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) from the Bladen Nature Reserve, Southern Belize. Phytokeys 81: 1–10
A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 81:A 1–10 new (2017) species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) from the Bladen Nature Reserve... 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.81.13256 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) from the Bladen Nature Reserve, southern Belize Steven W. Brewer1, Gail L. Stott2 1 Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education, PO Box 129 Punta Gorda, Belize, Central America 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK Corresponding author: Steven W. Brewer ([email protected]) Academic editor: Y. Mutafchiev | Received 15 April 2017 | Accepted 17 May 2017 | Published 7 June 2017 Citation: Brewer SW, Stott GL (2017) A new species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) from the Bladen Nature Reserve, southern Belize. PhytoKeys 81: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.81.13256 Abstract A new species in the Lauraceae, Cinnamomum bladenense S.W. Brewer & G.L. Stott, is described from the Bladen Nature Reserve in southern Belize. Te new species is similar to Cinnamomum brenesii (Standl.) Kosterm., from which it difers by its much smaller, narrowly-campanulate fowers, its inner tepals gla- brous abaxially, its shorter petioles, its minutely sericeous younger twigs, and its abaxial leaf surfaces not glaucous and with prominent secondary venation. A description, preliminary conservation assessment, and photographs of the species as well as a key to and notes on the Cinnamomum of Belize are provided. Keywords Cinnamomum, Lauraceae, Belize, Central America, Bladen Nature Reserve, Maya Mountains Introduction Cinnamomum Schaef. currently contains c. 350 species (Rohwer 1993), primarily in tropical Asia, with approximately 47 species found in the Neotropics (Lorea-Hernán- dez 1996).
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Excavations and Interpretation of Two Ancient Maya Salt-Work Mounds
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2015 Excavations and Interpretation of Two Ancient Maya Salt-Work Mounds, Paynes Creek National Park, Toledo District, Belize Rachel Mariah Watson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Watson, Rachel Mariah, "Excavations and Interpretation of Two Ancient Maya Salt-Work Mounds, Paynes Creek National Park, Toledo District, Belize" (2015). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1579. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1579 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. EXCAVATIONS AND INTERPRETATION OF TWO ANCIENT MAYA SALT- WORK MOUNDS, PAYNES CREEK NATIONAL PARK, TOLEDO DISTRICT, BELIZE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Rachel M. Watson B.A., Louisiana State University, 1996 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1999 August 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A portion of this research was made possible by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1026796 to H. McKillop, K. McKee, H. Roberts, and T. Winemiller under permits from the Belize government Institute of Archaeology. Additional field research support was provided by Louisiana State University, via the Robert C.
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The Ancient City of Pusilhá in the Late Classic Maya World
5 EXCHANGE, POLITICAL RELATIONS, AND REGIONAL INTERACTION: THE ANCIENT CITY OF PUSILHÁ IN THE LATE CLASSIC MAYA WORLD Geoffrey E. Braswell, Cassandra R. Bill & Christian M. Prager Since 2001, the Pusilhá Archaeological Project has conducted archaeological and epigraphic investigations at the ancient Maya city of Pusilhá, Toledo District, Belize. Previous papers published in the annual Belize Symposium volumes have addressed the theoretical goals of our project, have described the dynastic history of the city, have presented a preliminary ceramic chronology of the site, and have discussed both our excavations and settlement survey. Here, we present evidence for exchange and political connections between Pusilhá and other cities in the Maya area. The data we consider are drawn from Prager’s analysis of the hieroglyphic corpus, Bill’s study of ceramics, and Braswell’s analyses of obsidian, ground stone, and other artifacts excavated at the site. Introduction Two important goals of the Pusilhá Archaeological Project, which began in 2001, are to understand secondary state formation processes in Toledo District during the Early to Late Classic transition, and to learn something about the roles played by political and economic interaction in these processes (Figure 1; Braswell et al. 2004, 2005b). Our research program, therefore, builds on but goes beyond Richard Leventhal’s (1990, 1992) definition of southern Belize as a cultural region. Rather than emphasizing similarity within the Toledo District and difference between southern Belize and the rest of the Maya world, we are seeking to understand the Figure 1. The Southern Belize “Region,” showing history of Pusilhá in terms of both internal principal archaeological sites dating to the Classic and external historical factors.
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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
ANIMAL RESOURCES IN ANCIENT MAYA ECONOMY AND EXCHANGE: ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ISOTOPIC PERSPECTIVES By ERIN KENNEDY THORNTON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Erin Kennedy Thornton 2 To Dan and Sam 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this project was generously provided by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (grant # 06027), the National Science Foundation (grant #0622805), and the University of Florida Department of Latin American Studies. I would like to thank Antonia Foias, Matt Moriarty, Arthur Demarest, Tomás Barrientos, Elizabeth Graham, Wendy Teeter, Diane Chase, Arlen Chase, and the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (IDAEH) for granting permission to analyze the zooarchaeological remains used in this study. I would also like to thank Ann Heatherington, George Kamenov, John Krigbaum and Ben Valentine from the University of Florida for their assistance with the strontium isotope analysis. Appreciation is also extended to the Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville, Florida) for providing access to the modern comparative collections used to identify the zooarchaeological assemblages. I am indebted to my superb advisor, Kitty Emery, for her constant patience, support, guidance and friendship throughout my graduate career. Her insights and advice were invaluable. She also generously involved me in her own research projects, which provided not only additional research and museum experience, but also paid employment, which allowed me to continue my graduate studies when other sources of funding were unavailable. I also extend my gratitude to my other committee members Susan deFrance, Susan Milbrath, John Krigbaum and Mel Sunquist for their valuable feedback regarding various aspects of my research.
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Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan 2007
Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan – Final Draft, 1 ? Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan 2007 - 2012 Volume I FINAL DRAFT Wildtracks, 2006 Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan – Final Draft, 2 BMC Comanagement Partners Wildtracks, 2006 Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan – Final Draft, 3 Conservation Area Summary Description Site Name: Bladen Nature Reserve Ecoregions: Petén-Veracruz Moist Forest Belizean Pine Forest Country /District: Mesoamerica - Belize / Toledo District Acreage: 99,782 acres Management: Bladen Management Consortium, in partnership with the Forest Department Conservation Planning Team Wildtracks: Paul Walker, Zoe Walker GIS: Adam Lloyd Bladen Management Consortium: Forest Department: Natalie Rosado Earl Codd BFREE: Jacob Marlin TIDE: Will Maheia Eugenio Ah Mr. “Fox” YCT: Bartolo Teul FFI: Emma Caddy BAS: Nellie Catzim Allen Genus Bladen Nature Reserve: Oscar Hernandez Clemente Pop Sipriano Canti Martin Coye Plan Prepared By: Zoe and Paul Walker, Wildtracks, Belize [email protected] Wildtracks, 2006 Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan – Final Draft, 4 Bladen Nature Reserve Management Plan Volume I: Contents Page Executive Summary Section 1: Introduction 10 1.1 Background and Context 10 1.2 Purpose and Scope of Plan 11 Section 2: Characterization of the Area 13 2.1 Location 13 2.2 Regional Context 13 2.3 National Context 15 2.3.1 Legal and Policy Framework 15 2.3.2 Land Tenure 18 2.3.3 Evaluation of Bladen Nature Reserve 18 2.3.4 Socio-Economic Context 19 2.4 Physical Environment of Management Area
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The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize
Other Miscellaneous Monuments Figure 113. Tzimín Ché, Stela 1. (Drawing by John Montgomery) 1 Figure 114. Map of Southern Belize Showing the Approximate Location of Tzimín Ché (Drawing by Richard Leventhal, [Leventhal 1990: Map 8.1], modified by Wanyerka 2004) 2 Figure 115. Plan Map of Tzimín Ché. (Drawn by and courtesy of Peter Dunham [Dunham et al. 1993: Figure 9, modified by Wanyerka 2004) 3 Tzimín Ché, Stela 1 Location: Stela 1 was first reported by Peter Dunham in 1993 as part of his Maya Mountains Archaeological Project. It was located in the southwest corner of the West Plaza Group, approximately 1 meter west from the northwest corner of Structure 2. The stela was found face- up next to a deep looter’s trench. Condition: Intact and slightly eroded. Material: Fine-Grained Calcareous Sandstone (Mudstone) Shape: Rectangular with sides that narrow and curve inwards near the bottom of the monument. Dimensions: HT: 3.0 m MW: .86 m HSA: .82 m WSA: .48 m WBC: .32 m WTC: .86 m MTH: .18 m RELG: 6.1 mm Carved Areas: Front only. Contains a single glyph block in the form of a giant 12 Ajaw day name. It appears that later visitors to the site may have carved additional features below the text box. Dedicatory Date: Terminal Classic Period. 10.4.0.0.0 12 Ajaw 3 Wó (15, January 909) Line Drawings: Sue Darus (In Dunham et al. 1993: Figure 10) John Montgomery (SBEP, Figure 113) John Montgomery (In Wanyerka 2001: Figure 36) Phil Wanyerka (Unpublished) Photographic References: Peter Dunham (Unpublished) Jack Sulak (Unpublished) Phil Wanyerka (Unpublished) Other References: Dunham (1995:14-15) Dunham et al.
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Uxbenká and the Foundation of Sedentary Communities In
21 UXBENKA AND THE FOUNDATION OF SEDENTARY COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHERN BELIZE Keith M Pru..fer, Andrew Kindon and Douglas Kennett Recent excavations at Uxbenk6 confirm that it is the earliest known center in southern Belize and extending settlements as far back as 200 A.D. or earlier. These data also suggest that U,benk6 began as a smal! hilltop community and onlv after 400 A.D. were buildings constructed ofstone. The main Group A stela plaza ,vas likely the location olthe original village that was reconstructed tororm the public monument garden and seat oIpolitical authority. Introduction Recent archaeological research at the Since the beginning of the 20th Classic Period site Uxbenka has shed light century archaeologists have speculated on on those early settlements, and they suggest the age of ancient Maya settlements in southern Belize (Gruning 1930; Joyce 1929 Joyce et al. 1927, 1928). The region (Figure 1) has been considered both peripheral to and engaged with cultural and political developments that were occurring in the Maya heartland in 300-800 A.D. (Leventhal 1990). In previous archaeological and epigraphic studies, sites in southern Belize have been linked to Copan and Quirigua (Braswell 2005; Grube et al. 1999; Marcus 1992), Tikal (Leventhal 1992; Prufer 2005; Wanyerka 2005), the western Peten region (Bill and Braswell 2005; Prufer et a1. 2006), the southeastern Peten (Prufer 2005) and the Figure 1. Map showing locations of primary centers Belize Valley (Braswell 2005; Profer 2002). in southern Belize (map by J. Bartruff, K. Prufer, D. AU of these accounts of economic and Kennett) political interaction are placed within the period when the region was already at least humble begirulings for a region that rapidly partially developed, economically and grew to include over 12 monument bearing politically, and essentially describe post-AD sites and almost 100 small communities.
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