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Uxbenká and the Foundation of Sedentary Communities In 21 UXBENKA AND THE FOUNDATION OF SEDENTARY COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHERN BELIZE Keith M Pru..fer, Andrew Kindon and Douglas Kennett Recent excavations at Uxbenk6 confirm that it is the earliest known center in southern Belize and extending settlements as far back as 200 A.D. or earlier. These data also suggest that U,benk6 began as a smal! hilltop community and onlv after 400 A.D. were buildings constructed ofstone. The main Group A stela plaza ,vas likely the location olthe original village that was reconstructed tororm the public monument garden and seat oIpolitical authority. Introduction Recent archaeological research at the Since the beginning of the 20th Classic Period site Uxbenka has shed light century archaeologists have speculated on on those early settlements, and they suggest the age of ancient Maya settlements in southern Belize (Gruning 1930; Joyce 1929 Joyce et al. 1927, 1928). The region (Figure 1) has been considered both peripheral to and engaged with cultural and political developments that were occurring in the Maya heartland in 300-800 A.D. (Leventhal 1990). In previous archaeological and epigraphic studies, sites in southern Belize have been linked to Copan and Quirigua (Braswell 2005; Grube et al. 1999; Marcus 1992), Tikal (Leventhal 1992; Prufer 2005; Wanyerka 2005), the western Peten region (Bill and Braswell 2005; Prufer et a1. 2006), the southeastern Peten (Prufer 2005) and the Figure 1. Map showing locations of primary centers Belize Valley (Braswell 2005; Profer 2002). in southern Belize (map by J. Bartruff, K. Prufer, D. AU of these accounts of economic and Kennett) political interaction are placed within the period when the region was already at least humble begirulings for a region that rapidly partially developed, economically and grew to include over 12 monument bearing politically, and essentially describe post-AD sites and almost 100 small communities. 400 interactions. What has been missing is Since 2004 the Uxbenka Archaeological an understanding of the origins and initial Project (UAP) has been investigating the occupations in the region. Where were the political economy and settlement history and ftrst settlements in southern Belize, and dynamics of this small, yet important when were they ftrst settled? regional center. Excavations conducted in 2006-2007 suggest that the site was lnitially settled during the 2nd or 3rd century A.D. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, Vol. 5,2008, pp. 241-249. Copyright © 2008 by the Institute of Archaeology, N1CH, Belize. Investigations at Uxbenka making it the earliest known site in the Subsequently, Prufer (2002, 2005) found region. Our data have important implications clear evidence of human presence in the for understanding Pre-A.D. 500 settlement region utilizing cave sites in the Maya expansion in the southern Belize and the Mountains at least as early as 800 BC, while southeastern Peten and extend the age of the Kindon (2001) documented settlement earliest known settlements in the region dating to AD 200-500 at surface sites in the back by at least 200 years. ill this paper we same area. Outside ofthis work in the Maya summarize previous theories advanced on Mountains, no significant surface settlement the early settlement history of the region and predating AD 500 has been documented present new data suggesting that there may anywhere in southern Belize with the have been small, possibly indigenous, exception of Uxbenka. Despite the presence populations living at Uxbenka prior to the of retrospective dates on monuments 5th century spread of "Classic Maya" indicating a dynastic history going back to traditions from the central Peten. AD 159, recent studies at Pusilha by Braswell (et al. 2005) suggest that the site Archaeological Research in Southern was not occupied before AD 500. Along the Belize coast of southern Belize two decades of Previous studies suggested that work by McKillop (2004, 2006) indicate southern Belize was occupied [Tom 250 primarily post AD 500 mercantile seafaring A.D. to 900 (or 1000). In the central Peten and no significant earlier settlements, further this is known as the Early, Late, and underscoring the relatively late development Terminal Classic periods, a terminological of complexity in this region. nomenclature that we will avoid in this In adjacent areas Elizabeth Graham article in favor of absolute date ranges, (1994) found substantial evidence of pre-AD primarily because loca I developments do not 100 settlements along the coastal plain in the correspond to those temporal phases as they Stann Creek District to the north (Graham are understood elsewhere. in general the 1994). There is also evidence of pre-AD prehistory of the region is relatively poorly 500 settlements west of the study area at the understood. Archaeological work has been sites of Sacul, Ixkun, Xutilha, Ixtonton, and carried out in the area for over a century, but others in the area of Dolores, Peten. tile majority of the work was conducted Guatemala (Laporte 1994, 2001; Laporte between 1925 and 1975 and was less than and Ramos 1998). systematic and inadequately reported. The Artifacts and monuments indicate remoteness of the region and its peripheral ties between southern Belize and the central location in relation to the central and Peten between AD 370-500, probably via western Peten «heartland" of the Classic trade routes through the southern Peten and Period Lowland Maya area has largely perhaps over the main divide of the precluded it from significant archaeological mountains. However, during the subsequent examination until relatively recently. AD 500-900 period there appears to have The earliest periods of occupation been a shift in interaction and affiliation in are unknown. Prior to the work of the the region, with the suggestion of ties Uxbenka Archaeological Project, Leventhal developing between southern Belize and (1992) and Dunham (Dunham and Prufer sites located in the region currently known 1998) speculated that there may have been a as the southeast periphery, especially Copan small indigenous population living in the and Quirigua (Grube et al. 1999; Braswell el area prior to the Classic period. a1. 2005; Marcus 1992). This shift I 242 Keith Prufer, et af. extremely important ill understanding local claimed, in hieroglyphic texts, relationships developments in the area during the Late with cosmopolitan centers including Classic. Indeed after AD 500 the region Quirigua and Copan. Figure 2 consisted of several important monument­ bearing polities that boasted of international 1200 ties (Wanyerka 2005), though archaeological evidence of these I4 .000 .c;...l> relationships is wanting. Materially, tl,ere is ,,$ evidence of economic ties to the Belize +~ Valley, located to the north (Pmfer 2002) - and the Western Peten (Braswell 2005). The 100 southern Behze apogee was a time of G significant expansion and population growth in the region, and those developments lie - outside the scope of this paper. By the 9th ... IlOO1 + ... century the area was in decline, and there is little evidence of "Postclassic" occupation. .,JIIt .10IllI _ ..... .:lOll Uxbenka and the settling of southern Figure 2. Map of Uxbenka showing core areas and mapped settlements. Group A is the focus of tl1is Belize article UxbenJci (Figure 2) is the oldest known political center in southern Belize, Our 2006 and 2007 excavations with roots in the latter part of what central focused on chronology building and the Peten chronologies address as the Late identification of the early components at the Preclassic (ca. 400 B.C.-250 AD.). While site. These excavations were conducted Uxbenkci's rise appears to have been primarily in the main Stela Plaza group followed by the development of a number of (Group A, Figure 3) of the site. OUf other regional political centers sometime rationale for focusing on this area was after AD 500, CUlTent data suggest that it twofold: first, Group A is the location of may have been the only significant site in several pre- 500 A.D. stela, the oldest the region for 250 years. Uxbenka is located known for southern Belize (Prufer 2005; in what is today an ex.ceptionally rich Wanyerka 2005) and~ second, the other agricultural region with easy access to groups with public architecture at the site coastal and inland trade routes. The ancient appear to be post AD 500 constructions, community was situated between several based on architecture (ballcourt complexes) larger polities, including Tikal, Copan, and and preliminary observations of looter's Caracol. At the time when it was settled, trenches that suggest single phase Uxbcnka was in a then culturally marginal construction. region. Research from nearby southeastern During our excavations we Peten, Guatemala suggests a geopolitical documented structural and off-stmcture landscape of competing rural elites, ca 100 ­ contexts that date to prior to 220 AD. and 600 AD. Southern Belize remained onJy we feel confident that these represent actual sparsely settled until after 550-900 A.D. settlements from earty in the site's history. when the region rapidly grew to include at Ceramics recovered from our excavations least 10 monument bearing sites and over suggest an occupation sequence through 900 100 smaller communities, some of which or 950 A. D. 243 Investigations at Uxbellka In total, three of the si)( structures in radiocarbon dates as early as 73-211 A.D. Group A were excavated with test pits that (Table I, KCCAMS # 42825). These dates proceeded to bedrock, illustrating the and related interpretations of stratigraphy complete construction sequences of each allow us to suggest that when initially (Figure 3). A fourth stmcture (A-5) had settled Uxbenka may have been a small been so badly looted that there was no agricultural village with residential possibility of productive excavation. Figure stmctures constructed of marl and dirt, 3. A profUe was drawn of the looter's pit, possibly capped with thin (now highly and carbon sampled from the profile.
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