A Egypt-HIMS Volume I
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Arab Republic of Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics Egypt-HIMS Egypt Household International Migration Survey 2013 Volume I Determinants and Consequences of International Migration Arab Republic of Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics Egypt-HIMS Egypt Household International Migration Survey 2013 Volume I Determinants and Consequences of International Migration Edited by Samir Farid Amal Nour El-Deen Rawia El-Batrawy This report summarizes the main findings of the 2013 Egypt Household International Migration Survey (Egypt-HIMS) carried out by the Central Agency of Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) as part of the Mediterranean Household International Migration Survey (MED-HIMS). An earlier version of this report was published in 2015. The present report includes five of the six chapters previously published in 2015 (Chapters 1 to 4 and 6), in addition to six new chapters. Additional information about the Egypt-HIMS may be obtained from CAPMAS, Salah Salem Road, Cairo 11221, Egypt; Telephone: +202-2402-3031; E-mail: [email protected]. Additional information about the MED-HIMS Programme is available at the Eurostat Website. Suggested citation: Farid, S., Nour El-Deen, A., & El-Batrawy, R., eds. (2016). Egypt Household International Migration Survey 2013: Volume I: Determinants and Consequences of International Migration. Cairo, Egypt: Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. FOREWORD This report presents the main findings from the 2013 Egypt Household International Migration Survey (Egypt-HIMS) which was conducted by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) of the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The survey was carried out as part of the ‘Mediterranean Household International Migration Survey’ Programme (MED-HIMS), which is a joint initiative of the European Commission / Eurostat, ILO, IOM, LAS, UNFPA, UNHCR, and the World Bank, in collaboration with the National Statistical Offices of the Arab Countries in the southern and eastern Mediterranean region. The Egypt-HIMS has been conducted against a background of a lack of detailed data on the determinants and consequences of international migration in Egypt. In recent years, Egypt has been important source of migrants to the oil-producing countries in the region, and has also been country of transit or destination for migrants from a number of countries in the region and sub-Saharan Africa. The Egypt-HIMS methodology is designed to provide information on why, when, where and how migration has occurred, and to deal with various dimensions of international migration and mobility by the collection of data on out-migration from Egypt, return migration to Egypt, intentions to migrate, and forced migration of citizens of other countries residing in Egypt. Properly interpreted, the findings of this major research programme will be of special importance in re-orienting migration policies and studies in the sense of harmonizing theory and practice. The successful implementation of the Egypt-HIMS would not have been possible without the active support and dedicated efforts of a large number of organizations and individuals. On behalf of CAPMAS, I wish to acknowledge my thanks to the organizations which provided financial support to the project: ILO, IOM, UNFPA, UNHCR, WHO, Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development of Canada, Danish-Arab Partnership Programme of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, and Italian Development Cooperation; and also to the organizations which provided and/or funded the technical assistance programme: MED-HIMS/PIU, Eurostat/MEDSTAT Programme, IOM, UNFPA, UNHCR, and The World Bank. I would like to thank Mrs. Rawia El-Batrawy, the Executive Survey Manager, Mrs. Amal Nour El-Deen, Head, Population Statistics and Censuses, and members of the survey technical group, and the directors and staff of the various departments of CAPMAS, for their unceasing efforts and dedication throughout the various stages of the project. Thanks are also due to the Regional Governors and the directors and staff of the Local Government Agencies for the assistance they provided during the field operations. Special thanks are due to Dr. Samir Farid, MED-HIMS Chief Technical Advisor, for his distinguished contribution during the design and implementation of the survey and the preparation of the present report. I also wish to thank Dr. Richard Bilsborrow, MED-HIMS Senior Advisor, for his assistance in the sampling design. iii I gratefully acknowledge the help of the people we interviewed; only their understanding and collaboration made this important project possible. Finally, it is hoped that this report will serve as an important benchmark for the study of the determinants and consequences of international migration in Egypt and that the information presented here will be of use to planners, policy makers and researchers. Abo Bakr El-Gendy President Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics iv CONTRIBUTORS CAPMAS Mr. Abo Bakr El-Gendy, General Supervisor Mrs. Amal Nour El-Deen, Head, Population Statistics and Censuses Mrs. Rawia El-Batrawy, Executive Manager Mr. Abd-Elhamed Abd-Elgawad, Financial and Administrative Assistant Manager Mrs. Fatma Mohamed Elashry, Technical Adviser Mrs. Madiha Abd-Elhalim Soliman, Technical Adviser Dr. Shaker El-Naggar, Sampling Design Dr. Mohamed Fotouh Abulata, Technical Adviser Mrs. Amal Fouad Mohamed, Data Editing, Coding & Encoding Supervisor Mr. Khaled Mohamed Maher, Chief System Analyst & Data Processing Supervisor Mr. Abd-Elfattah Mohamed Ali, Senior Programmer Mr. Ali Hepishy Kamel, Programmer Mrs. Nesma Mamdouh, Programmer Ms. Mariam Ibrahem Dlam, Secretary Mr. Mostafa Younes Yousef, Statistician Mr. Ahmed Maher Ameen, Statistician Mr. Mahmoud Mohamed El-Sarawy, Economic Statistician Dr. Ayman Zohry, Consultant (preparation of Chapter 4) MED-HIMS Programme Steering Committee Ms. Veneta Boneva, Eurostat Ms. Tara Brian, IOM Mrs. Enas El-Fergany, League of Arab States Mrs. Ingrid Ivins, the World Bank Mrs. Rosemary Montgomery, (Chair) Eurostat Mr. Mustafa Hakki Ozel, ILO Mrs. Kimberly Roberson, UNHCR Dr. Luay Shabaneh, UNFPA MED-HIMS Project Implementation Unit Dr. Samir Farid, Project Coordinator/Chief Technical Advisor (main author) Dr. Richard Bilsborrow, Sampling Expert Mr. Giambattista Cantisani, Regional Activities Coordinator v ACRONYMS ADP Accelerated Data Program CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics DDDS Dakar Declaration on the Development of Statistics EC European Commission EGYPT-HIMS Egypt Household International Migration Survey EMWGMS Euro-Med Working Group on Migration Statistics ENP European Neighbourhood Partnership EU European Union Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union GAMM Global Approach to Migration and Mobility GFMD Global Forum on Migration and Development ILO International Labour Office IOM International Organization for Migration LAS League of Arab States MAPS Marrakech Action Plan for Statistics MED-HIMS Mediterranean Household International Migration Survey MEDSTAT Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Co-operation MENA Middle East and North Africa NSDS National Strategy for Development of Statistics NSO National Statistical Office NSS National Statistical System PIU Project Implementation Unit PSC Programme Steering Committee UN United Nations UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WB The World Bank WHO World Health Organization vi CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONTRIBUTORS v ACRONYMS vi LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xxix Part I: Background and Methodology 1 1 Survey Design and Implementation 3 1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Study 3 1.2 The Sample 3 1.3 The Questionnaires 4 1.3.1 Scope of the questionnaires 4 1.3.2 Concepts and definitions 5 1.3.3 Outline of the questionnaires 6 1.4 Training of Field Staff 8 1.5 Data Collection 8 1.6 Data Management 9 1.7 Coverage of the Main Sample 10 1.8 Coverage of the Targeted Sample of Forced Migrants 10 Part II: Determinants of International Migration 13 2 Characteristics of Households 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Households and Population 15 2.3 Population by Age and Sex 16 2.4 Household Composition 18 2.4.1 Headship of households 18 2.4.2 Size of households 20 2.5 Education of the Household Population 21 2.6 Housing Characteristics 23 2.7 Household Possessions 27 2.7.1 Household appliances 27 2.7.2 Ownership of assets 28 3 Current Migrants 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Characteristics of Current Migrants 31 3.2.1 Age-sex composition 31 3.2.2 Other characteristics 32 3.3 Who and Where: Migration Patterns and Trajectories 34 3.3.1 Age at migration 34 3.3.2 Who migrates where? 36 3.3.3 Choice of destination 38 3.3.4 Migration trajectories 39 3.4 When: Year of Migration 40 vii 3.5 Length of Migration 41 3.6 Why: Motives for Migration 43 3.6.1 Motives for first migration 43 3.6.2 Migration decision-making 45 3.7 How: The Migration Process 48 3.7.1 Pre-migration contact with recruiters 48 3.7.2 Contact with private recruiters 48 3.7.3 Type of recruiter contacted 48 3.7.4 Means of contacting recruiter 51 3.7.5 Pre-migration provision of written contract 52 3.7.6 Compliance of employer at destination with pre-migration contract 52 3.7.7 Payment to facilitate the migration 54 3.7.8 Financing migration 55 3.8 Admission Documents and Compliance with Regulations 57 3.9 The Role of Networks 59 3.10 Employment Status and Occupation Before and After Migration 61 3.10.1 Employment