DOCSLIB.ORG

Us-Egyptian Relations from the 1952 Revolution to the Suez Crisis of 1956

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Us-Egyptian Relations from the 1952 Revolution to the Suez Crisis of 1956 US-EGYPTIAN RELATIONS FROM THE 1952 REVOLUTION TO THE SUEZ CRISIS OF 1956 Mohamed Abd El-Wahab Sayed-Ahmed Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD in Politics, in the Department of Economic and Political Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London April 1987 ProQuest Number: 10672698 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672698 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT If the late 1940s and early 1950s were a period of close and friendly relations between the United States and Egypt, the late 1950s and early 1960s mark the deterioration in those relations. US-Egyptian relations from the 1952 revolution to the Suez crisis resembled to some extent a game of chess between Nasser of Egypt, and Secretary John Foster Dulles of the US. The Free Officers' rise to power in Egypt in July 1952, raised the hope of the American policy-makers in the establishing of closer and, moreover, cordial relations with Egypt. They fe lt that i t was to their advantage to deal with the military officers who were not associated with the corrupt ancien regime of politicians. Moreover, the Free Officers did not have any political commitment nor a predetermined position in "* n foreign policy. Therefore the Eisenhower administration, especially Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, expected that Egypt under Nasser and his military colleagues would help achieve objectives of American strategy in the area, such as the containment of Soviet penetration, and peace between the Arab states and Israel. These hopes or aspirations, however, could not be easily translated into practical policy. Dulles looked to Nasser for support of US initiatives, without appreciating problems Nasser might face. Nasser's policy was soon to clash with American strategy in the Middle East and Egypt's foreign policy would be marked to a great extent by recurrent clashes with the US, especially from 1955 onwards. Nasser saw US policy becoming reflexively pro-Israel and he fe lt that Washington was jeopardising his leadership of the Arab world, especially after the formation of the Baghdad Pact in February 1955. The honeymoon between the 3 Free Officers' regime in Egypt and the US was now over. Nasser fe lt he had to confront the US and the Western powers on their own terms, in a more forceful and radical way. Nasser found the Soviet Union a willing partner in furthering his aims, even though he s till le ft his options open regarding his relations with the US. As for the Eisenhower administration, the turning-point came in mid-March 1956 when Secretary of the Navy Robert Anderson returned from his mission to promote peace between Egypt and Israel empty-handed. Dulles was determined to show Nasser how tough he could be. Events then moved rapidly to the Suez cri si s. The documentary and other evidence proved that Nasser's ambitions for a regional leadership of the Arab Middle East were in conflict with those of the US as a global power in the Middle East. The Eisenhower administration, for its part, had hoped and intended to contain Nasser's influence in the area and not to promote him into a major Third World leader, but in vain. The American policy turned Nasser from a local Arab leader of Egypt into the charismatic leader of the Arab world and a major political figure in the Third World. This research mainly depends on American documents which were declassified during the past two years. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................... 7 ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER ONE : THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNITED STATES-EGYPTIAN RELATIONS UP TO 1952.................................................... 15 The Period prior to the Second World War 15 American-Egyptian Relations during and after the Second World War .................................... 16 American-Egyptian Relations from 1947 onwards .......................................................................... 25 The Palestine War....................................................... 34- The Wafd in Power....................................................... 36 The Korean War............................................................. 38 The Abrogation of the 1936 Treaty...................... 44 CHAPTER TWO : THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION AND THE EARLY CONTACTS BETWEEN THE OFFICERS AND THE USA............................ 57 The Internal Situation ............................................ 57 The King......................................................................... 59 The Political Parties : the Wafd ........................ 63 The Young Army Officers.......................................... 69 The Early Relations between the CIA and the Free Officers.............................................................. 76 Nasser's Tactics to avoid the Discovery of his Conspiracy ............................................................ 80 The Egyptian Military Mission to the United States............................................................................ 83 The Road to Revolution............................................ 89 CHAPTER THREE : THE UNITED STATES AND THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION 94 The Safety of the Coup d'Etat.............................. 94 Egypt and the United States in the Revolutionary Era................................................... 102 The Military in Power and the USA (The Regency Council and the Wafd) ............................ 106 The New Regime and Communism................................ I l l Agrarian Reform ........................................................... 116 Naguib's Cabinet ......................................................... 123 Economic Co-operation............................................... 131 5 Page CHAPTER FOUR : UNITED STATES AND THE 1954 ANGLO-EGYPTIAN AGREEMENT....................................................................... 136 Sudan ............................................................................... 146 Eisenhower Administration andthe Dispute 151 Dulles' Trip to the Middle East........................... 157 American Efforts to Break the Impasse after Dulles' T rip ....*................................................... 156 American Embassy Efforts to Ease Tension 171 Dulles' Efforts to Break the Impasse................... 175 Nasser's Role............................................................... ISO The Agreement............................................................... 188 CHAPTER FIVE : PEACE COLLAPSES........................................................... 194 The Eisenhower Administration and the Arab- Israeli Problem....................................................... 197 United States Efforts for restoring Peace in the Area and its Impact on United States- Egyptian Relations ................................................. 199 The Informal Talks ........................................ 201 GROWING U.S INVOLVEMENT ................. .................. 205 Johnston' s Plan.. ............ 209 The Gaza Raid ............................................................... 217 Baghdad Pact and the Raid ....................................... 218 The Arms Deal ....................................................... 224 Dulles' Peace In itia tiv e ....................................... 231 Anderson's Mission..................................................... 237 The High Dam................................................................. 244 CHAPTER SIX : THE UNITED STATES AND THE SUEZ CRISIS................. 253 The First London Conference: 16-23 August ............................................................. 266 The American In itia tive........................................... 272 The Suez Canal Users' Association....................... 274 The Second London Conference................................. 276 The United Nations..................................................... 282 The War........................................................................... 284 The Last Phase............................................................. 293 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 304 BIBLIOGRAPHY 312 6 To my son Sherif and his generation: This is a real part of the Modern History of Egypt 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should like to express my thanks to the staff of the American National Archives, especially Mrs. Sally Marks, the Library of Congress, the Harry S. Truman Library, the Eisenhower Library, and the office of the Historians at the State Department, especially Dr. Paul Claussen. My greatest debt is to my supervisor, Professor P.J. Vatikiotis. Without
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 900 History, Geography, and Auxiliary Disciplines
    900 900 History, geography, and auxiliary disciplines Class here social situations and conditions; general political history; military, diplomatic, political, economic, social, welfare aspects of specific wars Class interdisciplinary works on ancient world, on specific continents, countries, localities in 930–990. Class history and geographic treatment of a specific subject with the subject, plus notation 09 from Table 1, e.g., history and geographic treatment of natural sciences 509, of economic situations and conditions 330.9, of purely political situations and conditions 320.9, history of military science 355.009 See also 303.49 for future history (projected events other than travel) See Manual at 900 SUMMARY 900.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of history and geography 901–909 Standard subdivisions of history, collected accounts of events, world history 910 Geography and travel 920 Biography, genealogy, insignia 930 History of ancient world to ca. 499 940 History of Europe 950 History of Asia 960 History of Africa 970 History of North America 980 History of South America 990 History of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds .1–.9 Standard subdivisions of history and geography 901 Philosophy and theory of history 902 Miscellany of history .2 Illustrations, models, miniatures Do not use for maps, plans, diagrams; class in 911 903 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of history 901 904 Dewey Decimal Classification 904 904 Collected accounts of events Including events of natural origin; events induced by human activity Class here adventure Class collections limited to a specific period, collections limited to a specific area or region but not limited by continent, country, locality in 909; class travel in 910; class collections limited to a specific continent, country, locality in 930–990.
    [Show full text]
  • The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963
    A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement A UPA Collection from Cover: Map of the Middle East. Illustration courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook. National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Guide by Dan Elasky A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road ● Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. –– (National security files) “Microfilmed from the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. ISBN 1-55655-925-9 1. Middle East––Politics and government––1945–1979––Sources. 2. United States–– Foreign relations––Middle East. 3. Middle East––Foreign relations––United States. 4. John F. Kennedy Library––Archives. I. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. II. Series. DS63.1 956.04––dc22 2007061516 Copyright © 2007 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier
    [Show full text]
  • By Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of
    FROM DIWAN TO PALACE: JORDANIAN TRIBAL POLITICS AND ELECTIONS by LAURA C. WEIR Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Pete Moore Department of Political Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2013 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Laura Weir candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree *. Pete Moore, Ph.D (chair of the committee) Vincent E. McHale, Ph.D. Kelly McMann, Ph.D. Neda Zawahri, Ph.D. (date) October 19, 2012 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Maps and Illustrations viii List of Abbreviations x CHAPTERS 1. RESEARCH PUZZLE AND QUESTIONS Introduction 1 Literature Review 6 Tribal Politics and Elections 11 Case Study 21 Potential Challenges of the Study 30 Conclusion 35 2. THE HISTORY OF THE JORDANIAN ―STATE IN SOCIETY‖ Introduction 38 The First Wave: Early Development, pre-1921 40 The Second Wave: The Arab Revolt and the British, 1921-1946 46 The Third Wave: Ideological and Regional Threats, 1946-1967 56 The Fourth Wave: The 1967 War and Black September, 1967-1970 61 Conclusion 66 3. SCARCE RESOURCES: THE STATE, TRIBAL POLITICS, AND OPPOSITION GROUPS Introduction 68 How Tribal Politics Work 71 State Institutions 81 iii Good Governance Challenges 92 Guests in Our Country: The Palestinian Jordanians 101 4. THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES: FAILURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE RISE OF TRIBAL POLITICS Introduction 118 Political Threats and Opportunities, 1921-1970 125 The Political Significance of Black September 139 Tribes and Parties, 1989-2007 141 The Muslim Brotherhood 146 Conclusion 152 5.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970
    A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 Foreword................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. Pre-Dynastic Times : Upper and Lower Egypt: The Unification. .. 3 Chapter 2. Chronology of the First Twelve Dynasties. ............................... 5 Chapter 3. The First and Second Dynasties (Archaic Egypt) ....................... 6 Chapter 4. The Third to the Sixth Dynasties (The Old Kingdom): The "Pyramid Age"..................................................................... 8 Chapter 5. The First Intermediate Period (Seventh to Tenth Dynasties)......10 Chapter 6. The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties (The Middle Kingdom).......11 Chapter 7. The Second Intermediate Period (about I780-1561 B.C.): The Hyksos. .............................................................................12 Chapter 8. The "New Kingdom" or "Empire" : Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c.1567-1085 B.C.)...............................................13 Chapter 9. The Decline of the Empire. ...................................................15 Chapter 10. Persian Rule (525-332 B.C.): Conquest by Alexander the Great. 17 Chapter 11. The Early Ptolemies: Alexandria. ...........................................18 Chapter 12. The Later Ptolemies: The Advent of Rome. .............................20 Chapter 13. Cleopatra...........................................................................21 Chapter 14. Egypt under the Roman, and then Byzantine, Empire: Christianity: The Coptic Church.............................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Changing News Changing Realities Media Censorship’S Evolution in Egypt
    ReuteRs InstItute for the study of JouRnalIsm Changing News Changing Realities media censorship’s evolution in egypt Abdalla F. Hassan Changing News Changing Realities Changing News Changing Realities media censorship’s evolution in egypt Abdalla F. Hassan Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism University of Oxford Research sponsored by the Gerda Henkel Foundation Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Department of Politics and International Relations University of Oxford 13 Norham Gardens Oxford OX2 6PS United Kingdom http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk Copyright © 2013 by Abdalla F. Hassan Design by Sally Boylan and Adam el-Sehemy Cover photographs by Abdalla F. Hassan, Joshua Stacher, and Lesley Lababidi The newspapers’ sting at first seemed slight and was conveniently disregarded, but its cumulative effect proved dangerous. By aggressively projecting political messages to its readers and generating active political debate among an expanding reading public . the press helped create a climate for political action that would eventually undermine the British hold on the country. (Ami Ayalon, The Press in the Arab Middle East) For Teta Saniya, my parents, and siblings with love, and for all those brave souls and unsung heroes who have sacrificed so much so that others can live free Contents Acknowledgments xi Preface:TheStateandtheMedia 1 I: Since the Printing Press 5 1. PressBeginningsinEgypt 7 2. NasserandtheEraofPan-Arabism 29 3. Sadat,theInfitah,andPeacewithIsrael 63 II: The Media and the Mubarak Era 79 4. Mubarak’sThree-DecadeCaretakerPresidency 81 5. Television’sComingofAge 119 6. BarriersBroken:Censorship’sLimits 137 7. FreeExpressionversustheRighttoBark 189 III: Revolution and Two and a Half Years On 221 8.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry Page 1 of 182
    The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry Page 1 of 182 Preferred Citation: Beinin, Joel. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/ The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry Culture, Politics. and the Formation of Modern Diaspora Joel Beinin UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · London © 1998 The Regents of the University of California To Miriam, my life partner Preferred Citation: Beinin, Joel. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/ To Miriam, my life partner Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to the many Egyptian Jews in Egypt, Israel, Paris, and San Francisco who shared their memories, papers, and hearts with me in the course of my research for this book. Without their assistance, this book would have been an entirely different and inferior product. Their names are listed in the Bibliography. Many Egyptian Jews as well as other friends and colleagues saved clippings from the Israeli and Egyptian press for me, allowed me to copy personal papers, or gave me books, magazines, and other materials that were invaluable sources for this book. Among them were Raymond Aghion, Ada Aharoni, Shlomo Barad, Esther and Gilbert Bar-On, Henriette Busnach, Yusuf Darwish, Marcelle Fisher, Karim al-Gawhary, Yitzhaq Gormezano-Goren, David Harel, Anda Harel-Dagan, Jacques Hassoun, Reuven Kaminer, Mourad El-Kodsi, Yoram Meital, Doris and Henry Mourad, Remy and Joe Pessah, Sami Shemtov, Ted Swedenburg, and Robert Vitalis.
    [Show full text]
  • A Message of Solidarity with Jeremy Corbyn from Palestine 8/11/2020
    A message of solidarity with Jeremy Corbyn from Palestine 8/11/2020 We the undersigned, express our solidarity with Mr. Corbyn following the unfair decision by the British Labour Party to suspend such a principled man. For all of us in Palestine, Mr. Corbyn's stands represented a principled path toward social justice and freedom for all human beings regardless of sex, race, faith, ideology or political views. We consider Mr. Corbyn’s position on Palestine cause as a moral compensation for the ethical responsibility Great Britain, as a mandatory power, bears for creating the Nakba and for its failure to abide by the League of Nation Charter (Article 22) to place Palestine on the path to independence and self-determination, while it succeeded remarkably in the implementation of the Balfour Declaration, whose 104th anniversary coincides with the unjust decision taken against Corbyn. We denounce the unfair accusations of anti-Semitism against Mr. Corbyn. We have always known Mr. Corbyn to be a strong fighter against racism including Anti-Semitism. We will always share his stands in fighting Anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and all forms of racism. This is why we see these accusations as a malicious attempt to cover Israeli oppression, injustice and War Crimes which were, and are being, committed against us for long decades by Imperialism and colonial Zionism. We emphasize that exposing Israeli crimes against the Palestinians is not in any way a form of anti-Semitism. To cover Israeli crimes against the Palestinians is an insult to the memory of all innocent Jews who lost their lives in the Holocaust.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eclipse of Pan-Arab Nationalism Written by Ahmed Elsayed
    The Eclipse of Pan-Arab Nationalism Written by Ahmed Elsayed This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. The Eclipse of Pan-Arab Nationalism https://www.e-ir.info/2015/05/26/the-eclipse-of-pan-arab-nationalism/ AHMED ELSAYED, MAY 26 2015 This paper seeks to analyse the emergence and decline of Pan-Arab nationalism, the ideology that emerged in 19th century to restore and sustain the Arabic identity under the Ottoman Caliphate and developed until it became the hegemonic ideology in Arab world by the 1950s. This article argues that Arab nationalism has been largely unsuccessful because of a variety of reasons. These reasons can be categorised into three sections: the ‘inherent’ reasons related to this ideology per se, the ‘regional’ reasons connected to Arab world and the political and social relationships within, and the ‘exogenous’ reasons that are associated with the non-Arab world. In order to develop this paper’s argument, two case studies will be introduced to critically access the record of Arab nationalism: the most influential Pan-Arab leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Arab League, the foremost Pan-Arab organization. For reasons of precision and clarity, this article uses the term Arabism when referring to the cultural and social similarities between Arabs. While Arab nationalism, the main idea of this essay, refers to Arabism ‘with the added element of a strong desire (and preferably articulated demands) for political unity in a specified demarcated territory’ (Dawisha, 2003: 13).
    [Show full text]
  • Land Reform and Bounded Rationality in the Middle East
    Domestic Conquest: Land Reform and Bounded Rationality in the Middle East Matthew E. Goldman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee: Reşat Kasaba, Chair Elizabeth Kier Clark Lombardi Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Near & Middle Eastern Studies ©Copyright 2015 Matthew E. Goldman University of Washington Abstract Domestic Conquest: Land Reform and Bounded Rationality in the Middle East Matthew E. Goldman Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Reşat Kasaba Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies This dissertation examines the rise and fall of projects for land reform - the redistribution of agricultural land from large landowners to those owning little or none - in the Middle East in the mid 20th century, focusing on Egypt, Iraq, Palestine/Israel, Syria, and Turkey. Following the end of World War II, local political elites and foreign advisors alike began to argue that land reform constituted a necessary first rung on the ladder of modernization, a step that would lead to political consolidation, development, industrialization, and even democratization. Unfortunately, many land reform projects resulted in grave disappointments, leading to reduced agricultural output, increased rural poverty, political conflict, and more authoritarian rather than more democratic forms of government. As many policymakers and development experts themselves came to understand, an underlying cause of these problems was their failure to adjust land reform models to account for crucial variations in local political, economic, and ecological conditions. Using a method of similarity approach, this project asks why land reform projects so often sought to apply imported models in vastly different local contexts and then failed to adequately adjust these policy models to suit local realities.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Officers and Land Reforms in Egypt, Iraq and Syria
    ARMY OFFICERS AND LAND REFORMS IN EGYPT, IRAQ AND SYRIA AYAD AL-QAZZAZ Sacramento State College The purpose of this paper is to discuss the performance and achievement of the officers who control the governments of Egypt, Iraq and Syria in the field of land reform (upto 1967). 1 The main issue which our discussion revolves around is how successful these "officer governments" are in achieving land reform. Also, the reasons that account for the variation in the performance of these three regimes will be discussed. Our discussion will not go beyond June 1967, because the six-day Arab-Israeli war of June 1967 introduced into the picture new elements and motiva- tions which must be taken into account in any study which extends beyond June 1967. Among these elements is the defeat of the armies of Egypt, Syria and, to a certain extent, Iraq. However, it is too early to assess and evaluate objectively and accurately the impact of this defeat on the implementation of land reform in these countries. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS ON THE EVE OF LAND REFORM In the three countries under study, agricultural production pro- vides about two-fifths of total national income, absorbs well over half of the labour force, and brings in most of the foreign currency (except in Iraq where oil industry is more important). It also pro- vides support for perhaps three quarters of the population and constitutes the entire mode of life for most of the people. Prior to land reform these three countries suffered from inequality and misdistribution of land and agricultural income.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interface of Religious and Political Conflict in Egyptian Theatre
    The Interface of Religious and Political Conflict in Egyptian Theatre Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amany Youssef Seleem, Stage Directing Diploma Graduate Program in Theatre The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Lesley Ferris, Advisor Nena Couch Beth Kattelman Copyright by Amany Seleem 2013 Abstract Using religion to achieve political power is a thematic subject used by a number of Egyptian playwrights. This dissertation documents and analyzes eleven plays by five prominent Egyptian playwrights: Tawfiq Al-Hakim (1898- 1987), Ali Ahmed Bakathir (1910- 1969), Samir Sarhan (1938- 2006), Mohamed Abul Ela Al-Salamouni (1941- ), and Mohamed Salmawi (1945- ). Through their plays they call attention to the dangers of blind obedience. The primary methodological approach will be a close literary analysis grounded in historical considerations underscored by a chronology of Egyptian leadership. Thus the interface of religious conflict and politics is linked to the four heads of government under which the playwrights wrote their works: the eras of King Farouk I (1920-1965), President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970), President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981), and President Hosni Mubarak (1928- ). While this study ends with Mubarak’s regime, it briefly considers the way in which such conflict ended in the recent reunion between religion and politics with the election of Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, as president following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. This research also investigates how these scripts were written— particularly in terms of their adaptation from existing canonical work or historical events and the use of metaphor—and how they were staged.
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten in the Diaspora: the Palestinian Refugees in Egypt
    Forgotten in the Diaspora: The Palestinian Refugees in Egypt, 1948-2011 Lubna Ahmady Abdel Aziz Yassin Middle East Studies Center (MEST) Spring, 2013 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Sherene Seikaly Thesis First Reader: Dr. Pascale Ghazaleh Thesis Second Reader: Dr. Hani Sayed 1 Table of Contents I. CHAPTER ONE: PART ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………...…….4 A. PART TWO: THE RISE OF THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEE PROBLEM…………………………………………………………………………………..……………..13 B. AL-NAKBA BETWEEN MYTH AND REALITY…………………………………………………14 C. EGYPTIAN OFFICIAL RESPONSE TO THE PALESTINE CAUSE DURING THE MONARCHAL ERA………………………………………………………………………………………25 D. PALESTINE IN THE EGYPTIAN PRESS DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….38 E. THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEES IN EGYPT, 1948-1952………………………….……….41 II. CHAPTER TWO: THE NASSER ERA, 1954-1970 A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………………….…45 B. THE EGYPTIAN-PALESTINIAN RELATIONS, 1954-1970……………..………………..49 C. PALESTINIANS AND THE NASEERIST PRESS………………………………………………..71 D. PALESTINIAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS………………………………………………..…..77 E. LEGAL STATUS OF PALESTINIAN REFUGEES IN EGYPT………………………….…...81 III. CHAPTER THREE: THE SADAT ERA, 1970-1981 A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………….95 B. EGYPTIAN-PALESTINIAN RELATIONS DURING THE SADAT ERA…………………102 C. THE PRESS DURING THE SADAT ERA…………………………………………….……………108 D. PALESTINE IN THE EGYPTIAN PRESS DURING THE SADAT ERA……………….…122 E. THE LEGAL STATUS OF PALESTINIAN REFUGEES DURING THE SADAT ERA……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…129 IV. CHAPTER FOUR:
    [Show full text]