Epigraphy As a Source for the Political History of India

Epigraphy as a Source for the Political History of India

5.1 Do you know?

Description Image Source

Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. The volume on Asokan inscription was Published by Alexander Cunningham and later byHultzsch

Epigraphia Indica was published by the Archaeological survey of India dealing with the study of inscriptions

By user:P.K.Niyogi - Own map based on map in History of Ancient Bengal by Dr. R.C. Majumdar, first published 1971, Historical Geography is reprint 2005, p. 10, an important area of Tulshi Prakashani, study undertaken with the Kolkata, ISBN 81- support of Inscriptions 89118-01-3 and other sources, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wi

kimedia.org/w/inde x.php?curid=33597 66

The inscription from Nalanda mentions about the king Devapaladeva of Bengal who granted permission to Balaputradeva of Srivijya to build a Buddhist monastery Balaputradeva at Nalanda. Balaputra is mentioned as the son of Samaragrawira, grandson of Śailendravamsatilaka in the inscription.

5.2 Timeline

Timelines Image Description

James By Mary Emily Prinsep - Prinsep [www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt- Deciphered root/uploads/approved/adt- the Asokan QGU20100621.083616 Private Brahmi in collection reprinted in Malcolm the 1830s Allbrook (2008) 'Imperial Family': The Prinseps, Empire and Colonial Government in India and Australia. Doctoral thesis. Griffiths University. Australia. page 101], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/in dex.php?curid=20480157

Alexander Cunningham Who Courtesy: published https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe the Corpus dia/commons/5/5a/Alexander_Cunni Inscriptionu ngham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg m Indicarum first in 1879

Eugen Julius German Epigraphist Hultszh studied Theodor the inscriptions of Cholas. He Hultzsch collected the inscriptions published in the Volume II of South Indian Inscriptions. He particularly contributed to the publication of the inscriptions of the Cholas. Venkayya` and KV. Subrahmania Aiyar was other notable scholars of the Epigraphy Branch of ASI. Venkayya’s Introduction to SII Vol.2 is a remarkable analysis of the inscriptions. Source: http://www.indologie.uni- halle.de/im/1288164236_1603_0.jpg

D.C. Sircar D.C, Sircar, Dineshchandra Sircar (1907–1985) is an important epigraphist and historian, of India he has extensively worked on the inscriptions in India. He was the Chief Epigraphist of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1949 to 1962). He has made important contirbutions to the study of inscriptions of India Indian Epigraphy by D.C. Sircar

B.N Bratindra Nath Mukherjee (1932 – Mukherjee 2013) was a historian, numismatist , epigraphist and iconographist Hosakote Hosakote Krishna Sastri (1870 –1928) Krishna was an Indian epigraphist with the Sastri Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Kanthadai Vaidya Subrahmanya Aiyar (1875 –1969) was a Tamil epigraphist K.V.Subrah and historian. He is considered to be manya Aiyer the first scholar to the cave inscriptions of Tamil Nadu as a form of Tamil-Brahmi.

K.V. Ramesh An important scholar of www.Hindu.com Indian, Sanskrit and Kannada epigraphy.

5.3 Glossary

Staring Related Term Definition Character Term A Anarta Refers to the present-day North Saurashtra to North Gujarat region in Gujarat state of India. It occurs in the puranic accounts as well as in the Junagarh rock inscription of the Saka ruler Rudradaman B Bhukti It is and administrative division of the Gupta

times. B Banavase 12000 An administrative division called Banavase

12000 occurs in the inscription of Karnataka B Belvola 3000 An administrative division called Belvola

3000 occurs in Karnataka inscriptions B Brahmadeya Lands donated to the Brahmins by the kings. These donations were recorded in the copper plates, called Tamrasasana D Dhamma Dhamma refers to the message of Buddha. In Sanskrit it is called Dharama, and this term

has many meanings according to the context of usage. G Gupta era The era starting in 318-19 CE K Kalabhra Reference to Kalabhra occurs in the copper plate inscription of Velvikkudi issued by the Pandiyan kings K Kali era Kali era started in 3101 BCE

K Kalinga rashtra It refers to the region of Kalinga or Orissa K Kavya A meter used in the composition of literary texts and it was used in the composition of Prasasti K Keloputra or It refers to the Cheras who ruled from Kerala.

Keralaputra Cheraman Cherta+Putra=makan in Tamil. M Mahabaladhikrta Commander in Chief. Persons with this titles

were also appointed as ministers. M Mahadandanayak General

a M Mahapratihara Chief of the palace guards

M Manraaduvar Judges M Manuscriptology The study of texts in the palm leaf

manuscripts. M Madhyasta An official under the Chola administration M Meikirthi The opening portion of Chola inscriptions.

Same as prasasti M Mukavetti An official under the Chola administration N Naadu An administrative division of Tamil Naadu

used by the Pallavas, Cholas and Pandiyas P Political Economy The relations between political structure and systems and the economic realms of production, consumption and exchange P Prasasti The opening portion of inscriptions which speaks about the lineage and achievements of the kings P Pradesikas District heads P Pundravardana The country of Pundras. It was the capital of Gauda region of Bengal. The area around Mahasthangarh R Rajjukas Rural/judicial officers R Renadu 7000, Renandu 7000 ’ refers tp parts of

Cuddapah, Kurnool and Nellore Districts. S Sabha The administrative body of the Brahmin

villages S Saka Era The era that began in 78 CE

S Samanta The local chiefs, who paid tributes

S Samatata. The eastern part of Bengal

S Senapathi An official under the Chola administration

S Sravanaipuhuvar Hearers of Justice

S Satiyaputra It refers to the chiefs of Athiyaman

S Silasasanas Stone Inscriptions

T Tadigaipadi A region of Karnataka

T Tambapanni Sri Lanka

T Tamrasasanas Copper Plate inscriptions

T Tiruvaikelvi An official under the Chola administration T Tirumandira olai An official under the Chola administration

nayakam T Tondaimandalam Refers to the Northern part of Tamil Nadu

V Vamsavali Genealogy of the kings of a dynasty

V Vikrama Era The era that began in 58 BCE V Vishaya An Administrative Division Minor Bhuktis

Mandalas denoted the same division V Vindhyavati Refers to the Kheonjhar district Y Yavana Refers to Westerners of the Romans, Greeks

and others from the West Y Yuktas Subordinate officers

5.4. Weblinks

Web links http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_about.asp http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_nature.asp http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_antiquity.asp http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_language.asp http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_epigraphists.asp http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_sans_preservation.asp http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=12969&chapterid=27944 http://mrunal.org/2013/10/oldncert-ancient-india-sources-of-history-paleography-epigraphy- numismatics-archeology.html#727 http://mrunal.org/2013/10/oldncert-ancient-india-sources-of-history-paleography-epigraphy- numismatics-archeology.html#744 https://www.webindia123.com/history/source.htm http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26707/6/06_chapter%201.pdf http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi.htm https://www.britannica.com/topic/epigraphy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--oD52Es6DE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98YKeQIHSw4 http://ichr.ac.in/Epigraphy_Report.pdf http://mentorials.com/high-school-history-reconstructing-the-past-indian-archaeological- sources.htm http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Indian%20Epigraphy_A%20Guide%20to%20th e%20Study%20of%20Inscriptions%20in%20Sanskrit%20Prakrit%20and%20Other%20Indo- Aryan%20Languages_Salomon.pdf https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48974-2_14 https://www.britannica.com/topic/epigraphy/Inscriptions-as-social-and-cultural-records https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pySCGvdyYLIC&pg=PA566&lpg=PA566&dq=epigrap hy+as+a+source+of+cultural+history&source=bl&ots=2tEtYSlb8i&sig=3Ns89oV8qxbTaGS icI4Yc3zcnKc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi75czznc7WAhVMKo8KHT7lAIw4FBDoAQ

gmMAA#v=onepage&q=epigraphy%20as%20a%20source%20of%20cultural%20history&f= false http://www.jstor.org/stable/44143470 http://odishamuseum.nic.in/?q=dept/epigraphy http://tsdam.com/epigraphy.html http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-epigraphy/ https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-epigraphy/inscriptions/ https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-history/evolution-of-kannada-script/ http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936611 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/137381/10/10_chapter%202.pdf http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/137381/10/10_chapter%202.pdf https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ud_zjw5OLOEC&pg=PP9&lpg=PP9&dq=Epigraphy+I ndian+as+a+source+for+cultural+studies&source=bl&ots=8uRI5SIhf4&sig=6iGgGCcNrocl EJ2h9f6f4at8sx0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip6_Oyqc7WAhWLQY8KHSK2ChY4ChD oAQhBMAU#v=onepage&q=Epigraphy%20Indian%20as%20a%20source%20for%20cultur al%20studies&f=false http://www.emmaf.org/kris_lorenz/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Bodel-EpigraphicEvidence- 1.pdf https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=indian+e pigraphy+poetics&source=bl&ots=LfS_fMqoki&sig=rb4RsrR- FDbrMAopwdiUP27Cq5s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg2Ovsqc7WAhUHMo8KHZ- mA5QQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=indian%20epigraphy%20poetics&f=false http://nelc.uchicago.edu/sites/nelc.uchicago.edu/files/Qutbuddin,%20Arabic%20in%20India, %20JAOS%20127.3%202008.pdf https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/19550/fsg_Julian%20Raby_%202012%20M osul_watermarked.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y http://utilisateurs.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~chevilla/FestSchrift/LeOrr_2.pdf https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5814/1/Shah.pdf https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/crgr/documents/pdf/papers/iphigeniainindia.pdf http://www.khmerstudies.org/download- files/publications/siksacakr/no5/epigraphy.pdf?lbisphpreq=1 http://www.e-books- chennaimuseum.tn.gov.in/ChennaiMuseum/images/books/BULLETIN%20OF%20THE%20

MADRAS%20GOVENMENT%20MUSEUM%20INDIAN%20EPIGRAPHY%20AND%20 SOUTH%20INDIAN%20SCRIPTS.pdf http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs1102/ejvs1102article.pdf http://odishamuseum.nic.in/?q=dept/epigraphy

5.5. Bibliography

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Chakrabarti , K.1965. The Gupta Kingdom, in Origin and political history of the Guptas. Champakalakshmi, R. 1981. The Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India: A review Article. IESHR 18(3-4)415-416. Champakalakshmi, R. 2002. The City, the Hinterland and the State. In South India under the Cholas, State and Society in Pre-Modern South India, R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat and T.R. Venugopal eds. pp.60-83. Trissur, Cosmo Books. Chattopadhyay, B.D. The making of Early Medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1997. Chattopadhyaya, B.D. , 1990. Aspects of Rural Settlements and Rural Society in Early Medieval India, Calcutta Chhabra, B and G.S. Gai (Eds) 1981 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3. Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings. Revised by D.R. Bhandarkar. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Cunningham, A. 1879. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. London: W. H. Allen & Co. Datta, Swati 1989. Migrant Brahmanas in North India: their Settlement and General Impact c A.D 475 -1030 AD. Delhi, Motilal Banarasidass. Devahuti, D. 1970. Harsha: A political Study. 2nd Edn, Delhi: oxford University Press. DK 2011. Dakshina Kannada District Gazeteers. http://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/District%20Gazetteers/Dakshina%20Kannada%2 0District/2011/Chpt%20-%2010.pdf Fleet J. F. 1908.The Bhattiprolu Inscription No. 1. A The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Joural of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (Jan., 1908), pp. 99-109. Fussman, Gerard 1987-88. Central and Provincial Administration in Ancient India. The Problem of Mauryan Empire Indian Historical Review 14(2):43-72. Ghosh, Suchandra 2011b. ‘Kamarupa & Early Bengal: Understanding their Political Relationship’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 71st Session, Malda, Kolkata, 2011, pp. 110–18. Ghosh, Suchandra 2014. Understanding Boundary Representations in the Copper-plate Charters of Early Kā marū pa. Indian Historical Review 41(2) 1–16. Ghosh, Suchandra. 2011a‘Reading Boundary Specifications of the Copper-plates of Dharmapā la of Kā marū pa’, Pratna Samiksha, New Series, Vol. 2, 2011, pp. 131–38. Govindasamy, M.S. The Role of Feudatories in the Decline of the Later Chola Empire Tamil Civilization 3(2-3): 42-47.

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Jayaswal.K.P. 1933-34. The Text of the Sohgaura Plate. Epigraphia Indica 22:1-3.

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Tokyo: ILCAA. [Reproduced in Karashima, Subbarayalu, Matsui, 1978].

Karashima, Noboru and Yoh Kanazawa 2004. Chinese Ceramics from the 1991-92 Excavations, in Vimala Begley et al. The Ancient Port of Arikamédu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992, vol 2., V. Begley et al. eds., Paris: Ecole Francaize D’Extreme-Orient,pp. 426-446. Karashima, N. and Y. Subbarayalu, 2009. Ancient and Medieval Tamil and Sanskrit Inscriptions Relating to Southeast Asia and China, in Kulke, Herman K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, eds., 2009. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa, Reflections on the Cola Naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Karashima, Noboru, and Sitaraman B., 1972. ‘Revenue Terms in Chola Inscriptions’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 5, Tokyo: ILCAA, pp. 87–117. Karashima, Noboru, Sitaraman, B and Subbarayalu Y., 1976. ‘A List of the Tamil Inscriptions of the Chola Dynasty’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 11 (Tokyo: ILCAA), pp. 87–182. Karashima, Noboru, Subbarayalu Y., Shanmugam P., Katti, M.N., and Talbot C., 1993. ‘Statistical Study of Revenue Terms in Vijayanagara Inscriptions'. Journal of Epigraphical Society of India, XIX, pp. 37-51. Karashima, Noboru, Subbarayalu, Y. and Matsui, Toru, 1978. A Concordance of the Names in the Chola Inscriptions. Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai, Madurai. Karashima, Noboru, Subbarayalu, Y. and Shanmugam, P., 1988, Vijayanagar Rule in Tamil Country as Revealed Through a Statistical Study of Revenue Terms in Inscriptions, ILCAA, Tokyo. Kielhorn, F. 1900-01. Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II. Saka-Samvat 556. Epigraphia Indica 6:1- 12. Kielhorn, F. 1905-06. Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman; the year 72 Epigraphia Indica 8:36-49 Kolenda, Pauline 1985.Caste in South India: Recent Studies, Robert E Frykenberge and Pauline Kolenda Studies of South India: An Anthology Recent Research and Scholarship, 239-257. Kulke, Herman K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, eds., 2009. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa, Reflections on the Cola Naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Mahalingam, T.V., 1975. Administration and Social Life Under Vijayanagara. 2nd ed. University of Madras, Madras. Maity, S.K. 1970. Economic life in Northern India in the Gupta Period (c. AD. 300-550). New Delhi: Munshiram Manohar Lal. Mirashi, V.V. 1963. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum vo. 5. Inscriptions of the Vakatakas. Ottacamund, ASI. Mirashi, V.V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas and the Western Kshatrapas. Bombay: Maharashtra Board of Literature and Culture. Mizushima, Tsukasa 1996. ‘The Mirasi System and Local Society in Pre-colonial South India’ in P. Robb, K. Sugihara and H. Yanagisawa (eds.), Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives. Surrey: Curzon, pp. 77–145. Nagaswamy, R. 1978. Studies in Ancient Tamil Law and Society. Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department, Chennai. Nandi, R.N. 2000 State Formation Agrarian Growth and Social Change in Feudal South India Ad 600-1200. New Delhi, manohar. Narayana Rao, Velcheru, Shulman, David, Subramanyam, Sanjay. 1992. Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka Period Tamilnadu. OUP, New Delhi. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. 1929. The Pandyan Kingdom. London.

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Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., 1966. A History of South India from Prehistory to the Fall of Vijayanagara. 3nd ed. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Orr, Leslie, 2007a. “Cholas, Pandyas, and “Imperial Temple Culture” in Medieval Tamilnadu.' In The Temple in South Asia, edited by Adam Hardy. London: British Academy. Orr, Leslie, 2007b."Domesticity and Difference/Women and Men: Religious Life in Medieval Tamilnadu." in Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition. Tracy Pintchman, ed. NY: Oxford University Press. Orr, Leslie, 2016. Chiefly Queens: Local Royal Women as Temple Patrons in the Late Chola Period” in The Archaeology of Bhakti: Royal Bhakti,Local Bhakti, ed. E.Francis & C. Schmid, Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / Ecolefrançaise d'Extrême-Orient, 2016 Poonacha, K.P. 2007. Excavation at Mahastupa Kanaganahalli, Chitapur Taluk, Gulbarga District, Karnataka 1997-2000. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Prasad, Rajendra and Babu, Bose, 2006. ‘Nayankara System in Andhra’ in Shanmugam and Srinivasan 2006: 67–74. Ram Sharma, Tej 1978. Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company Salomon, R. 1998 Indian Epigraphy: A guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Other Indo-Aryan languages. New Delhi, OUP Sastri, K.A.N. 1955. The Cholas. Madras, Madras University Sen, Tansen 2003. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India–China Relations, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Sen, Tansen 2009, ‘The Military Campaigns of Rajendra Chola,’ 2009, in in Kulke, Herman K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, eds., 2009. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa, Reflections on the Cola Naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.pp.61-75. Shanmugam, P. 1987. The Revenue System of the Cholas, 850-1279. Madras: New Era Publications. Shanmugam, P. 1989. ‘Pattadai and Industries in the Tamil Country under the Vijayanagar Rule’, The Journal of Asian and African Studies (Tokyo), pp.31-49. Shanmugam, P. 2000. Administrative System. Tamil Nattu Varalaru. Chozhapperuvendar Kaalam vol. 1. Chennai, Tamil Nadu Text Book Society. Shanmugam, P. 2017a Aspects of Village Settlements, Art Traditions. In Amaravati: Essays on History, Archaeology, Epigraphy and Numismatics. Professor. P. Shanmugam Felicitation Committee, Chennai., pp 3-15. Shanmugam, P. 2017b. Monetary System in Medieval Tamil Nadu. In Amaravati: Essays on History, Archaeology, Epigraphy and Numismatics. Professor. P.Shanmugam Felicitation Committee, Chennai., pp 32-48. Shanmugam, P. and Srinivasan, S. (ed.), 2006. Recent Advances in Vijayanagara Studies. New Era Publications, Chennai. Sharma, R. S. 2006. Indian Feudalism, C. AD 300-1200. Macmillan. Sharma, R. S. 1958. The Origins of Feudalism in India (c. A.D. 400-650) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 1, No. 3 (Oct., 1958), pp. 297-328 Sharma, R.S. 1987. Urban Decay in India. New Delhi, Munshiram Manohar Lal. Shastri, Ajay Mitra 1997. Vakatakas: Sources and History. Great Ages of Indian History. New Delhi: Aryan International. Shrimali, K.M. 1987. Agrarian Structure in Central India and the Northern Deccan (c. AD300-500).A study of Vakataka Inscriptions. New Delhi, Munshiram Manohar Lal. Sircar, D. C. 1942. Select Inscriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilization, I, Calcutta, 191-94.

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Sircar, D.C. 1966b Ahraura Inscription of Asoka. Epigraphia Indica 36:239-248 Sircar, D.C. 1969. Landlordism and Tenancy in Ancient and Early Medieval India as Revealed by Epigraphical Records. Lucknow: University of Lucknow. Sircar, Dineshchandra (1971). Studies in the geography of ancient and medieval India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 161. Sircar, D.C. 1952. Some Kara-Sasanas of Ancient Orissa. Journal of Royal Asiatic Society pp 4-10. Spencer, George W. 1976. The Politics of Plunder: the Cholas in Eleventh Century Ceylon.” JAS 35, 3 (1976): 405–419 Spencer, George W. 1983. The Politics of Expedition: The Cholas conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya. Madras : New Era Srinivasan, K.R. 1972.Temples of South India, New Delhi, National Book Trust. Stein, Burton (ed.) 1978. The South Indian Temples. An Analytical Reconsideration, Vikas Publication, Delhi. Stein, Burton, 1977. The Segmentary State in South Indian History', in Richard G. Fox (ed.), Realm and Region in Traditional India, Durham: Duke University Monograph. Pp3-51. Stein, Burton, 1980. Peasant State Society in Medieval South India. Delhi Stein, Burton. 1980. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Oxford University Press, Delhi. Stein, Burton. 1990. The Cambridge History of India I.2: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Indian Edition by Orient Longman). Subbarayalu, Y. 1973. Political Geography of the Chola Country. Madras.

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