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Tamil Studies, Or Essays on the History of the Tamil People, Language

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'^J'iiiDNVSoi^^ v/yaaAiNrtiwv" ^(?Aavaaiiiv> ^omMW -^llIBRARYd?/r. ^MEUNIVERy/A. vvlOSANCE o o \^my\^ ^OJUVJ-JO"^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ ^OF-CAilFO/?^ ^^WE UNIVERi/^ ^lOSANCE o ^AUvHsni^ "^^^AHvaan^- ^tji^dkysoi^^ AWEUNIVER5'//. vvlOSANCElfj> ^lllBRARY6k. <rii33Nvsoi^ '^/ya3AiNn3WV %ojnvojo^ .^WEUNIVER% v^lOSANCElfj> ^^;OFCAL1FO/?^ 4sS ^, <rii30Nvsoi^ %a3AiNiiawv* ^<?Aavaaii-i^ ^IIIBRARY<9^ A^^lllBRARYQ^^ ^\^EUNIVER% ^lOSANCEl U-o ^ ^«!/0JITV3JO^ ^<!/0JnV3J0^ ^OF-CAIIFO% >;,OFCAIIFOP^ ^WEUNIVER% vvlOSANCEl o '^^Aavaaii-^'^ ^bvaaii^- <rji30Nvsoi^'^ C^ V<y lONvsoi^ %a3AiNn-3UV* ^<?AJivaaii^'^ ^^AHvaaii] ^ILIBRARYQ^ -.v^lLIBRARY6k, A\\EUNIVERS/A .vWSANCEli o = ;^ \oi\mi^'^ ^<tfOdllV3-JO^ ^TiiJOKVSOl^'^ ^OF-CALfFOMi^ .-A;OFCA[IFO/?^ .^WEUNIVERS-/// O .avaaiH^ %avHani^ <rii30Nvsoi=<^ \WEUNIVER5//, ^lOSANGElfj> 5^llIBRARY6>/\ ^lUBRARY i^ o o -< ^/5a3AINn]WV^ ^(tfOdllVDJO^ %QmH ,>\^EUNIVERS//i vvlOSANCElfx^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ o tjLJ> o "^AddAINfl-dUV ^^Aav«aii-i^ LiBRARYQc. ^^•IIBRARYQ^ A\^EUNIVER5/A ^lOSANCEli OOr o ^<!/OJI7V3JO^ ^OFCAIIFO^^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ aWEUNIVERS//, '^^AWaaiH'^ ^^Aavaaii-^^^ <r?]3ow.soi^'^ TAMIL STUDIES k \\ • MAP OF Ind|/\ W *|/ a u<-7 '^'^Ti /"**"" .h^'t^^iitu^yh ( D) \ \ TAMIL STUDIES OR ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF THE TAMIL PEOPLE, LANGUAGE, RELIGION AND LITERATURE BY M. SRINIVASA AIYANGAR, M.A. FIRST SERIES WITH MAP AND PLATE MADRAS AT THE GQARDIAN PRESS ' 1914 J[All rights reserved"} G. C. LOGANADHAM BROS, THE GUARDIAN PRESS, MADRAS D3 T3S7 To Tbe VConourable SIR HAROLD STUART, k.cy.o., C.s.i., i.c.s, /Aerober of Qouncil, /AadraS Tb'S 9olun)e 3s by Hind pern))SSion roost reSpectfutty Pedicatecf By ^bs ^utbor (Cs a bu")bte tribute of gratitude 2n5ien5io PREFACE A popular hand-book to the history, from original sources, of the Tamil people has been a want. In these essays an attempt has been made for the first time to put together the results of past researches, so as to present before the reader a complete bird's-eye view of the early history of Tamil culture and civilisation. The several topics have been treated from the stand- point of modern criticism, traditions and legends being discarded or utilized with great caution. They are based chiefly upon materials, which have been gathered in the course of my study of Tamil literature, ethnology and epigraphy begun while working under Sir Harold Stuart and Mr. W. Francis, both of the Indian Civil Service, in connection with the Madras Censuses of 1891 and 1901 and the revision of District Gazetteers. Some of the theories explained here might be open to corrections and altera- tions in the light of further discoveries and Vlll PREFACE investigations. Any criticism calculated to enhance the accuracy and usefulness of the book will be thankfully received. My obligations to published works especially to the contributions in the Indian Antiquary and Epigraphia Indica are extensive. A list of the English books consulted in the preparation of this work is given separately to avoid numerous foot-notes and references. My sincere thanks are due to Rao Bahadur M. Rangacharyar, M.A.^ Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Presidency College, Madras, for the introduction to this volume, and to Mr. P. Subba Rao, B. A., of the Madras Record Office, for valuable suggestions while revising the manuscript and correcting the proofs for the press. ———————— ENGLISH WORKS CONSULTED Bray, Denys. The Brahui Language. Buhler, Dr. Indian Palasography. Burnel], Dr. A. C.- Elements of South Indian Palaeography. On the Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians. Caldwell, Bishop. A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. Chitty, Simon Casie. The Tamil Plutarch. Colbrooke, H. T. Miscellaneous Essays. District Gazetteers (New Edition.^ Epigraphia Indica. Farrar, Canon F.W. Language and Languages. Forbes, Capt. The Languages of Further India. Francis, W. Madras Census Report, 1901. Gesenius, Dr. Hebrew Lexicon. Grierson, Dr. The Languages of India. The Linguistic Survey of India. Gundert, Dr. H. The I\Ialayalam Grammar. Malayalam Dictionary. Hasting's Encyclopcedia of Religion and Ethics. Hovelacque, M.— The Science of Language, Hultzsch, Dr. E. — South Indian Inscriptions. Hunter, Sir W. W. Non-Aryan Languages of India, Imperial Gazetteer. Haberlandt, Dr. M. Ethnology. Imperial Gazetteer of India (New Edition). Indian Antiquary. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London. Liddei and Scott. Greek Lexicon. Kanakasabhai, V. The Tamils 1800 years ago. Keane, A. H. Ethnology. Letourneau, C Sociology. — ————————— ENGLISH WORKS CONSULTED Macleane, Dr. Manual of Administration. Madras Christian College Magazine, The Max Muller, F. The Science of Language. M'Crindie, India &c. J. W.— Ancient Nagamiah, V. The Travancore State Manual. District Nelson, J. H. The Madura Manual. Nesfield, of Indian Castes. J. C— Theory Oppert, Dr. G. The Aboriginal Inhabitants of Bharatavarsha. Pope, Dr. G. U.— The Kural of Tiruvalluvar. The Tiruvachakam. Quatrefages, A. The Human Species. Rangacharya, M. A descriptive Catalogue of Tamil Manuscripts, Vol. I. Rhys Davids, Dr. The Buddhist India. Rice, L. The Mysore Gazetteer. Epigraphia Carnatica. Risley, Sir H. H.— The Peoples of India. Sayce, A. H. Principles of Comparative Philology. Seignohos, Ch. History of Ancient Civilisation. Seshagiri Sastri, M. Report on Sanskrit and Tamil Manuscripts, Nos. 1 and 2. Smith, Vincent A. Early History of India ; Asoka. Stuart, Sir H. A.— Madras Census Report, 1891. Taylor, Meadows. History of India. Thurston, E. The Tribes and Castes of Southern India. Tylor, E. B.— Primitive Culture. Vaidya, C. V.— The Riddle of the Ramayana. Wallace, A. R.— The Malay Archipelago. Whitney, W. D.— The Life and Growth of Language. Wijesinha, L. C. The Mahawanso. Williams, Monier, Sanskrit Dictionary. Wilson, Prof. H. H. Glossary of Indian Terras. INTRODUCTION It is with very great pleasure that I have, in compliance with the wish of the author, written this short introduction to this volume of really interesting essays on subjects relating to the history of the Tamil people and their culture and civilisation. The history of the famous inhabitants of the ancient Pandya, Chola and Chera kingdoms is in no way less edifymg or Jess valuable as a source of inspiration than the history of the inhabitants of any other part of India, which is throughout highly historic. The progress of Tamil civilisation from its primitive rude restlessness and wild aggressive valour to its ordered sense of huma- nity and exalted moral and religious aims of a later day is undoubtedly the result of the operation of various momentous influences, the chief ones among which have naturally been religious in origin and character. It is a fact well known to the students of the history of civilisation that, in some of its earlier stages of deve- lopment,nothing acts so powerfully as an advancingly ethical religion in stimulating and sustaining progress in human communities. Accordingly the virile vitality and undecaying vigour of the Tamil people, subjected to the mellowing influences of Buddhism, Jainism and earlier as well as later Brahmanisra gave rise in due time to their sweet, practical and in more than one respect heart-enthralling culture, of which the great Tamil classics, together with their noble Saiva and Vaishnava hymnology—not to XU INTRODUCTION mention their mighty and majestic God-aspiring temples—constitute even today the enduring monu- ments of beauty and glorious divine enthusiasm. To construct and to explain the history of such a people, characterised by such a noteworthy progress in civili- sation and possessed of such an enduringly valuable and edifying culture, must indeed be always fascinat- ing; and innumerable avenues of enquiry and research are certain to open out before the watchful eyes of the trained and sincerely earnest student trying to help on this work of historic up-buildingand exposition. Here in this field of research, criticism and construction, there is ample scope for ethnological, anthropological, and sociological investigations of more than one kind; there is abundant room for the work of antiquarian discovery and illumination in which all the various types of archaeologists may take part to their heart's content • and written records of various kmds are also available in quantities large enough to satisfy the hunger of many voracious enquirers after historic truth, or literary beauty or linguistic development. The field for cultivation is both wide and well endowed; but earnest and capable labourers are unhappily as yet too few. I have no doubt that these essays will act as an eye- opener to many inhabitants of the Tamil land who take a true and cultured pride in the history of their own country. I am far from saying that all the various opinions, which Mr. Srinivasa Aiyangar has expressed on so many topics in this volume, will be INTRODUCTION XIU found to be absolutely faultless and acceptable to all. It is invariably the fate of opinions, relating to the elements of what may be called constructive history, to undergo more or less rapid modifications as more and more materials become available for examina- tion and subsequent structural utilisation and employ- ment. Moreover, in dealing with problems of cons- tructive history, there arise very often peculiar tempta- tions to base conclusions on insufficieni or inaccurate data as well as to adjust the scantily available evidence to preconceived conclusions. My reading of the essays, comprised in this volume of Tamil Studies, has led me to feel that their author has earnestly end- eavoured
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    CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA A SELECT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of iWaiter of Hibrarp & information ^titntt 1994-95 BY AMEENA KHATOON Roll No. 94 LSM • 09 Enroiament No. V • 6409 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Mr. Shabahat Husaln (Chairman) DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1995 T: 2 8 K:'^ 1996 DS2675 d^ r1^ . 0-^' =^ Uo ulna J/ f —> ^^^^^^^^K CONTENTS^, • • • Acknowledgement 1 -11 • • • • Scope and Methodology III - VI Introduction 1-ls List of Subject Heading . 7i- B$' Annotated Bibliography 87 -^^^ Author Index .zm - 243 Title Index X4^-Z^t L —i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere and earnest thanks to my teacher and supervisor Mr. Shabahat Husain (Chairman), who inspite of his many pre Qoccupat ions spared his precious time to guide and inspire me at each and every step, during the course of this investigation. His deep critical understanding of the problem helped me in compiling this bibliography. I am highly indebted to eminent teacher Mr. Hasan Zamarrud, Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the encourage Cment that I have always received from hijft* during the period I have ben associated with the department of Library Science. I am also highly grateful to the respect teachers of my department professor, Mohammadd Sabir Husain, Ex-Chairman, S. Mustafa Zaidi, Reader, Mr. M.A.K. Khan, Ex-Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, A.M.U., Aligarh. I also want to acknowledge Messrs. Mohd Aslam, Asif Farid, Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui, who extended their 11 full Co-operation, whenever I needed.
  • Unit 10 Early Tamil Society – Regions and Their Cultures and Cult of Hero Worship

    Unit 10 Early Tamil Society – Regions and Their Cultures and Cult of Hero Worship

    UNIT 10 EARLY TAMIL SOCIETY – REGIONS AND THEIR CULTURES AND CULT OF HERO WORSHIP Structure 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Sources 10.1.1 Sangam Literature 10.1.2 Foreign Accounts 10.1.3 Archaeological Materials 10.1.4 Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions 10.1.5 Coins – Indian and Roman 10.2 Regions and their Cultures (Aintinai/Five Fold Landscape) 10.2.1 Tinai Concept 10.2.2 Kurinji 10.2.3 Mullai 10.2.4 Marutam 10.2.5 Neytal 10.2.6 Palai 10.3 Polity 10.4 Cult of Hero Worship 10.5 Summary 10.6 Glossary 10.7 Exercises 10.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit we will study the Early Historic period in the Tamil country that witnessed significant developments in a number of areas. One of the important contributions of this period was the composition of the early Tamil texts, collectively known as the Sangam literature. The other important characteristics of this period include the Indo- Roman trade, which became active from the first century A.D. onwards, introduction of Tamil Brahmi script, beginning of urbanisation, and the continuing tradition of megaliths. The Early Historic period, which is also called the Sangam Age, is generally placed between fifth century B.C. and fifth century A.D. We are particularly concerned with the cult of hero worship in the context of the regions and their cultures. Geographically, the ancient Tamil country was bounded by Venkatam (Tirupathi Hills in Andhra Pradesh) in the north, Kumari (Kanyakumarai or Cape Comarin) in the south and the seas (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) on the east and the west.