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Ben-Gurion University of the Negev the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Politics and Government BEN-GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT SECTIONSCAPING In Search for Non-Modern Landscape An Israeli-Palestinian Case Study REQUIREMENTS FOR THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE (M.A.) ALON MATOS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Prof. HAIM YACOBI 06/2018 S E C T I O N S C A P I N G In Search for Non-Modern Landscape An Israeli–Palestinian Case Study Figure 1: Nachum Gutman, 1934, illustration for the song "On the Beach" from "Children's Songs" by Anda Amir Pinkerfeld i Thanks to my parents, nothing would have happened without them Thanks to Prof. Haim Yacobi for the guidance, support, patience and good spirit Thanks to all the friends I met along this path Special thanks to Prof. Ayala Ronel and Arch. Eytan Mann for their inputs and support Thanks to all my teachers who taught me the landscape, and caught me in love with it ii CONTENT ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………… i PROLOGUE …………………………………………………………………… ii SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………… iii INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………… 1 Imperial Landscape 1 Holy Landscape 5 THEORY …………………………………………………………………… 11 Modern Constitution 11 Non-modern Constitution 17 METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………………… 24 Sectionscaping 24 CASE STUDY …………………………………………………………………… 31 Hybrid Landscape 31 Research Question 34 1. LANDSCAPE …………………………………………………………………… 39 MATRIX Structural Flows 39 Landscape Folds 41 Landscape Texture 49 Modern Folds 53 2. ZIONIST FLOW …………………………………………………………………… 60 The Modern Point of View 60 A White Mirror 66 Modern Dreams 70 Landscape Regime 77 3. WESTERN …………………………………………………………………… 82 LANDSCAPE Territorial Imagination 82 A Two-Faced Landscape 90 A Modern Past 94 4. EASTERN …………………………………………………………………… 101 LANDSCAPE Networking The Frontier 101 Hollow-Holy Landscape 107 Modern Landscaping 111 The Modern Wall 117 DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………… 126 EPILOGUE …………………………………………………………………… 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………… 136 i PROLOGUE "All the dreamers and all the visionary gathered here and began to dream: they dreamed of a land, they dreamed a people, they dreamed a language. Some love themselves so much that they are sure they are the dream. Some pity themselves to a point that they claim to be the dream. There are those who lie and say that their lie is it, there are those who deceive and say that their falsehood is it. Some yearn for themselves and say that longing for themselves is longing for it, and that longing is the dream. There are those who are an old picture on the wall, and they say that the picture is the dream, and there are ghosts who claim that they are its spirit, and there are deceased who claim that they are his corpse. There are cemeteries that claim to be where it is buried, there are airways that claim it flows in them. There are those who roast sacrifice on the hearth and say it's the fire. Maybe it was the messiah and it just has not come yet, and perhaps even if it procrastinates, it will come. And here is the dream." (Moti Kirshenbaum (director) reads text written by Amos Keinan (1981) "to thy country, and to thy homeland", In To the Cisterns. A documentary TV show. Israel Television, IBA. Part 1, 00: 00-01: 50) i ABSTRACT This research deals with the landscape around us, the way we observe it and take part in the practice of shaping it. It deals with the landscape’s structure as a political expression of a cultural structure, and the dualism embodied in it as both imagination and reality. The critical reading tradition that I follow sees the landscape as a representation through which power flows and shapes our consciousness, as well as our real space. The landscape is a geopolitical concept that represents the structure of the modern order, whether in its classic definitions or in its critical reading, it is characterized with the demand for blind loyalty towards its images (Mitchell, 1994a). Against the background of the contemporary structural-cultural transition to the age of networks, the point of view I will present observe landscape as a Matrix, seeks to offer a non-modern perspective of the landscape, the Israeli-Palestinian case in particular (Latour, 1993). Landscape, as a descriptive concept, expresses today in many discourses - technological, economic, cultural and social - networked structures with textural properties such as hybridity, flexibility, stratification, multiplicity, variability, and movement. In the spatial field, however, a theory that systematically adopts these attributes has not yet spread to the 'original' landscape, which itself inspires structural images of networks. Sectionscaping, then, will be offered here as a technical and conceptual methodology to explore the hybrid landscape, represent it and practice a point of view that enables a reconstruction of the non-modern love of the landscape. ii SUMMARY In the Introduction Chapter of this study I will explain the separation that underlies the modern landscape, between human culture (the observer) and natural space (the observed). It is a dichotomy that defines each separately and independently from the other, while uniting them within its invented modern culture. W.J. T. Mitchell, whose reading I will follow, explains that this is a constitutive observation of the secular modern order that eliminates the existence of a divine force while defining new power relations between modern humans and the environment (Mitchell 1994a:10-11). Mitchell connects the modern landscape to the movement of Western imperialism, while revealing the illusions embodied within its narrative - the emancipation of humanity versus nature and vice versa, the naturalization of the idea that they are separated, and uniting them unilaterally under modern culture (Mitchell 1994a:13). The modern landscape preserves vagueness that allows imperialism to exercise its idealized power – Landscape is both the painting genre and the real space, both perception and representation, both contemplation and action (Mitchell 1994a:8). But Mitchell's intention is not only to criticize and expose the rough facts behind the landscape, but to examine the framework that constitutes these facts (Mitchell 1994a:6-7). He challenges the conventions of modern landscape, and proposes to understand it as a medium of political expression, a vast network of cultural codes, a body of symbolic forms that encode meaning and values to the physical and sensory dimensions of the landscape itself (Mitchell 1994a:13-14). In the theoretical chapter, I will link this observation of Mitchell to the ideas of Bruno Latour about modern project, explaining how the landscape is an expression of the modern purifying structure of separations in general. Purification relates to the way we moderns construct the world in our imagination, define and understand it, characterize our identity and those around us, perceive time, and organize the space within which we dwell (Latour, 1993:10-12). Nevertheless, Latour's theory teaches that as far as we want to separate and detach, to sort and put in order, things are always connected, stratified, multiplied, in-between, and in constant motion. Social separations, personal and interpersonal, and also territorial - exist but in our iii modern imagination (Latour, 1993:3-5). The development of critical thought; the network society that has developed since the end of the 20th century; the world of flows and imaginations of the global village; the expanding border discourse; and the growing network research - all challenge the modern imagination and the structures of its order (Latour, 1993:130-132). Following Latour's proposal for the establishment of a non-modern order, which recognizes the delusion of modern separations and seeks to reveal their composition (Latour, 1993:138-142), I would like to examine the possibility for a non-modern landscape. The landscape, I will show, embodies hybrid properties that precede the modern ones which were imposed upon it. By reconstructing it as a matrix, I aim to contribute to the search for a new imagination of a landscape of flows and folds. To demonstrate my arguments, I propose 'sectionscaping', as a methodology based on cross-sectional cuts inspired by the descriptive technique familiar from architectural drawings. The section offers a point of view that crosses the space and looks at it from within, through its layers, inviting to look at the depth of the landscape. As I will present in the methodological chapter, the properties of the cross-section as a technical method supplement the non-modern landscape, but more than that, represent a non-modern form of observation. Further to that, the case Study I will use, the Israeli-Palestinian landscape, embodies in its geopolitical characters a hybrid space that resists the persistent application of the modern point of view. It is a convenient field for examining the relationship between modern reasons of separations, and the folding character of the networked landscape. In the research chapters I will first characterize the Israeli-Palestinian landscape as a matrix of layers, a texture of flows, mutual movements that combine geology, climate and botany, both natural and man-made, along with culture and politics, premodern as modern. In this matrix, I will show, binarity does not exist, power relations are reciprocal, and instead of a- symmetric separations the landscape changes, flows, bends, or curves. In this framework, I would like to include the Zionist flow as a landscape movement, part of the matrix, characterized by an imperial point of view from which it derives its power and its practices for shaping the landscape, both imagined and real. The Israeli point of view imagines it is detached from the landscape, trapped in colonial dreams as it longs to unite with it, thus realizing the modern paradox, I suggest, preventing Zionists from turning back into indigenous people. iv Following the movement of the Zionist flow, its representations and practices, I will define its point of view as modern, and connect it to its types of occupation, characterizing the penetration, expansion and consolidation of the imperial landscape into the hybrid landscape.
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