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Answers to the Comments by Reviewer RC2
Answers to the comments by reviewer RC2: General comments: 1) My main issue with this manuscript has to do with its readability. There are numerous grammatical errors throughout, some of which are pointed out below. A native English speaker should edit the paper before resubmission. This is now done. The authors are grateful for the thorough review also concerning the language. 2) The authors tend to make some broad sweeping conclusions based on trends that are only significant across a small fraction of the total study region. I would like to see more discussion of the full picture (like Figure 9). Pg 10 L2 and Pg11 L5 are two instances where the discussion is too narrow in focus. The authors have now extended the mentioned discussions (sections 3.1.1, 3.1.3 and 3.3.) as requested. The systematic signal of change is not as dramatic in Finland as in some areas, because of the large variation of winter weather. Especially the sea ice extent of Baltic Sea affects largely the Finnish winter weather. If the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia freeze completely the Finnish climate is almost continental in winter even on the coast. We added a comment about the hemispherical study published recently, where we studied the effect of weather parameters on the observed changes in larger areas. Section 3.1.1 main addition: Especially variable melt onset timing is in the coastal regions (Southwestern Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia) and in the Lake district. For those regions the standard deviation values of the melt onset day are 14.3, 14.7 and 14.6, respectively. -
Icos23 665.Pdf (420.2Kb)
Antti Leino, Finland 665 Multilingual Names on the Finnish Basic Map Antti Leino Finland Abstract The Finnish Basic Map and the computerised Place Name Register maintained by the National Land Survey for map-making purposes have place names in five different languages: the official Finnish and Swedish, and three semi-official Sámi languages. As one would expect, distributions of the various languages overlap, and roughly one percent of the named places have names in more than one language. All five naming systems are similar enough that semantically transparent toponyms can be translated from one language to another. The three Sámi languages are also similar enough that virtually all common multilingual names are also common in each of their respective languages. This is also true for Finnish and Swedish, but the names common to Finnish and the Sámi languages often involve elements that have a more limited geographic distribution in Finnish. All this gives some insight into the underlying cultural interplay, and also into the role of semantic transparency in name use. *** Introduction The Republic of Finland has two official and five semi-official languages, as shown in Table 1. Of these the Sámi languages, Finnish, and Swedish have the longest history of being spoken in the region, reaching further back than historical records. Pitkänen (2001) outlines how originally Finnish toponyms along the southern coast have been loaned to a new, Swedish-speaking population in the early Middle Ages, and also dates (1990) some of them to as early as the end of the last millennium B.C. Loan words in the Finnic languages also make it clear that contacts with Germanic languages have been constant since prehistoric times, and it has been argued (Itkonen 1983) that contacts with Indo-Europeans, both Baltic and Germanic, were the original cause for the differentiation of Finnic and Sámi languages. -
Answers to the Comments by Reviewer RC1: This Is an Interesting
Answers to the comments by reviewer RC1: This is an interesting and thorough study, but some of the methods are hard to follow. In particular, I recommend some effort on simplifying and clarifying the descriptions of sigmoid fits in sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2; figures of example fits might help. The authors are grateful for the encouraging comment. The sigmoid fitting is described now in more detail and related images are included. The method sounds complicated, because one has to take into account also rare, but possible complications (such as marked snowfall after melt onset). However, the main complication really to take into account is the greening up of vegetation. This is demonstrated in the added Figure 2, where we also now include examples of temporary pits before melt onset and temporary peaks after snow melt. Minor comments: page 1, line 26. Forest cover having a significant influence on albedo does not follow from it being an important component of the carbon budget. This sentence is now edited according to the comment. page 2, line 11. “by in” – delete one “in” is deleted as requested. page 2, line 24 “since 200” is sufficient “Year” is removed as suggested. page 3, line 3 I think that standalone forcing of land models with climate model outputs is being dis- cussed here, but it is not clear. The text is edited (page 3, line 6). page 4, line 6 Delete “only” “Only” is deleted as requested. page 5, line 21 “using in-situ FSC observations” Is FSC %-units simply %? Yes, the FSC units is %. -
Finnish Flies of the Family Therevidae
© Entomologica Fennica. 3 March 2006 Finnish flies of the family Therevidae Antti Haarto & Kaj Winqvist Haarto, A. & Winqvist, K. 2006: Finnish flies of the family Therevidae. — Ento- mol. Fennica 17: 46–55. An illustrated key for the 17 Finnish species of Therevidae is presented that in- cludes six species recorded from neighbouring areas. Distributions of the Finnish species are discussed and presented in maps; evaluations concerning the threatenedness status of Finnish species are included. Antti Haarto, Zoological Museum, Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; E-mail: antti.haarto @turkuamk.fi Kaj Winqvist, Zoological Museum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Fin- land; E-mail: [email protected] Received 31 January 2005, accepted 13 July 2005 1. Introduction book on lower Brachycera (Stubbs & Drake 2001) lacks many Finnish species. The most ac- Flies of the family Therevidae belong to the sub- curate key for determining Finnish Therevidae order Brachycera and are relatively large Diptera. was presented by Lyneborg and Spitzer (1974); Unlike Asilidae, a morphologically and biologi- this key covers the Czech Republic fauna. cally close family, adults of Therevidae are not The purpose of this article is to provide an up- predatory and lack the deep groove between the dated key for the Finnish Therevidae and some eyes characteristic of Asilidae. species found in the neighbouring countries. The In Finland, there has been very little informa- distribution and habitat associations for each spe- tion published on Therevidae. Frey (1911) listed cies are briefly discussed based on the few avail- some of the oldest records for the lower able distributional and ecological data. -
Valtakunnallisesti Arvokkaat Moreenimuodostumat
SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 14 | 2007 LUONNON- Valtakunnallisesti arvokkaat VARAT moreenimuodostumat Kalevi Mäkinen, Jukka-Pekka Palmu, Jari Teeriaho, Hannu Rönty, Tom Rauhaniemi & Jaana Jarva YMPÄRISTÖMINISTERIÖ SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 14 | 2007 Valtakunnallisesti arvokkaat moreenimuodostumat Kalevi Mäkinen, Jukka-Pekka Palmu, Jari Teeriaho, Hannu Rönty, Tom Rauhaniemi & Jaana Jarva Helsinki 2007 YMPÄRISTÖMINISTERIÖ SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖ 14 | 2007 Ympäristöministeriö Alueidenkäytön osasto Taitto: Ainoliisa Miettinen Kansikuva: ���������rumliine�������������������������������������a Kuusamon Iivaaran kaakkoispuolella �������Kuva: R Aario����� Poh�akartat: © Maanmittauslaitos lupa nro 197/MYY/05 Julkaisu on saatavana myös internetistä: wwwymparistofi/�ulkaisut Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki 2007 ISBN 978-952-11-2661-1 (nid) ISBN 978-952-11-2662-8 (P�F) ISSN 1238-7312 (pain) ISSN 1796-1637 (verkkoj.) ESIPUHE Moreenimuodostumat ovat Suomessa monipuolisin geomorfologisten maaperämuo- dostumien ryhmä, johon kuuluu syntytavaltaan, rakenteeltaan ja muodoiltaan hyvin erilaisia muodostumia. Moreenimuodostumiin ei toistaiseksi ole kiinnitetty erityistä suojelullista tai taloudellista huomiota, ilmeisesti muodostumien laajan levinneisyy- den ja moreeniaineksen heikohkon hyödynnettävyyden vuoksi. Moreenimuodos- tumista löytyy kuitenkin sellaista luonnon geologista, biologista ja maisemallista monimuotoisuutta, jolla suojeluarvojen kannalta on huomattavaa merkitystä. Mo- reenimuodostumiin liittyy samantyyppisiä maisemallisia ja elollisen luonnon arvoja kuin kallioihin ja harjuihin; -
People, Material Culture and Environment in the North
Studia humaniora ouluensia 1 PEOPLE, MATERIAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE NORTH Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18-23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva GUMMERUS KIRJAPAINO OY 2006 Copyright 2006 Studia humaniora ouluensia 1 Editor-in-chief: Prof. Olavi K. Fält Editorial secretary: Prof. Harri Mantila Editorial Board: Prof. Olavi K. Fält Prof. Maija-Leena Huotari Prof. Anthony Johnson Prof. Veli-Pekka Lehtola Prof. Harri Mantila Prof. Irma Sorvali Lect. Eero Jarva Publishing office and distribution: Faculty of Humanities Linnanmaa P.O. Box 1000 90014 University of Oulu Finland ISBN 951-42-8133-0 ISSN 1796-4725 Also available http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514281411/ Typesetting: Antti Krapu Cover design: Raimo Ahonen GUMMERUS KIRJAPAINO OY 2006 Contents Vesa-Pekka Herva Introduction...................................................................................................................... 7 Archaeology, ethnicity and identity Noel D. Broadbent The search for a past: the prehistory of the indigenous Saami in northern coastal Sweden........................................................................................................................... 13 Timo Salminen Searching for the Finnish roots: archaeological cultures and ethnic groups in the works of Aspelin and Tallgren........................................................................................ 26 Carl-Gösta Ojala Saami archaeology in Sweden and Swedish archaeology in Sápmi: boundaries and networks in archaeological -
Wild Plant Gathering in Stone Age Finland
Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Wild plant gathering in Stone Age Finland Santeri Vanhanen a, *, Petro Pesonen a, b a Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, Archaeology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 59, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland b Archaeological Field Services, National Board of Antiquities, P.O. Box 913, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland article info abstract Article history: In this paper, a systematic review of archaeobotanical data from Stone Age (c. 8900e1500 cal BC) sites in Available online xxx mainland Finland is presented for the first time and compared with ethnographical data. The data was collected from 76 archaeological sites and consists of charred and waterlogged remains from soil samples Keywords: and charred hand-picked remains from archaeological excavations. The data shows that various wild Archaeobotany plants were gathered in Finland during the Stone Age and that different opportunities for plant gathering Wild plant gathering prevailed in various parts of the country. Hazel and water chestnut were widespread and used in locales Subsistence further to the north than where they grow today, but they were still confined to southern Finland. Some Finland Neolithic plants, such as bearberry and crowberry, were ubiquitous and collected throughout Finland. In the light Mesolithic of the data analysed, it is suggested that most of the charred plant remains derive from food processing (roasting, smoking, frying, cooking), waste management, and fuel use. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction regarding this data category is that most archaeobotanical research results are generally only available in ‘grey’ literature, such as plant Stone Age societies in Finland based their subsistence mainly on lists or separate reports attached to main excavation reports. -
Large-Scale Spatial Dynamics of Vole Populations in Finland Revealed By
Journal of Animal Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ecology 2004 Large-scale spatial dynamics of vole populations in Finland 73, 167–178 revealed by the breeding success of vole-eating avian predators JANNE SUNDELL*, OTSO HUITU†, HEIKKI HENTTONEN‡, ASKO KAIKUSALO§, ERKKI KORPIMÄKI†, HANNU PIETIÄINEN*, PERTTI SAUROLA¶ and ILKKA HANSKI* *Department of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Population Biology, PO Box 65, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, †Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, ‡Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, PO Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland, §Finnish Forest Research Institute, Ojajoki Field Station, Ojajoentie 231, FIN-12700 Loppi, Finland, and ¶Finnish Ringing Centre, Finnish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 17, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Summary 1. Voles in northern Europe have been shown to exhibit cyclic population dynamics, with a latitudinal gradient in cycle length, amplitude and interspecific synchrony. 2. Previous studies have been based on a relatively sparse network of sampling sites. In the absence of spatially comprehensive long-term records of vole dynamics, we analysed a proxy of vole density, bird-ringing data on vole-eating avian predators, Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius funereus L.), the Ural owl (Strix uralensis Pall.), the long-eared owl (Asio otus L.) and the rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus Pontoppidan) to study spatial population dynamics of voles. 3. We demonstrate that the breeding success of the avian predators is highly dependent on the abundance of voles, which is also reflected in the numbers of nestlings ringed in a particular area in each year. 4. -
Biodiversity in Finnish Wilderness Areas: Historical and Cultural Constraints to Preserve Species and Habitats
Biodiversity in Finnish Wilderness Areas: Historical and Cultural Constraints to Preserve Species and Habitats Anna-Liisa Sippola Abstract—The present status of species and habitats in Finnish wilderness areas is largely a consequence of past administrative, use, and management traditions in northern Finland. The existing wilderness legislation sets a framework for management, but historical uses and administrative decisions have influenced many prevailing practices. In addition, manage- ment of many uses is complicated by overarching legislation. The present wilderness legisla- tion is a tradeoff between conservation aspects and both traditional and modern use forms, including reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, berry picking, forestry, mineral prospecting, and tourism. Many of these use forms have negative impacts on biodiversity. Forestry, which is allowed in restricted parts of wilderness areas, fragments areas and destroys habitats of old- growth forest species. Large reindeer populations have caused overgrazing in many areas. Heavy hunting pressure has caused the decline of capercaillie and black grouse populations, and increased tourism causes disturbance of animals and terrain. The constraints to preserve species and habitats are often related to the contradictory goals of different laws or compli- cated administrative structures. Hunting is an example of a use form where different organi- zations are responsible for monitoring of game populations, making recommendations for prey numbers, selling of licences, and law enforcement. Different values and attitudes also complicate conservation efforts. Conservation of large predators, for example, conflicts with the interests of reindeer herders, often leading to poaching. This paper examines both histori- cal and cultural factors that affect the status of biodiversity in Finnish wilderness areas, and discusses possibilities to achieve commonly accepted goals and practices in biodiversity con- servation. -
Finnish Birds of Prey: Status and Population Changes
Finnish birds of prey: status and population changes Pertti Saurola Saurola, P. 1985 : Finnish birds of prey : status andpopulation changes. -Ornis Fen- nica 62 :64-72 . Information on the sizes and trends of the Finnish populations of raptors and owls is updated on the basis of an inquiry sent to specialists (54) on birds of prey in 22 diffe- rent areas. Many of the estimates given for Finnish raptors and owls in the literature must be corrected; in some cases even the order of magnitude is wrong (e.g. the Spar- rowhawk). The changes in the populations are poorly known for most of the Finnish birds of prey. Due to protection, the White-tailed Eagle, Sparrowhawk, Golden Eagle, Osprey, Peregrine and Eagle Owl have slowly recovered during the last few years. On the other hand, the Kestrel is decreasing dramatically throughout the coun- try, the Goshawk is declining in southern Finland and the Merlin is probably decreas- ing in northern Finland . A country-wide monitoring study on raptors and owls is re- commended. Pertti Saurola, Zoological Museum, University ofHelsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF- 00100 Helsinki 10, Finland Introduction Material and methods and changes in This study is based on an inquiry sent to ornithologists Reliable information on the numbers areas in Finland. onlyforsci- specializing on birds of prey m 22 (30) raptor and owl populations is needed not These are, with one exception (Ylitornio in area 21 and not entific but also for conservational purposes. Cen- in 22), identical to the data collecting areas of the local or- suses of raptor and owl populations are laborious, nithological societies in Finland (Fig. -
AMAP Human Health
Regional Environmental Publications Regional Environmental Publications 389 389 AMAP Human Health. Biomonitoring and Studying the Nutrition of Mothers and Newborn in the Finnish Lapland AMAP Human Health. Biomonitoring and Studying Leena Soininen, Helena Mussalo-Rauhamaa and Sari Hyvönen the Nutrition of Mothers and Newborn in the Finnish Lapland The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, AMAP is one of the Arctic Council’s four environmental programmes. The task of AMAP is to monitor and assess the levels and effects of anthropogenic pollutants in all components of AMAP Human Health the Arctic environment, including the human population. Biomonitoring and Studying the Nutrition of Mothers The population living in the Arctic areas is in many areas dependent on the and Newborn in the Finnish Lapland ecosystem of their environment and its food chains. Developing offspring either in the foetal state, as newborns, or in the growing phase are the most sensitive to environmental pollutants. As a result, the targeted group in the AMAP human health project is expecting mothers and their newborn. A newborn infant is the final destination for fat-soluble environmental toxins. In this publication the studies of mothers´ blood and cord blood of the newborn in Northern- and Eastern Lapland are reported. The exposure to environmental pollutants was calculated by assessing the use of food stuffs of mothers. The levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, selenium, zinc, copper, 15 different polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCB congeners), 11 pesticides or persistent organic pollutants (POP), arsenic, and nickel were low and no health risk was found. Some deficiencies in nourishment of mothers were found. -
Special Paper 46 2007
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND Special Paper 46 2007 Applied Quaternary research in the central part of glaciated terrain Proceedings of the INQUA Peribaltic Group Field Symposium 2006 Oulanka biological research station, Finland, September 11.–15. Edited by Peter Johansson and Pertti Sarala Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 46 Applied Quaternary research in the central part of glaciated terrain Proceedings of the INQUA Peribaltic Group Field Symposium 2006 Oulanka biological research station, Finland, September 11.–15. Edited by Peter Johansson and Pertti Sarala Geological Survey of Finland Espoo 2007 Johansson, P. & Sarala, P. (eds.) 2007. Applied Quaternary re- search in the central part of glaciated terrain. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 46, 161 pages, 100 fi gures, 7 tables. The INQUA Peribaltic Group Field Symposium was held in Sep- tember 11.–15.2006 in the central and northern part of Finland. Topics related to Late Pleistocene glaciogenic deposits in the central part of the Scandinavian ice sheet were discussed during the excursions and meeting. This publication contains 21 peer-re- viewed papers that are based on the oral and poster presentations given at the symposium. The papers represent a wide range of recent Quaternary research achievements in the glaciated areas of northern Europe, America and Antarctica. The fi rst paper by Sarala gives a general presentation of the glacial stratigraphy and characteristics of southern Lapland and Koillismaa in Finland. In the next papers Yevzerov et al. and Kor- sakova & Kolka present results relating to deglaciation history in the Kola Peninsula. Depositional conditions and deposits of the . last deglaciation are also discussed in the papers by Karmaziene et al.