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Gothic Language, Wright's Grammar Of GRAMMAR OF THE GOTHIC LANGUAGE AND THE GOSPEL OF ST. MARK SELECTIONS FROM TIIE OTI-IER GOSPELS AND THE SECOND EPISTLE TO TIhlOTHY WITH NOTES AND GLOSSARY JOSEPH WRIGHT PH.D., D.C.L.. LL.D., L1TT.D. Fellau of the British Acodmy Cmpus Chrutt Profcssm of Comparattiu Pkibiogy m Ihd University of OxJord SECOND EDITION WITH A SUPPLEMENT TO THE GRAMMAR BY 0.L. SAY C E, M.A. Uumin German in tk Univwsity oj Oxfwd OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS Oxford U~riwvsityPress, Ely House, London W.r CLASGOW SEG' YORK 108ONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON CAPE TOWN SALlSUURY 1UAnAN h..AIROBI LUSAKA ADDIS ABABA BOIBAY CALCC'TT* MADR.AS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA KU.\I.A LUUPCR HONG KONC FIPS't I'CBLl5ilEU I'jfir REI'RINTEP I~I7, :921 rv4, 10-10, 1937, 1046, 1949 SECOND E1)ITIOS I?j+ REPRIS.TED 13j8, 1362, 1966 PRINTED IN GREAT RRITATN PREFACE IT was originally intended that this Grammar should form one of the volumes of the Students' Series of Com- parative and Historical Grammars, but some time ago f was informed by the Delegates of the Clarendon Press that a third edition of my Gothic Primer was required. It then became a question whether it would be better to issue the Primer in a revised form, or to set to work at once to write the present Grammar. I laid the two alternatives before the Delegates, and they preferred to accept the latter. As a knowledge of Gothic is indispensable to students of the oldest periods of the other Germanic languages, this book will, I trust, be found useful at any rate to students whose interests are mainly philological and linguistic. I have adopted as far as possible the same method of treating the subject as in my Old English and Historical German Grammars. Considerable care and trouble have been taken in the selection of the material contained in the chapters relating to the phonology and accidence, and I venture to say that the student, who thoroughly masters the book, will not only have gained a comprehensive know- ledge of Gothic, but will also have acquired a considerable knowledge of Comparative Germanic Grammar. In selecting examples to illustrate the sound-laws I have tried as far as possible to give words which also occur in the other Germanic languages, especially in Old English and Old High German. The Old English and Old High German cognates have been added in the Glossary. In order to give the student some idea of the skill of Ulfilas as a translator I have added the Greek text to St. Matthew Ch. V1, St. Mark Chapters I-V, and St. Luke Ch. XV. This will also be useful as showing the influence which the Greek syntax had upon the Gothic. The Glossary not only contains all the words occurring in the Gothic Text (pp. zoo-g~),but also all the words contained in the Phonology and Accidence, each referred to its respective paragraph. A short list of the most important works relating to Gothic will be found on PP- 197-9. From my long experience as teacher of the subject, I should strongly recommend the beginner not to work through the Phonology and the philological part of the Accidence at the outset, but to read Chapter I on Gothic pronunciation, and then to learn the paradigms, and at the same time to read some of the easier portions of the Gospels. This is undoubtedly the best plan in the end, and will lead to the most satisfactory results. In fact, it is in my opinion a sheer waste of time for a student to attempt to study in detail the phonology of any language before he has acquired a good working knowledge of its vocabufary and inflexions. In conclusion I wish to express in some measure the heartfelt thanks I owe to my wife for her valuable help in compiling the Glossary. JOSEPH WRIGHT. OXFORD, January, 1910. CONTENTS PAGES INTRODUCTION . 1-3 Classification of the Indo-Germanic languages, and a few characteristics of the Germanic languages (5 I). CHAPTER I ALPHABETAND PRONUNCIATION. , . 4-16 The Gothic alphabet ($ 2). Representation of the Gothic vowel-system ($ 3). Pronunciation of the Gothic vowels :-a, B (ft 4) ; E (5 5) ; i, ei ($ 6) ; 6 ($ 7) ; u, ii ((j 8) ; iu ($ 9) ; af, Bi, ai ($ ro) ; ait, tiu, au (9 11). The Gothic vowel-system (§ 12). Representation of the Gothic consonant-system (F) 13). Pronunciation of the Gothic consonants :-b ($ 14) ; d ($ 15) ; f ($16); g (§ 17); h (5 18) ; (§ 19) ; j (§ 20) ; k (§ 21) ; 1, m, n (8 22) ; ~(§23);9(§24);r(§ 25); ~($26);t(§"7);P(§28); w (4 29); z ($ 30)- Phonetic survey of the Gothic sound-system (F) 31). Stress ($9 32-4). CHAPTER I1 THE PRIM.GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF THE INDO- GERMANIC~OWEL-SOUNDS. .I&~I The Indo-Germanic vowel-system ($ 35). a ((j 36) ; e (5 37); i (§ 38) ; 0 (8 39) ; u (§ 40) ; 6 (§ 41) ; (§ 42) ; 5 (§ 431 ; ? (9 44) ; 6 (§ 45) ; 5 (§ 46) ; ai (9 47) ; ei (§ 48) ; oi ($ 49); au (F) so); eu ($ 51) ; ou ($ 52). The Indg. vocalic nasals and liquids :-m ($53); n (F) 54) ; r (5 55) ; 1 CP 56). CHAPTER I11 THEPRIH. GERMAXTIC VOWEL-SYSTEM . 22-25 Table of the Prim. Germanic vowel-system (4 57). The change ofa to H ($ 59) ; the change of e to i, and of PAGES i to i (4 60) ; the change of i to e (5 61); the change of u to o, and of u to ti ($62) ; the change of eu to iu ($ 63). The vowel-system at the close of the Prim. Germanic period, and table showing the normal development of the vowels in the various Germanic languages (5 64). CHAPTER IV THEGOTHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERALGERMANIC VOWELSOF ACCENTEDSYLLABLES . 26-33 Short vowels: a (5 65); e ($3 66-7); i ($4 68-9) ; o ($4 70-1) ; u ($5 72-31. Long vowels : H (§ 74); % ($8 754) ; ($ 77) ; (§ 78) ; 5 (§§ 79-81) ; ii (4 82). Diphthongs : ai ($ 83) ; au ($ 84) ; iu ($85) ; eu (Q 86). CHAPTER V THE GOTHIC DEVELOPMENTOF THE PRIM. GERMANIC VOWELSOF UNACCENTEDSYLLABLES . 33-39 Indg. final consonants in the Germanic languages (5 87). Final short vowels ($ 88). Final long vowels ($ 89). Final diphthongs (5 go). CHAPTER VI THE PRIM. GER~IANICEQUIVALENTS OF THE GOTHIC VOWEL-SOUNDS. 39-45 A. The vowels of accented syllables. (I) Short vowels: a (§ 91) ; ai ($ 92) ; i (§ 93) ; a6 ($ 94) ; u (§ 95). (2) Long vowels : Zi ($96); G ($97); ai ($ 98) ; ei (599) ; Zi ($ 100); RU (9 10:); ii (f) 102). (3) Dlplithongs : bi (Q103) ; au (4 104); iu ($ 105). B. The vowels of medial syllables. (I) Short vowels: a ($ 106); i ($ 107) ; u ($ 108). (2) Long vowels: T (§ ~og); ei (5 110) ; 6 ($ 111). (3) Diph- thongs : &i($ I 12) ; BU ($ 113). C. Final vowels. (Ij Short vowels : a (5 114) ; i (4 "5) ; u ($ 116). (2) Long vowels: B (5 117); ei (4 118) ; 6 ($ 1x9). (3) Diphthongs : &i (Q 120) ; bu (§ 131). Co?rle?lts vii PAGES CHAPTER VII ABLAUT($5 122-5) . ....45-49 CHAPTER VIlI THEFIRST SOUND-SHIFTING, VERNER'S LAW, AND OTHER CONSONANTCHANGES WFIICH TOOK PLACE IN THE PRIM. GERMANICLANGUAGE .. 50-70 Table of the Indo-Germanic consonant-system (8 16).The normal equivalents of the Indg. explosives in Latin, Greek, and the Germanic languages ($ 127). The first sound-shifting :-the tenues (8 128) ; the mediae (8 129) ; tlle tenues aspiratae (4 130) ; the mediae aspiratae ($$ 131-3). The twofold develop- ment of the Indg. velars in the Germanic languages (§ 134). The chronological order of the first sound- shifting ($ 135). Verner's law ($5 136 7). Other con- sonant changes ($$ 138 47). Table of Prim. Germanic consonants (Q r 48). CHAPTER tX THE GOTHICDEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERALGERMANIC CONSONANT-SYSTEM....... 70-83 Semivowels : w ($5 14g-51) ; j ($5 152-7). Con- sonantal liquids and nasals ($ 158); vocalic liquids and nasals ($ 159). Labiais:-p, f (3 160) ; b, 8 ($ 161). Gutturals :-k (6 162) ; kw (§ 163) ; h, x (5 164) ; xw ($ r65) ; g, 3 ($8 16-91. Dentals :-t ($ 170) ; P ($171) ; d, d ($8 r72-3). Sibilants :-s ($ 174); z ($ 175). CHAPTER X DECLENSIONOF NOUNS. ... 84-103 A. The strong declension :-Masculine a-stems ($5 179-80); neuter a-sterns ($9 181-2) ; masculine ja-stems ($5 184-5); neuter ja-stems ($$ 186-7) ; mascu- line wa-stems (§ 188) ; neuter wa-steins ($ 189). The feminine 6-, j6., and w6.stems ($8 190-4). Masculine i.stems (f$ 195-7) ; feminine iastems ($5 198-aoo). ... vl11 Cbntents PACES Masculine and feminine u-stems ($$aoz-4) ; neuter u-stems ($ 2051. B. The weak declension :-Masculine n.stems ($6 207-9); fernininen-stems ($$z~o-rz); neuter n-stems ($6 213-14). C. Minor declensions:-Stems in -r ($$zIs-16); stems in .nd ($$ZIT-18) ; masculines (Qzrg! ; feminines ($4 220-1) ; neuters ($222). CHAPTER XI ADJECTIVES. , . , . 103-118 General remarks on the declension of adjectives ($6 223-4). A. The strong declension :-a-stems (64 2261); ja-stems ($9 228-3r) ; wa-stems ($ 232) ; i-stems l$$233-4) ; u-stems (44235-6). B. The weak declension ($9 237-8). C. The declension of participles ($$239-42). D. The comparison of adjectives ($9243-6). Numerals ($9 247-58). CHAPTER XI1 (see also Appendix, Note G) PRONOUNS. , . I 18-132 General remarks on the pronouns ($ 259). Personal pronouns ($§z60-I). Reflexive pronouns ($262). POS- sessive pronouns ($6 263-4). Demonstrative pronouns ($4255-9). Relative pronouns ($$27o-z). Interrogative pronouns ($5 273-4). Indefinite pronouns (5s 275-9).
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