EU-UKRAINE SUMMIT Helsinki, 27 October 2006 JOINT PRESS
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Ukraine's Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues
Order Code RL32691 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Ukraine’s Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues Updated February 1, 2005 Steven Woehrel Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Ukraine’s Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues Summary In 2004, many observers believed that Ukraine was at a key period in its transition that could shape its geopolitical orientation for years to come, in part due to presidential elections held on October 31, November 21, and December 26, 2004. In their view, Ukraine could move closer to integration in Euro-Atlantic institutions, real democracy and the rule of law, and a genuine free market economy, or it could move toward a Russian sphere of influence with “managed democracy” and an oligarchic economy. For the past decade, Ukraine’s political scene had been dominated by President Leonid Kuchma and the oligarchic “clans” (regionally based groups of powerful politicians and businessmen) that have supported him. The oligarchs chose Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych as their candidate to succeed Kuchma as President. The chief opposition candidate, former Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko, was a pro-reform, pro-Western figure seen by many observers as a man of high personal integrity. International observers criticized the election campaign and the first and second rounds of the election as not free and fair, citing such factors as government-run media bias in favor of Yanukovych, abuse of absentee ballots, barring of opposition representatives from electoral commissions, and inaccurate voter lists. Nevertheless, Yushchenko topped the first round of the vote on October 31 by a razor-thin margin over Yanukovych. -
How Far Can the EU Expand? the Dilemmas of Ukrainian Membership
EU crisis simulation 2013 issue brief How Far Can the EU Expand? The Dilemmas of Ukrainian Membership By Scott N. Duryea While the Council of Europe faces many important issues affect the future of the EU, few involve the geopolitical pressures and question of European identity raised by the possibility of Ukraine membership. Opening membership to European democracies is a foundational concept of the EU, but Ukraine possess great difficulties; it is a very large country (roughly the same in size and population to France), poor it brings difficult relations with Russia. Ukraine has a long border with Russia; 2300 km (1400 miles) long and hosts Russia’s most important navy base. Its population includes are large Russian minority. Some 30 percent of its population (14.5 million out of 45.6 million people) are native Russian-speakers. Bringing Ukraine into the EU would transform the country, and the EU. Refusing to admit Ukraine might have equally powerful consequences. Ukraine is increasingly falling into the fold of the European Union. Many Ukrainians seek eventual membership into the EU, but a number of pressing issues must be resolved before Ukraine fully goes west. These include reforming Ukrainian bureaucracy, obeying the rule of law, cracking down on corruption, and evading Russian attempts to keep Ukraine from breaking away from its unhealthy Eurasian ties. At stake is not just the future of the concept of Europe and European relations with Russia, but the future of Ukrainian democracy and national identity. As stated in the EU Council Conclusions on Ukraine of 10 December 2012, Ukraine’s EU status focuses on three elements of reform: 1 The compliance of the 2012 parliamentary elections with international standards and follow-up actions, Ukraine’s progress in addressing the issue of selective justice and preventing its recurrence, and Implementing the reforms defined in the jointly agreed Association Agenda. -
What Does Ukraine's Orange Revolution Tell Us About the Impact
FREE POLICY NETWORK BRIEF SERIES John S. Earle, George Mason University Scott Gehlbach, University of Wisconsin-Madison November, 2016 What Does Ukraine’s Orange Revolution Tell Us About the Impact of Political Turnover on Economic Performance? Political turnover is a normal, even desirable, feature of competitive politics, yet turnover in a context of weak institutions can create policy uncertainty, disrupt political connections, and threaten the security of property rights. What is the impact of political turnover on economic performance in such an environment? We examine the behavior of over 7,000 enterprises before and after Ukraine's Orange Revolution—a moment of largely unanticipated political turnover in a country with profoundly weak institutions. We find that the productivity of firms in regions that supported Viktor Yushchenko increased after the Orange Revolution, relative to that of firms in regions that supported Viktor Yanukovych. Our results illustrate that the efficiency consequences of turnover can be large when institutions are weak. Introduction Ukraine in 2004 Politics in much of the world is a winner-take-all Three factors make Ukraine in 2004 an appropriate contest. When Viktor Yanukovych fled Kyiv in setting for identifying the effect of political February 2014, for example, he was joined by a turnover on economic performance. First, Ukraine close group of associates overwhelmingly drawn under Kuchma was a paradigmatic case of from the country’s Russian-speaking East, “patronal presidentialism,” in which the president including Yanukovych’s home region of Donetsk. “wields not only the powers formally invested in The governors who ran Ukraine’s regions under the office but also the ability to selectively direct Yanukovych fared no better. -
Elections, Revolution and Democracy in Ukraine
ELECTIONS, REVOLUTION AND DEMOCRACY IN UKRAINE: REFLECTIONS ON A COUNTRY’S TURN TO DEMOCRACY, FREE ELECTIONS AND THE MODERN WORLD By Jeffrey Clark With Jason Stout October 2005 DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES: STRENGTHENING ELECTORAL ADMINISTRATION IN UKRAINE PROJECT This publication was made possible through support provided by the Regional Mission for Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Agreement No. 121-A-00- 04-00701-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. PREFACE A USAID-supported activity known as the Strengthening Electoral Administration in Ukraine Project (SEAUP), administered by Development Associates, played a decidedly important role in facilitating Ukraine’s turn to democracy in 2004. The pages that follow provide evidence of that unequivocal conclusion, but just as importantly offer reflections on how the project was perceived and implemented of interest to promoters of free elections and democratization elsewhere. SEAUP’s success would have been unattainable without the unwavering support USAID gave the initiative and the trust placed in its professional staff. The Kyiv Mission granted considerable administrative flexibility that proved essential as political tensions increased and unplanned program inputs had to be devised virtually overnight to meet the challenges of a massively fraudulent vote and a court-ordered revote. The efforts of external players to foment anti-American sentiments further complicated the environment and imposed additional constraints on project implementers. USAID sponsored other implementing agencies actively supporting democratic consolidation in Ukraine, working directly with NDI, IRI, Freedom House, InterNews, and ABA/CEELI. -
Ukraine's Choice: European Association Agreement Or Eurasian
Policy Brief NUMBER PB13-22 SEPTEMBER 2013 Ukraine concluded negotiations on a deep and compre- Ukraine’s Choice: European hensive free trade area (DCFTA) with the European Union in late 2011 and the Association Agreement in March 2012. Th e Association Agreement consists of over 1,200 pages, of Association Agreement or which DCFTA forms the bulk with some 1,000 pages. Th e agreement is comprehensive covering all areas of interest. It Eurasian Union? off ers enhanced cooperation in 28 key policy areas, including political cooperation, foreign and security policy, justice, and Anders Åslund freedom. It aims to accelerate the deepening of political and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union and gradually integrate Ukraine into the EU internal market. Anders Åslund has been senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics since 2006 and is an adjunct professor at Th e Association Agreement thus provides for signifi cant legal, Georgetown University. He has worked as an economic adviser to the regulatory, and political convergence with the European Union, Russian and Ukrainian governments. Åslund is the author of 12 books, for which the European Union off ers considerable assistance. most recently the second edition of How Capitalism Was Built: Th e Yet it stops short of granting EU membership. Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia (2012). He is also the author of How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy (2009), and Russia’s Capitalist Ukraine should improve its macroeconomic Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed (2007). He has also edited 16 books and published widely. -
Ukraine's Party System Evolution: 1990-2017
RAZUMKOV CENTRE UKRAINE’S PARTY SYSTEM EVOLUTION: 1990-2017 The publication is supported by the Ukrainian Office of Konrad Adenauer Foundation 2017 UKRAINE`S PARTY SYSTEM EVOLUTION: 1990-2017 / Edited by Yu.Yakymenko. – Kyiv: Razumkov Сentre, 2017. – p.62 This publication presents an abridged version of the Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre that examines the emergence and further transformation of Ukraine’s party system in 1990-2017. We have examined key drivers of change at each evolution stage, such as legislation on political parties and elections; political regime; most significant societal cleavages, nature and consequences of their influence; analysed current trends in Ukraine’s party system development. The publication will be useful for everyone interested in post-independence nation-building processes in Ukraine, development of political parties and the party system, experience of political transformations in post-Soviet countries. © Razumkov Centre, 2017 © “Zapovit Publishing House”, 2017 UKRAINE’S PARTY SYSTEM EVOLUTION: 1990-2017 olitical parties are an important institution of a democratic society, P which ensures aggregation and articulation of the interests of various social groups. Interaction among parties in their struggle for power and the exercise of political power by them form a party system. The process of party system formation in Ukraine has been going on for more than 25 years. This publication represents a shortened version of the Razumkov Centre’s report, which examines the fundamental stages of the party system formation in 1990-2017, including intra-party processes, institutional legal and socio-political conditions for their activities and inter-party relations.1 1. STUDY METHODOLOGY The Razumkov Centre’s study uses an approach that combines elements of quantitative and qualitative approaches to the analysis of party system dynamics and takes into account changes of the three following components that define party system and/or affect it. -
Viktor Yushchenko, Ukrainian President (2005-2010), Prime Minister (1999-2001) Anna Sous, RFE/RL Date of Interview: July 2015 **
Viktor Yushchenko, Ukrainian president (2005-2010), prime minister (1999-2001) Anna Sous, RFE/RL Date of interview: July 2015 ************* (This interview was conducted in Russian.) Anna Sous: Viktor Andriyovych, an undeclared war is now being fought on the territory of Ukraine. When you see footage of the residents of Ukrainian villages on their knees, of the bodies of soldiers who have died in eastern Ukraine being carried away -- these are images that no one can watch with indifference -- what do you feel? Viktor Yushchenko: The first sensation is that today, in the world we live in, there's a power that lives near us. I wouldn't say it's a flourishing power -- it's a power of destruction, something from the Middle Ages, a power following a path that not a single European nation has joined. This is modern Russian politics. And I have tried dozens and dozens of times at conferences to make one thing clear: Don't call this a Ukrainian problem. Don't call what's going on in Azerbaijan, in Nagorno-Karabakh, an Azerbaijani problem. Don't call what's happening in South Ossetia and Abkhazia a Georgian problem. Or what's happening in Transdniester a Moldovan problem. These are all Russian problems. It's an entire chain of destabilization that exists alongside all of us in Eastern Europe. The hardships that Ukraine is now enduring have, of course, hurt the nation tremendously. But I would very much like to see Europe and the rest of the world begin to read this situation as a conflict and a geopolitical problem. -
The Orange Revolution and the Revolution of Dignity in Comparison Why Some Resistance Movements Turn Violent, Whereas Others Do Not
Graduate School of Social Sciences MSc Political Science – International Relations Track Master Thesis The Orange Revolution and the Revolution of Dignity in comparison Why some resistance movements turn violent, whereas others do not Name: Brian Pieneman Student ID: 10535365 Mail: [email protected] Research Project: Violence, resistance and restraint in war and genocide Supervisor: Dr. Jana Krause Second Reader: Dr. Dimitris Bouris Submission Date: June 22, 2018 Words: 23,810 Abstract According to Chenoweth and Stephan (2011), nonviolent resistance movements are more successful in accomplishing political and social change than their violent counterparts. And yet, some nonviolent resistance movements turn to violent strategies in their endeavour to establish political and social change. This decision seems counterproductive and is worth studying. This thesis argues that mass mobilization is a double-edged sword – i.e. on the one hand, mass mobilization is required to accomplish the objectives of a nonviolent resistance movement, but mass mobilization appeals to people with different motives to participate in a nonviolent resistance movement, on the other hand. To elaborate this argument, the (nonviolent) Orange Revolution and the (violent) Revolution of Dignity are extensively studied and compared. These case studies indicate that different motivations for participation in a nonviolent resistance movement can be problematic in case of a lack of leadership and unity within the resistance movement. ~ Nonviolence, Social Movements, Orange Revolution, Revolution of Dignity ~ Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Dr. Jana Krause for her moral guidance and encouraging words during the thesis process. I admit that my process was far from flawless, it has been a true struggle and without the help of my supervisor I would, in all probability, not have been able to write this thesis and to submit this thesis today. -
Ukraine After the Orange Revolution by Kataryna Wolczuk
Ukraine after the Orange Revolution By Kataryna Wolczuk ★ Ukraine’s new president, Viktor Yushchenko, wants Ukraine to become a candidate for EU membership. For the application to be credible, he must open up the economy, fight corruption and heal post-election rifts – reforms that will proceed slowly and suffer setbacks. ★ The EU’s refusal to consider the possibility of Ukrainian membership looks untenable after the Orange Revolution. And it risks undermining Yushchenko’s reformist, pro-European platform. ★ The EU’s new neighbourhood policy is a welcome attempt to help stabilise and modernise Ukraine, but it needs stronger incentives to be effective. The pace and scope of change triggered by frequently reminded European leaders that Ukraine Ukraine’s presidential elections in late 2004 has has a rightful place in Europe’s political and surprised the EU, the US, Russia and, not least, economic clubs. “I don’t feel comfortable striving to most Ukrainians themselves. The rigged first round join Europe,” he explained during the Davos World of the elections in October sparked the so-called Economic Forum in January 2005, “I feel like I am a Orange Revolution – mass protests under the European. I live in a European country and possess orange banners of the opposition – as well as European values.” widespread international criticism of the regime of President Leonid Kuchma. In the second round of voting in December, the Kuchma regime’s The EU remains cautious candidate, Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych, lost The EU has congratulated Yushchenko on his to the opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. victory. It has sent its foreign policy chief, Javier Solana, to his inauguration. -
Electoral Laws and Patronage Politics in Ukraine
Electoral Laws and Patronage Politics in Ukraine PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 229 September 2012 Oleksandr Fisun Kharkiv National University Ukraine’s current political system can be considered a classic case of patronage politics. The persistence of patronage politics in Ukraine can be attributed not only to structural, historical, and cultural factors, but also to particular decisions regarding constitutional design, electoral rules in particular. In particular, the 2010 rollback of Ukraine’ s 2004 constitutional reforms have strengthened President Viktor Yanukovych’s ability to wield both formal and informal tools of governance, including by broadening the patron-client foundations of his regime. At the same time, however, this process also has appeared to lead to a weakening of the ruling party itself while spurring consolidation of the opposition. Ironically, Ukraine’s new bout of patronage politics may in the end promote rather than hinder the country’s ongoing political transformation. Resetting the Rules of Game The transformation of Ukraine’s political system from a premier-presidential system with a dual executive (2005-2010) to a super-presidential regime began with the 2010 restoration of the 1996 constitution. This involved a rollback of the 2004 constitutional reforms, which had led to the formalization of electoral competition between patron- client networks via a party list system and the expansive growth of major networks, such as the Party of Regions (PR), led by Yanukovych, and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT), both of which formed effective political machines for the accumulation of votes and the nationwide redistribution of patronage. After winning the presidential election in 2010, Yanukovych commanded a relative party majority in the parliament, which his predecessors Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko never had. -
Russians in Ukraine: Before and After Euromaidan Written by Mikhail Pogrebinskiy
Russians in Ukraine: Before and after Euromaidan Written by Mikhail Pogrebinskiy This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Russians in Ukraine: Before and after Euromaidan https://www.e-ir.info/2015/03/26/russians-in-ukraine-before-and-after-euromaidan/ MIKHAIL POGREBINSKIY, MAR 26 2015 This is an excerpt from Ukraine and Russia: People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives – an E-IR Edited Collection. Available now on Amazon (UK, USA, Fra, Ger, Ca), in all good book stores, and via a free PDF download. Find out more about E-IR’s range of open access books here. In the title of the article, I have reproduced the topic proposed by the editors of the collection, however, I consider the stylistic formula ‘Russians in Ukraine’ to be rather confusing and unable to grasp the essence of the problem. The idea of Russians in Ukraine being a national minority similar to, for instance, Hungarians in Romania or Slovakia, Swedes in Finland, or even Russians in Estonia, is in fact profoundly fallacious. And not because of the scope of inclusion – I will talk about that later. But it is this idea that underlies western policies towards Ukraine and the current crisis. According to that idea, the Ukrainians, with the moral support of the West, are trying to free themselves from the centuries-old Russian colonial oppression, while Moscow resists it in every way, and as soon as it ‘lets Ukraine go’, European values will triumph in Ukraine. -
From Kuchma to Yushchenko Ukraine’S 2004 Presidential Elections and the Orange Revolution
From Kuchma to Yushchenko Ukraine’s 2004 Presidential Elections and the Orange Revolution Taras Kuzio The elections of 2004 KRAINE’S presidential election on October 31, U2004, had far greater political significance than completed Ukraine’s transition merely selecting the country’s third post-communist president. The election also represented a de facto ref- from a post-Soviet state to a erendum on President Leonid Kuchma’s ten years in European state. office, which were marred by political crisis and scan- dal throughout most of his second term. The principal scandal—Kuchma’s complicity in the murder of an op- position journalist, Heorhiy Gongadze—began in Novem- ber 2000 and has come to be known as “Kuchmagate.”1 Hostility to Kuchma helped to revive and bolster civil society and opposition groups, giving them four years to organize and prepare for the 2004 elections. Much of this groundwork became apparent during the Orange Revolution—named for Yushchenko’s campaign color—that followed the November 21 runoff between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and the opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko. In April 2001, after parliament voted no confidence in Yushchenko’s government, the locus of opposition to Kuchma shifted from the Communist Party (KPU) to Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine party and the Yulia Tymoshenko bloc. The KPU and its Socialist Party (SPU) allies had been the main source of opposition to Kuchma from 1993, when the KPU was again legal- ized as a political party, until 2000–2001, when national democrats and centrists joined forces under the Yushchenko government. Yushchenko’s shift to opposition against Kuchma and his oligarchic allies set the stage for the electoral TARAS KUZIO is a visiting professor at the Institute for European, Rus- struggles in 2002 and 2004.