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{PDF EPUB} ????? ??? by Raffi Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Դավիթ Բեկ by Raffi Raffi (novelist) Hakob Melik Hakobian (Armenian : Յակոբ Մելիք-Յակոբեան (classical) ; Հակոբ Մելիք-Հակոբյան (reformed) ; 1835 – 1888), better was an Armenian author and leading figure in 19th-century Armenian ,( راﻓﯽ : known by his pen name Raffi (Armenian : Րաֆֆի ; Persian literature. [1] Biography. Raffi was the eldest son in a family of hereditary Persian-Armenian gentry and was born in 1835 in Payajuk, a village of northwestern Iran. His father was a wealthy farmer, merchant and the highest civil authority of the village. Thus, Raffi’s economic background and special status within the family eventually made it possible for him to acquire a privileged education, one in which he was exposed to the full spectrum of classical, Russian and Western European masterpieces of literature. His education began in the home of the village priest, Father Mser. There, in a small room adjacent to the barn, boys of all ages and levels of learning were taught under pressure of corporal punishment for failing in their lessons. In his novel called Kaytser ("Sparks"), Raffi gives a vivid description of these punishments and denounces them. At the age of 12 his father sent him to Tiflis [Tbilisi], at that time a major center of Armenian intellectual life, to continue his secondary education at a boarding school run by a distinguished Armenian teacher. Raffi was on the verge of beginning his studies at a Russian university when he had to return home to help his ailing father with the family business. This was the end of his formal education. He subsequently took teaching posts in Armenian language and history at the Armenian schools in Tabriz, Akoulis and Tiflis. Throughout his life, Raffi made many trips to the villages and provinces of Eastern and Western Armenia. Wherever he visited, he became aware of the daily misery experienced by the unarmed Armenian population, who lived in constant terror of the Turks and Kurds. Raffi, like other Armenian intellectuals, was convinced that it was not viable to continue living thus. He would thereafter seek to deeply transform Armenian society. In order to do so, it was necessary for him to make the people themselves aware of the tragic reality in which they lived. Raffi was a prolific writer. His works were published in the newspapers Mshak and Ardzakank . "The Fool", his most popular work, appeared first in serialized form in the pages of Mshak [Tiflis] between 26 February and 4 June 1880. It first appeared as a book the following year. "Mshak" ("The Tiller") was founded as a weekly in 1872 by Grigor Artsruni. It played an important role in awakening the Armenian people from the lethargy that had overcome the majority of them since the loss of Armenian independence at the end of the 14th century. Raffi’s patriotic writings were read by virtually all Armenian youth of the time and of subsequent generations. In his novels, Raffi depicted characters of national heroes and Armenian revolutionaries. In fact, there is a well-known Armenian phrase that goes: "there are no Armenian freedom fighters (Feddayines) that have not read Raffi". Raffi considered that teaching the population the Armenian language was a fundamental and vital measure, but he felt they were bereft of a secular literature attractive enough to help realize that goal. [2] It was to fill that void that he set out from 1874 to 1888 to create a complete and varied body of fiction. It was through these works that generations of Armenians learned to read Armenian, became acquainted with their history, and acquired the critical standards by which they could assess their lives and society. From 1880–1888, Raffi lived at present day Chonkhadze Str. 3, in the Sololaki area of Tbilisi, Georgia. Raffi died in 1888 in Tiflis, and his funeral attracted an unprecedented crowd. He was buried in the Pantheon of Armenians at the Khodjivank cemetery in Tbilisi, where Hovhannes Tumanyan, Gabriel Sundukian, Ghazaros Aghayan and Grigor Artsruni were also buried. Presently, there is a school as well as a street named after Raffi in Yerevan, Armenia. His works have been translated into several languages. Melik. malik (king)) was a hereditary Armenian noble title, in various Eastern ﻣﻠﻚ Мelik (also transliterated as Meliq) (melikʿ, meliki (prince), from Armenian principalities known as melikdoms encompassing modern Yerevan, Kars, Nakhichevan, Sevan, Lori, Artsakh, Northwestern Persia and Syunik starting from the Late Middle Ages until the end of the nineteenth century. [1] Abbas I of Persia. January 157119 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and ﺷﺎه ﻋﺒﺎس ﺑﺰرگ; Shāh Abbās the Great or Shāh Abbās I of Persia (27 is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. Armen Tigranian. Armen Tigrani Tigranian or Tigranyan or Dikranian (Արմեն Տիգրանյան; 26 December 1879, Alexandropol – 10 February 1950, Tbilisi) was an Armenian music composer and conductor. Armenfilm. Armenfilm (Арменфильм, also known as Hayfilm Հայֆիլմ) is an Armenian film studio in Yerevan. Armenian nobility. The Armenian nobility (Հայ ազնվականություն) was a class of persons which enjoyed certain privileges relative to other members of society under the laws and customs of various regimes of Armenia. Artsakh (historic province) Artsakh (Արցախ) was the tenth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until 387 AD and afterwards a region of the Caucasian Albanian satrapy of Sasanid Persia from 387 to the 7th century. Azerbaijan (Iran) Azərbaycan), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن ;Āzarbāijān آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن) Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan that borders Iraq, Turkey, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Catholicos. Catholicos, plural Catholicoi, is a title used for the head of certain churches in some Eastern Christian traditions. Court. A court is a tribunal, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. David Bek (film) David Bek (Դավիթ Բեկ) is a 1944 Soviet biographical adventure and drama film directed by Hamo Beknazarian and starring Hrachia Nersisyan, Avet Avetisyan and Hasmik The film is about Davit Bek, an Armenian nobleman and revolutionary and is based on the novel David Bek by Raffi (1882). Davit Bek. Davit Bek or David Beg (died 1728) was an Armenian military commander and one of the most prominent military figures of the Armenian liberation movement of the 18th century. Eastern Armenia. Eastern Armenia (Արևելյան Հայաստան Arevelyan Hayastan) is a term used by Armenians to refer to the eastern parts of the Armenian Highlands, the traditional homeland of the Armenian people. Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English- language encyclopaedia. George Bournoutian. September 1943, Isfahan, Iran) is an Iranian-American professor, historian, and author of Armenian ﺟﻮرج ﺑﻮرﻧﻮﺗﯿﺎن., George A. Bournoutian (25 descent. House of Hasan-Jalalyan. The House of Hasan-Jalalyan (Հասան-Ջալալյաններ) was an Armenian dynasty that ruled the region of Khachen (Greater Artsakh) from 1214 onwards in what are now the regions of lower Karabakh, Nagorno-Karabakh and small part of Syunik. Ulubabyan, Bagrat. "Հասան- Ջալալյաններ". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1980, vol. 6, p. 246. It was named after Hasan-Jalal Dawla (Հասան-Ջալալ Դոլա), an Armenian feudal prince from Khachen. The Hasan-Jalalyan family was able to maintain its autonomy throughout several centuries of foreign domination of the region by Seljuk Turks, Persians and Mongols as they, as well as the other Armenian princes and meliks of Khachen, saw themselves of holding the last bastion of Armenian independence in the region. Through their many patronages of churches and other monuments, the Hasan-Jalalyans helped cultivate Armenian culture throughout the region. By the late 16th century, the Hasan-Jalalyan family had branched out to establish melikdoms in Gulistan and Jraberd, making them, along with Khachen, Varanda and Dizak, a part of what was then known as the "Melikdoms of Khamsa.". Israel Ori. Israel Ori (1658–1711) was a prominent figure of the Armenian national liberation movement and a diplomat that sought the liberation of Armenia from Persia and the Ottoman Empire. Kars (Armenian: Կարս, less commonly known as Ղարս Ghars) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of Kars Province. Late Middle Ages. The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD. Lori Province. Lori (Լոռի), is a province (marz) of Armenia. Malik. is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and later Northwest (ﻣﻠﻚ; ֶמ ֶל ;) Malik, Melik, Malka, Malek or Melekh Semitic (e.g. Aramaic, Canaanite, Hebrew) and Arabic. Mikhail Loris-Melikov. Count Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov (Միքայել Լորիս-Մելիքով; – 24 December 1888) was a Russian-Armenian statesman, General of the Cavalry, and Adjutant General of H. I. M. Retinue. Mongols. The Mongols ( , Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Mosfilm. Mosfilm (Мосфильм, Mosfil’m) is a film studio that is among the largest and oldest in the Russian Federation and in Europe. Nakhichevansky Uyezd. The Nakhichevansky Uyezd (Нахичеванский уезд) was a district (uyezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. Opera. Opera (English plural: operas; Italian plural: opere) is a form of theatre in which music has a leading role and the parts are taken by singers. Panah Ali Khan. (Azerbaijani: Pənah Əli Qarabağlı) (1693, Sarijali, Safavid Empire – 1761, Shiraz, Zand dynasty ,ﭘﻨﺎهﻋﻠﯽ ﺧﺎن ﺟﻮاﻧﺸﯿﺮ) Panah-Ali Khan Javanshir was the founder and first ruler of Karabakh Khanate under Persian suzerainty.
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