DOCSLIB.ORG

Il Nagorno-Karabakh: Le Interpretazioni Di Un Conflitto

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Il Nagorno-Karabakh: Le Interpretazioni Di Un Conflitto Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Il Nagorno-Karabakh: le interpretazioni di un conflitto Relatore Ch. Prof. Aldo Ferrari Correlatore Ch. Prof. Antonio Trampus Laureanda Oriele Felluga Matricola 834867 Anno Accademico 2014 / 2015 Al mio papà, Milioni d'anni di paziente pianificazione per un capo che si china, lieve. Abstract The Nagorno-Karabakh region, located in the South Caucasus, has been the object of an ethnic conflict whose active stage took place from 1992 to 1994. The Karabakh war represents one of the most interesting phenomena that followed the break-up of the Soviet Union. The dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, that lasts currently as a “frozen” conflict, opposes from one side the Armenian population of the region supported by the Republic of Armenia, and from the other side Azerbaijan. The main cause of the conflict outbreak was the decision taken in 1921 by the central soviet authority to include the Nagorno-Karabakh region, mainly populated by ethnic Armenians, in the Azerbaijani SSR. The victory of the Armenian side has led to the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR), which is an independent de facto entity, even though it is not recognized by the international community, not even by Armenia. Tracing the historical evolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh region is a difficult task, because the historical sources are very scarce and the South Caucasus is an ethnically mixed area. As a result, many historical and cultural interpretations about the Karabakh region were created by the intellectuals both in Armenia and in Azerbaijan. Through the propaganda and the manipulation of the historical data, in both countries was developed a strong nationalism that has turned out into a conflict. Concerning the International Law, Azerbaijan defends its territorial integrity, being the Nagorno-Karabakh region still formally a part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, the Armenian population stands up for the right to self-determination of its people, being the region historically Armenian. The international community generally defends Azerbaijan’s claim over its territorial integrity and does not recognize the NKR as an independent entity. These different stands led to a disagreement between the right to self-determination and the right to territorial integrity. The opposition produced in the International Law's field reflects the cultural divergence between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Unfortunately, in spite of the attempts of the OSCE and of the UN to find a pacific resolution to the dispute, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is still unresolved. Indice Introduzione ............................................................................................................................................1 Capitolo I. Storia del Nagorno-Karabakh ............................................................................................5 L'Armenia nell'antichità e nell'epoca moderna .....................................................................................7 L'Azerbaigian dall'antichità all'epoca zarista......................................................................................13 L'Albania caucasica e la sua evoluzione ............................................................................................18 Il Nagorno-Karabakh nell'epoca sovietica: le radici del conflitto ......................................................23 La politica della perestroika e l'emergere del conflitto ......................................................................35 I pogrom di Sumgait e l'inizio del conflitto ........................................................................................43 La risposta delle autorità sovietiche e gli eventi del 1988 ..................................................................47 Il 1989 e la nascita del Fronte Popolare azero ....................................................................................51 Il 1990 e il “gennaio nero” .................................................................................................................54 L'“Operazione Anello” .......................................................................................................................57 La fine dell'Unione Sovietica e l'inizio della guerra del Nagorno-Karabakh .....................................60 La prima fase della guerra: 1992-1993 ...............................................................................................63 La battaglia di Šuša ............................................................................................................................65 La seconda fase della guerra: 1993-1994 ...........................................................................................68 Le ragioni del fallimento dei tentativi di mediazione .........................................................................75 Capitolo II. La strumentalizzazione della storia ...............................................................................81 L'interpretazione storica armena.........................................................................................................82 "I melik' del Łarabał"di Raffi .............................................................................................................84 L'interpretazione storica azera ............................................................................................................99 La propaganda azera .........................................................................................................................104 La risposta armena ............................................................................................................................109 Interpretazioni a confronto ...............................................................................................................118 Conclusione ......................................................................................................................................124 Capitolo III. L'analisi giuridica del conflitto del Nagorno-Karabakh ..........................................128 L'origine del conflitto .......................................................................................................................129 L'irrilevanza della storia ai fini dell'analisi giuridica........................................................................130 La successione degli Stati .................................................................................................................132 Analisi e validità della legge sovietica .............................................................................................133 I principi del diritto internazionale da applicare ai conflitti .............................................................136 Il principio dell'autodeterminazione dei popoli e il principio dell'integrità territoriale ....................138 La questione delle minoranze ...........................................................................................................141 I disaccordi riguardo all'autodeterminazione del popolo armeno del Nagorno-Karabakh: il filone minoritario ........................................................................................................................................144 L'assenza del riconoscimento internazionale ....................................................................................150 Il cessate il fuoco del 12 maggio 1994 ............................................................................................153 Le risoluzioni delle Nazioni Unite....................................................................................................154 Il Comitato dei diritti dell'uomo .......................................................................................................156 La sicurezza collettiva e le organizzazioni regionali ........................................................................158 Il diritto umanitario internazionale nel conflitto del Nagorno-Karabakh .........................................161 Gli obblighi dell'occupante e i crimini internazionali ......................................................................163 L'OSCE e le organizzazioni regionali rilevanti in merito al conflitto del Nagorno-Karabakh .........165 Il ruolo dell'Armenia nel conflitto ....................................................................................................169 Conclusione ......................................................................................................................................173 Conclusioni ..........................................................................................................................................177 Bibliografia .........................................................................................................................................183 Introduzione Il Nagorno-Karabakh è una regione montagnosa situata nel Caucaso meridionale, tra i fiumi Kura e Araks. La mancanza di fonti certe e la varietà dei popoli che hanno abitato l'area rendono complessa l'analisi della sua evoluzione storica. Purtroppo oggi il Nagorno-Karabakh è conosciuto perché è stato oggetto di un conflitto militare, che si può definire “congelato” o “dimenticato”, poiché ancora al giorno d'oggi esso rimane insoluto. Dal 1992 al 1994, il Karabakh è stato teatro di un conflitto etnico che vide contrapporsi da un
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brief Analysis of the Situation in South Caucasus
    Brief Analysis of the Situation in South Caucasus Jimsher Jaliashvili, Professor Grigol Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia Anna Shah, Master’s programme student Grigol Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract Despite its small size and relatively small population, the South Caucasus occupies an important place in international geopolitics. Region is an important link between East and West that makes the world actors to give great attention to developing a strategy towards the region in order to maximize meaning of own presence in this important geo-strategic area. Above mentioned factors could contribute to the integration of the region for more effective joint action on the world scene as a union. However, to date, this bone of contention is a zone of low-intensity conflicts, the so-called "frozen conflicts" that threaten to "unfreeze" at any time. After the collapse of the Soviet Union over its entire territory ethnic conflicts became flare up. Some of them spilled over into the active full-scale wars. This is what happened in the South Caucasus in the regions of South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh. These conflicts still remain a stumbling block to normalization of relations of the Caucasian neighbor countries. I. The practice of international life continues to destroy the remnants of illusions associated with the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar configuration of the world1. Fukuyama's theory2 turned out to be insolvent and the multipolar world living in tolerance for the cultures and customs of each other, respecting the framework of law and morality, and solving ethnic conflict only walking in line of negotiation is just a good, distant fairy tale, an unattainable myth.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents 1. Social Economic Background & Current Indicators of Syunik Region...........................2 2. Key Problems & Constraints .............................................................................................23 Objective Problems ...................................................................................................................23 Subjective Problems..................................................................................................................28 3. Assessment of Economic Resources & Potential ..............................................................32 Hydropower Generation............................................................................................................32 Tourism .....................................................................................................................................35 Electronics & Engineering ........................................................................................................44 Agriculture & Food Processing.................................................................................................47 Mineral Resources (other than copper & molybdenum)...........................................................52 Textiles......................................................................................................................................55 Infrastructures............................................................................................................................57
    [Show full text]
  • Ceasefire Agreement
    Ceasefire Agreement Unofficial translation P. S. Grachev Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation A. V. Kozyrev Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation V. N. Kazimirov Responding to the call for a cease-fire, as set out in the Bishkek Protocol of May 5, 1994, and based on the Protocol of 18 February 1994, the conflicting Parties agreed on the following: 1. Ensure the full cease-fire and cessation of hostilities from 00 hours 01 minutes of May 12, 1994. Relevant orders to cease-fire will be given and communicated to the commanders of military units responsible for their implementation, not later than May 11, 1994. On May 12 until 23.00, the Parties shall exchange the texts of their cease-fire orders with a view to their possible mutual complementarities and further harmonization of substantive provisions of similar documents. 2. Request the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation to convene in Moscow no later than May 12 an urgent meeting of defense ministers of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh army commander to agree on the lines of troops pullback and other urgent military-technical issues and prepare the deployment of an advance team of international observers. 3. This agreement will be used to complete the negotiations in the next 10 days and conclude an Agreement on Cessation of the Armed Conflict no later than May 22 of this year. 4. This agreement will take effect immediately after the Mediator notifies that he has received from the opposing forces completely identical documents signed by authorized representatives. Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan Minister of Defense of Armenia Nagorno Karabakh Army Commander The text was signed respectively by M.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 ...The Khojaly Massacre Is a Bloody Episode. It Is a Continuation of The
    ...The Khojaly massacre is a bloody episode. It is a continuation of the ethnic cleansing and genocide policies that the Armenian chauvinist-nationalists have been progressively carrying out against the Azerbaijanis for approximately 200 years. These accursed policies, supported by the authorities of some states, were constantly pursued by Tsarist Russia and the Soviets. After the demise of the USSR these policies led to the displacement of Azerbaijanis from their homelands, exposing them to suffering on a massive scale. In all, two million Azerbaijanis have at various times felt the weight of the policies of ethnic cleansing and genocide pursued by aggressive Armenian nationalists and stupid ideologues of "Greater Armenia". ...Today the Government of Azerbaijan and its people must bring the truth about the Khojaly genocide and all the Armenian atrocities in Nagorny Karabakh, their scale and brutality, to the countries of the world, their parliaments and the public at large and achieve the recognition of these atrocities as an act of genocide. This is the humane duty of every citizen before the spirits of the Khojaly martyrs. An international legal and political assessment of the tragedy and proper punishment of the ideologues, organizers and executors are important in order to avoid in future such barbarous acts against humanity as a whole... Heydar Aliyev President of the Republic of Azerbaijan 25 February 2002 1 Background 7 Mass Media 13 The Washington Post, The Independent, The Sunday Times, The Times, The Washington Times, The New
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720S and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal
    ARMEN M. AIVAZIAN The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720s and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal Center for Policy Analysis American University of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia 1997 Copyright © 1997 Center for Policy Analysis American University of Armenia 40 Marshal Bagramian Street Yerevan, 375019, Armenia U.S. Office: 300 Lakeside Drive Oakland, California 94612 This research was carried out in the Center for Policy Analysis at American University of Armenia supported in part by a grant from the Eurasia Foundation. First Edition Printed in Yerevan, Armenia Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................v 1. Introduction.........................................................................1 2. Historical Background.........................................................4 The International Setting Armenian Self-Rule in Karabakh and Kapan and the Armenian Armed Forces The Traditional Military Units of the Karabakh and Kapan Meliks The Material Resources and Local Manufacture of Arms Armenian Military Personnel in Georgia Armenian Military Personnel in the Iranian Service The External Recognition of Armenian Self-Rule in Karabakh and Kapan 3. The Rise of Anti-Armenian Attitudes and Its Ramifications...........................................................21 Preliminary Notes Documents The Irano-Armenian Conflict (1722-1724) Ottoman Decision-Making and Exercise on Extermination During the 1720s The Armenian Casualties Forced Islamization of the Armenian Population The Motives for Anti-Armenian Attitudes
    [Show full text]
  • Peace in Caucasus
    APRIL 23, 2016 Mirror-SpeTHE ARMENIAN ctator Volume LXXXVI, NO. 40, Issue 4434 $ 2.00 NEWS The First English Language Armenian Weekly in the United States Since 1932 INBRIEF Gymnast Houry Gebeshian Qualifies for Olympics RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil — Armenian- American gymnast Houry Gebeshian will be the first female gymnast to represent Armenia at the Olympics, after placing 21st out of 36 competitors and qualifying at the Pre- Olympic Test Event in Rio on April 17. Gebeshian was born in Auburndale, Mass. in 1989, Armenian Genocide Commemoration Billboards Installed in Massachusetts but obtained Armenian citi- zenship in 2010 to be eligi- WATERTOWN — Peace of Art, Inc. continues its annual leaders and dignitaries, including French President Francois ble to compete for Armenia. Armenian Genocide commemoration campaign in various Hollande, Russian President Vladimir Putin, the presidents of She lives in Cleveland, Ohio. Massachusetts cities during the month of April with digital bill- Serbia and Cyprus. Together they placed their roses into the She was admitted to this final qualifier due to boards dedicated to the 101st anniversary of the Armenian main Centennial wreath. It would have been wonderful to see a strong performance at the first round in the Genocide. “On April 24, 2015 at the Tsitsernakaberd Armenian the U.S. president himself in attendance, placing a rose in 2015 World Championships at Glasgow last Genocide memorial in Yerevan, I participated in the 100th memory of the 1.5 million Armenian Christian victims of 1915 October. anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. I witnessed Armenian to 1923,” Said Daniel Varoujan Hejinian, president and Gebeshian has a GoFundMe page children presenting a yellow rose to each of the many foreign founder of Peace of Art, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaking to One Another: Personal Memories of the Past in Armenia and Turkey
    Speaking to One Another: Personal Memories of the Past in Armenia and Turkey Wish they hadn’t left L E Y L A N EYZİ Whom to forgive? What to forgive? H R A N U S H K HARATYAN- A RAQELYAN Published by: Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes (dvv international) ISBN 978-3-88513-780-1 Project coordinators: Matthias Klingenberg, Vanya Ivanova, Nazaret Nazaretyan Editor (Turkey section): Liz Erçevik Amado Editor (Armenia section): Nouneh Dilanyan Translator from Armenian to English: Samvel Simonyan Design & Layout: Maraton Dizgievi Cover photo: © Parajanov Museum Yerevan Photographs (Turkey section): © Sibel Maksudyan Print: MAS Matbaacılık A.Ş. Hamidiye Mahallesi, Soğuksu Caddesi, No: 3 Kağıthane-İstanbul-Türkiye +90 212 294 10 00 • [email protected] Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the Pub- lisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The Publisher asks to be furnished with copies of any such reproductions. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2010 dvv international dvv international Obere Wilhelmstraße 32 – 53225 Bonn Federal Republic of Germany Tel: +49/228-975 69-0 Fax: +49/228-975 69-55 [email protected] www.dvv-international.de For further
    [Show full text]
  • Armenian Tourist Attraction
    Armenian Tourist Attractions: Rediscover Armenia Guide http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Armenie-Armenia/all/Rediscover%20Arme... rediscover armenia guide armenia > tourism > rediscover armenia guide about cilicia | feedback | chat | © REDISCOVERING ARMENIA An Archaeological/Touristic Gazetteer and Map Set for the Historical Monuments of Armenia Brady Kiesling July 1999 Yerevan This document is for the benefit of all persons interested in Armenia; no restriction is placed on duplication for personal or professional use. The author would appreciate acknowledgment of the source of any substantial quotations from this work. 1 von 71 13.01.2009 23:05 Armenian Tourist Attractions: Rediscover Armenia Guide http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Armenie-Armenia/all/Rediscover%20Arme... REDISCOVERING ARMENIA Author’s Preface Sources and Methods Armenian Terms Useful for Getting Lost With Note on Monasteries (Vank) Bibliography EXPLORING ARAGATSOTN MARZ South from Ashtarak (Maps A, D) The South Slopes of Aragats (Map A) Climbing Mt. Aragats (Map A) North and West Around Aragats (Maps A, B) West/South from Talin (Map B) North from Ashtarak (Map A) EXPLORING ARARAT MARZ West of Yerevan (Maps C, D) South from Yerevan (Map C) To Ancient Dvin (Map C) Khor Virap and Artaxiasata (Map C Vedi and Eastward (Map C, inset) East from Yeraskh (Map C inset) St. Karapet Monastery* (Map C inset) EXPLORING ARMAVIR MARZ Echmiatsin and Environs (Map D) The Northeast Corner (Map D) Metsamor and Environs (Map D) Sardarapat and Ancient Armavir (Map D) Southwestern Armavir (advance permission
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas De Waal the Caucasus
    THE CAUCASUS This page intentionally left blank THE CAUCASUS AN INTRODUCTION Thomas de Waal 1 2010 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data de Waal, Thomas. The Caucasus : an introduction / Thomas de Waal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9; 978-0-19-539977-6 (pbk.) 1. Caucasus Region—Politics and government. 2. Caucasus Region—History. 3. Caucasus Region—Relations—Russia. 4. Russia—Relations—Caucasus Region. 5. Caucasus Region—Relations—Soviet Union. 6. Soviet Union—Relations—Caucasus Region. I. Title. DK509.D33 2010 947.5—dc22 2009052376 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Zoe This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • European Court of Human Rights
    GRAND CHAMBER DECISION Application no. 40167/06 Minas SARGSYAN against Azerbaijan The European Court of Human Rights, sitting on 14 December 2011 as a Grand Chamber composed of: Nicolas Bratza, President, Jean-Paul Costa, Christos Rozakis, Françoise Tulkens, Josep Casadevall, Nina Vajić, Corneliu Bîrsan, Peer Lorenzen, Boštjan M. Zupančič, Elisabet Fura, Alvina Gyulumyan, Khanlar Hajiyev, Egbert Myjer, Sverre Erik Jebens, Giorgio Malinverni, George Nicolaou, Luis López Guerra, judges, and Michael O’Boyle, Deputy Registrar, Having regard to the above application lodged on 11 August 2006, Having regard to the decision of 11 March 2010 by which the Chamber of the First Section to which the case had originally been assigned relinquished its jurisdiction in favour of the Grand Chamber (Article 30 of the Convention), 2 SARGSYAN v. AZERBAIJAN DECISION Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant, Having regard to the comments submitted by the Armenian Government, Having regard to the oral submissions of the parties and the third party at the hearing on 15 September 2010, Having deliberated on 15, 16 and 22 September 2010 and on 14 December 2011 decides, on the last-mentioned date as follows: THE FACTS 1. The applicant, Mr Minas Sargsyan, is an Armenian national who was born in 1929 and died in 2009. His widow, Lena Sargsyan, born in 1936 and their children, Vladimir, Tsovinar and Nina Sargsyan, born in 1957, 1959, and 1966 respectively, have expressed the wish to pursue the application on his behalf. The applicant is represented before the Court by Ms N.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict and the Crisis in Turkey's Domestic
    INSTITUTE FOR SECURITY POLICY (ISP) WORKING PAPER THE NAGORNO KARABAKH CONFLICT AND THE CRISIS IN TURKEY'S DOMESTIC POLITICS by Arif ASALIOGLU International Institute of the Development of Science Cooperation (MIRNAS) VIENNA 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 3 II. ISOLATION LED ANKARA TO THE KARABAKH CRISIS ............................................................................. 6 III. THE ERDOGAN REGIME CONTINUES TO PLAY WITH FIRE AND TO SPREAD FIRE AROUND ITSELF .... 9 IV. “WE SENT MILITANTS TO AZERBAIJAN.” ................................................................................................. 11 V. MOST OF THE TIME IS WASTED ................................................................................................................ 12 VI. RUSSIA AND TURKEY MAY HAVE STRONG DISAGREEMENT ................................................................ 14 VII. CONCLUSION: THE RISK OF CONFRONTATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND TURKEY ................................ 16 1 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arif Asalioglu is General Director of the International Institute of the Development of Science Cooperation (MIRNAS). Graduated from the faculty of foreign languages of the Kyiv State Linguistic University. From 2011 to 2014, General Director of the Turkish-Russian Cultural Center, Moscow. Since 2014, General Director of the International Institute for the development of Science Cooperation in Moscow;
    [Show full text]
  • WAR for KARABAKH 2020: Origins, Reasons, Results
    Patriotic war – 2020 By Oleg KUZNETSOV, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor (Moscow, Russia) WAR FOR KARABAKH 2020: Origins, Reasons, Results 16 www.irs-az.com 47, SPRING 2021 www.irs-az.com 17 Patriotic war – 2020 Cannons of the Azerbaijani army fire at Armenian fortifications in Karabakh On 10 November 2020, the fourth Armenian- seven adjacent administrative districts of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani war in the last two centuries ended. It has the expulsion of 1.2 million ethnic Azerbaijanis from already gone down in the history of the independent their homes (500,000 from Armenia and 700,000 from Azerbaijani state as a Patriotic war. The first of them, the occupied territories). So the Armenian-Azerbaijani which thanks to the tsar’s governor in the Caucasus, conflict did not start yesterday, it has a history of more Count I. Vorontsov-Dashkov, was labeled as the than a century, and the recent developments around “Armenian-Tatar massacre” in which 158 Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh that attracted the attention of the and 128 Armenian settlements were destroyed and world community are only a small part of it, very brief up to 10,000 people died, happened back in 1905- and not particularly significant in terms of spatial and 1906. In the second war, which occurred in 1918- geographical localization. 1920, the fighting involved the armies of the Dashnak If one looks at the history of the Armenian- Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Azerbaijani confrontation with an honest and impartial Republic. The war and the genocide of the civilian view, one can see that it has never stopped over the population was stopped only at the end of 1920, after past one and a half centuries.
    [Show full text]