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Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: the Case of Armenian Democratization

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Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: the Case of Armenian Democratization Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2009 Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization Arus Harutyunyan Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Harutyunyan, Arus, "Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization" (2009). Dissertations. 667. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/667 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTESTING NATIONAL IDENTITIES IN AN ETHNICALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE: THE CASE OF ARMENIAN DEMOCRATIZATION by Arus Harutyunyan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Advisor: Emily Hauptmann, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 2009 Copyright by Arus Harutyunyan 2009 UMI Number: 3354070 Copyright 2009 by Harutyunyan, Arus All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3354070 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the Graduate College at Western Michigan University for the Gwen Frostic Doctoral Fellowship that provided critical and timely funding for the administration of my public opinion survey in Armenia. I am also thankful for the Patricia Lee Thompson Dissertation Award and Graduate College Dissertation Completion Fellowship that supported the final stages of writing my dissertation. Finally, my work would not have been complete without Dr. Julie Scrivener's invaluable editorial expertise. I am indebted forever to the Department of Political Science at Western Michigan Uni­ versity. My department not only supported me financially throughout the years of my graduate studies, but also relentlessly guided me towards becoming a better teacher and researcher. My special gratitude goes to my dissertation committee members: Dr. Sybil Rhodes, Dr. J. Kevin Corder, Dr. Vyacheslav G. Karpov, and Dr. Gerard J. Libaridian. Their critical com­ ments and challenging criticisms on several drafts of this dissertation have been invaluable signif­ icantly improving various arguments in this work. I owe a special debt to my mentor and my source of inspiration—my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Emily Hauptmann. She challenged and stimulated my critical thinking, and has given me unfailing support throughout my doctoral studies. I have been extremely fortunate with my parents-in-law, George and Judith Miller, who cushioned me with a circle of support, love, and encouragement since the first day I met them. Several arguments in this work have been refined as a result of long analytical discussions on the Armenian politics and methodological issues with my parents, Leonid and Nelli Harutyunyan. Acknowledgments—continued My toughest critic, however, has been my husband, Scott Wallace. Several ideas of this disser­ tation have been shaped and refined as a result of his analytical advice, keen viewpoint, and selfless support. Arus Harutyunyan in TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Setting the Stage: What, Why, How? 1 1.2 Why Study National Identity in an Ethnically Homogeneous State? 4 1.3 Conceptual Framework 13 1.4 Some Theoretical Considerations on National Identity Typologies: Civic and Ethnic Types versus Liberal Nationalist and Ethno-Nationalist Types 27 1.5 South Caucasus as a Reflection of Primordial Identities and the Soviet Legacy Hypothesis 34 1.6 Organization of Dissertation 40 2. ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF KEY ISSUES CENTRAL TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: GENOCIDE AND RELATIONS WITH TURKEY—THE POLITICS OF REMEMBERING 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Genocide 44 2.3 Ottoman Turkey and the Armenian Question 46 2.4 The Soviet Union and the Armenian Question 53 2.5 Diaspora and the Armenian Cause 57 2.6 Armenian Question or Question for Armenians? Liberal Nationalist Politics of Remembering 70 2.7 Resenting the Past, Resisting the Future: Ethno-Nationalist Politics of Remembering 83 IV Table of Contents—continued CHAPTER 2.8 Reflections: Politics of Remembering 97 2.9 Conclusions 110 3. ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF KEY ISSUES CENTRAL TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: WAR IN MOUNTAINOUS KARABAGH AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS—THE POLITICS OF TERRITORY 118 3.1 Introduction 118 3.2 From Ancient Times to Persian and Tsarist Russian Empires 121 3.3 World War I, British Empire, and Bolshevik Revolution 125 3.4 Soviet Era: Carving NKAO 131 3.5 Legacy of Soviet Nationality Policies 135 3.6 From Karabagh Movement and Karabagh Committee to Armenian National Movement and Independence 152 3.7 War in Mountainous Karabagh and Possible Solutions: Package versus Step-by-Step Deals 159 3.8 Liberal Nationalist Politics of Territory 162 3.9 Ethno-Nationalist Politics of Territory 173 3.10 Summary and Conclusions 183 4. ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF KEY ISSUES CENTRAL TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: DUAL CITIZENSHIP—THE POLITICS OF BELONGTNGNESS 189 4.1 Introduction 189 4.2 Historical Overview of Migration Waves 190 4.3 The Politics of Civic Inclusion 194 4.4 The Politics of Ethnic Inclusion 200 4.5 Discriminating From Within: Old Diaspora Versus New Diaspora and Armenian Citizens 208 4.6 Conclusions: The Politics of Belongingness 212 v Table of Contents—continued CHAPTER 5. QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL ELITES POLICY POSITIONS: USING INTERPARTY POLICY DISTANCES AS ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL IDENTITY 217 5.1 Introduction 217 5.2 Defining Concepts and Statement of Hypotheses 218 5.3 Statement of Research Methodology 220 5.3.1 Content Analysis Procedure and Data Sources 220 5.3.2 Party Platforms and Positional Method Tradition 220 5.3.3 Newspapers 222 5.3.4 Sampling of Newspapers and Units of Analysis 223 5.3.5 Coding Criteria (Platforms and Newspapers) and Extracting Contesting National Identity Categories From the Text 224 5.3.6 Reliability 225 5.4 Data Analysis 226 5.4.1 Identifying Party Policy Positions 226 5.5 Estimating Interparty Distances 234 5.5.1 Estimating Interparty Distances Based on Each Policy Position 234 5.5.2 Estimating Interparty Distances Across All Three National Identity Issues 238 5.6 Estimating Interparty National Identity Distances 241 5.7 Estimating the Significance of Interparty Distances for Policy Positions and National Identity 246 5.8 Results Summary and Conclusions 256 5.8.1 First Interval: 1993-1999 257 5.8.2 Second Interval: 1998-2003 259 5.8.3 Third Interval: 2002-2006V I 259 Table of Contents—continued CHAPTER 6. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON KEY ISSUES CENTRAL TO NATIONAL IDENTITY, POLITICAL TRUST, ETHICAL ISSUES AND DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES 262 6.1 Introduction 262 6.2 Public Opinion Survey 264 6.2.1 Explaining Indexes 264 6.2.2 Explaining Multiple Imputation Technique for Handling Missing Data 265 6.3 Why and How Liberal-Nationalist and Ethno-Nationalist Types Affect Political Trust, Ethical Issues, Democratic Values and Democratic Evaluation 267 6.3.1 National Identity and Political Trust 267 6.3.2 National Identity and Ethical Issues 269 6.3.3 National Identity and Democratic Attitudes 270 6.4 Survey Data Analysis: Part I - Comparing Public and Official Perceptions 273 6.4.1 Results Report on Issue 1: Genocide and Relations With Turkey 274 6.4.2 Results Report on Issue 2: War in Mountainous Karabagh and Possible Solutions 277 6.4.3 Results Report on Issue 3: Dual Citizenship 281 6.4.4 Conclusions: Part 1 286 6.5 Survey Data Analysis: Part II 287 6.5.1 Assessing the Effect of Contesting Approaches to Key Issues Central to National Identity and Overall National Identity on Political Trust, Ethical Issues and Democratic Attitudes 287 6.6 Results Report: Explaining Differences as a Result of Liberal Nationalist and Ethno-Nationalist Approaches to Key Issues Central to National Identity 291 6.6.1 Issue 1: Genocide, Political Trust, Ethical Issues and Democratic Attitudes 291 vn Table of Contents—continued CHAPTER 6.6.2 Issue 2: War, Political Trust, Ethical Issues and Democratic Attitudes 293 6.6.3 Issue 3: Dual Citizenship, Political Trust, Ethical Issues, and Democratic Attitudes 295 6.7 Conclusions 297 7. CONCLUSIONS 303 7.1 Discussion of Findings, Limitations, and Suggestions for Further Research 303 7.2 Theoretical Implication of the Study 317 7.2.1 National Identity and Political Trust 321 7.2.2 National Identity and Democratic Attitudes 323 7.2.3 National Identity and Ethical Issues 324 APPENDICES A. Coding: A Sample of Political Elites Positions on Key Issues
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