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Can Trophy Hunting The Save Elephants? pg. 6 Forest Offsets in Emerald Western Mass. pg. 27 Beauty and the Review Waste pg. 38 @ Boston University 2017-2018 China’s Investment in Africa and its Natural Resources Accuracy in Today’s Uncertain World of “SciComms” 1 CONTENTS Life Industry 6 Can Revenue From Trophy 34 Environmental Impacts of Hunters Save Zimbabwe’s Hollywood Elephants? 37 The Untapped Potential of 10 Increasing Anthropogenic Solar Microgrids Noise: Drowining out the Whales 39 Beauty and the Waste: The Environmental Impact of 13 The Green Gray Area: How Fashion Industry to Actually Save the Bees 30 Mixed Messages and Slick 16 The Past Present and Lobbying from Exxon Future of Animal Testing Executives Media 40 Accuracy in Uncertainty: The Challenges of Reporting on Climate Change 44 Is Climate Change Entertainment? Impact 46 The Role of Female Education in the Fight A Closer Look at China’s 18 Against Climate Change Investment in Africa 23 The Trump Administration’s Efforts to Urban Cripple the EPA 48 A More Connected Massachusetts 25 Clean Water Rule Repeal: Carte Blanch to 52 Uncertain Outcomes: The Manufacters or Challenges of Environmental Protection Privately-Funded Transit 27 Forest Offsets Show 55 Cigarette Butt Litter: A Promise in Western Problem Left Unnoticed Massachusetts 2 3 STAFF THE EMERALD REVIEW CW SB 1 2 3 4 5 6 he past year for the review has been fast and transformative. We wel- 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tcomed new faces, new articles, and new environmental challenges to over- come. After due consideration, the editorial staff endorsed The Emerald Review as the new name with the hopes of strengthen- 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ing the position and brand of the review into the future. The name is an homage 1. Katie Wolgamuth 8. Michael Baker 15. Tova Levin Editor-in-Chief Advertising / Outreach Staff Writer to Boston University’s nestled location College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences among the City of Boston’s Emerald Neck- Class of 2018 Class of 2020 Class of 2020 lace park system and the nature of our published content. 2. Cory Willingham 9. Emelia Chamberlain 16. Sara Mack Managing Editor Photo Editor Staff Writer The Emerald Necklace was designed College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences by Frederick Law Olmsted, a revered Class of 2020 Class of 2018 College of Communication park-pioneer, to connect the Boston Com- Class of 2020 mon to Franklin Park in the early 1800s. 3. Aarti Arora 10. Ethan Brown 17. Ahalya Mahindra Copy Editor Staff Writer Staff Writer Though incomplete, the park connects College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences the Common to the Public Garden, Com- Class of 2018 College of Communication Class of 2020 monwealth Avenue Mall, Fens, Riverway, Class of 2021 and more down to the Arboretum, and 4. Sara Brennan 11. Miranda Bryson 18. Oleksandra Torubara Editor Staff Writer Staff Writer also includes Franklin Park. College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences Much like the parks, The Emerald Re- Class of 2018 Class of 2020 Class of 2020 view continues to grow despite being un- finished. We look forward to continued 5. Chance Rogala 12. Katie Camero 19. Emily Wexler support from our readers and writers as Editor Staff Writer Staff Writer College of Arts & Sciences College of Communication College of Arts & Sciences the review evolves. Class of 2020 Class of 2019 Class of 2021 Katie Wolgamuth, Editor-in-Chief 6. Andrew Kelbley 13. Rachel Gentile 20. Nicole Wheatman Editor Staff Writer Staff Writer College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences Class of 2021 College of Communication Class of 2018 Class of 2020 7. Sacha de Jong 14. Frances Gould 21. Olivia Williams Website Editor / Publisher Staff Writer Staff Writer Sargent College College of Arts & Sciences College of Arts & Sciences Class of 2020 Class of 2020 Class of 2020 4 5 CAN REVENUE FROM TROPHY HUNTERS SAVE ZIMBABWE’S ELEPHANTS? For conservationists, trophy hunting is unethi- cal and risks biodiversity, but for the animals, trophy hunters may be the only reason they are still alive ast November, President Trump an- nounced the reversal of a 2014 ban on Lelephant trophy imports from Zimba- bwe and Zambia. Following backlash from animal rights and conservation activists, Trump placed the reversal on hold two days later “until such time as I review all conserva- tion facts.” African elephants remain an en- dangered and dwindling species – the 2016 African Elephant Status Report estimated the African elephant population to be 415,428, a 104,000-114,000 drop since 2006. While a ban on elephant trophy hunting sounds like a compelling conservation strategy, elephant population declines have stemmed primarily from illegal poaching, and legal trophy hunt- ing can provide much-needed money for el- ephant conservation efforts. From a purely economic standpoint, le- galized and commercialized trophy hunting ensures the continued supply of elephants by giving them monetary value. While the ethics of treating animals as commodities 6 7 are debatable, economic lan- success with similar con- ing the conservation through guage proves extremely use- servation approaches, while trophy hunting strategy ful in describing the link be- most countries that have ne- prove difficult as both sides tween trophy hunting and glected to implement these are so morally flawed. Alter- conservation. Economists use conservation strategies, like nate policies, such as using the term “common resource” Tanzania and Mozambique, revenue from tourists and to describe commodities for have had their elephant pop- photographers, prove inef- which there is no way to pre- ulations destroyed. While it fective because tourists re- vent people from using the is counterintuitive to legalize fuse to pay the exorbitant commodity and for which one the killing of elephants in or- prices that trophy hunters person’s use of the commodity der to protect them, in reality, pay for their animals. Also, diminishes the quantity and/ it may be the most promising people hunt elephants not or quality of the commodity approach. just for trophies, but to har- for others. Wild elephants are In writing, Zimbabwe has vest ivory, which, while in- a common resource because embraced these conserva- ternationally illegal to trade, people cannot be prevented tion strategies as well. One is extremely valuable in Chi- from hunting them and ev- of Zimbabwe’s key elephant Zimbabwean army captured In light of this corruption, nese culture for its aesthetic ery person who kills an ele- conservation efforts is an or- their (former) president Rob- President Obama’s 2014 ban properties and toolmaking phant diminishes the quan- ganization called CAMPFIRE ert Mugabe and placed him on Zimbabwean elephant tro- utility. In contemplating the tity of elephants available for (Community Areas Manage- under house arrest, forcing phy imports served not as a ethics of hunting, one must future hunters. Policies such ment Programme for Indige- him to resign and allowing myopic undermining of tro- consider both the costs and as granting land owners own- nous Resources). CAMPFIRE Emmerson Mnangagwa to phy hunting as a conservation the benefits, including sub- ership of the elephants on directly pays a large portion of take over. Amid drastic and strategy but as a prompt for sistence, overpopulation their land and charging a fee their revenue (70% of which contentious changes to the Zimbabwe to reexamine their management, sport, or ob- to hunt said elephants would comes from elephant trophy Zimbabwean government, corruption. Economists and taining or selling valuable make elephants more exclud- “elephant hunting) back to rural com- people have doubted the func- politicians debate the idea of parts of the animal. able, result in less hunting, munities so they can afford tionality and integrity of Zim- using protection policies as During an interview in the and generate revenue for the conservation to manage their land. CAMP- babwe’s elephant conserva- a bargaining chip to prompt 2017 documentary Trophy, conservation of elephant pop- FIRE serves around 777,000 tion efforts. Many speculate other countries to change. John Hume, a South African ulations. through tro- rural and impoverished that corrupt government offi- Proponents argue that the oth- who owns the world’s largest These elephant monetiza- households, each with an av- cials steal the money from tro- er country would change, mo- rhinoceros farm, says, “Give tion policies work well when erage income of $1 per day. phy hunters for themselves, tivated to restore free trade. me one animal that has gone executed properly. In 1996, phy hunting Through CAMPFIRE’s work, denying rural communities Critics point out that if the oth- extinct while farmers were the government of Namibia rural communities improve the funding they need to con- er country does not change, as breeding it and making mon- began granting rural commu- only works if their relationships with ele- serve elephants. Based on is the case with Zimbabwe, the ey out of it. There’s not one.” nities the power to work with phants and are incentivized to Zimbabwe’s elephant popu- first country suffers: either Hume’s point, that humans private ecotourism compa- the revenue manage the elephant popula- lation trends in recent years, they keep the protection and will always conserve some- nies to create markets for el- tions. While many people see these speculations may have hurt their economy or they re- thing that generates profit, ephant trophy hunting. The elephants as a nuisance due merit. Zimbabwe suffered a move the protection and ap- demonstrates the potential program has generated mil- truly goes to their destructive behavior, 6% decrease in elephant pop- pear weak on the internation- for legalized trophy hunting.