The European Union’s Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) Country Based Support Scheme Turkey Programme Minority Citizens – Equal Citizens Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey This project is funded by Association for the Support of the European Union Greek Community Foundations Association for the Support of Greek Community Foundations Istanbul, February 2015 Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey Minority Citizens-Equal Citizens EU Project Project Partner: Ecumenical Federation of Constantinopolitans Project Coordinator: Marina Drymalitou Project Steering Committee: Laki Vingas Frango Karaoğlan Nikolaos Ouzounoglou Sula Kapudağ Rika Pandelara Ioakim Billis Yorgos Kasapoğlu Nikos Sigalas Yanis Demircoğlu Book Design and Graphics Application: istos publications This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and implementing partner and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Association for the Support of Greek Community Foundations. The European Union’s Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) Country Based Support Scheme Turkey Programme Minority Citizens – Equal Citizens Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey CONTENTS Introductory Note 3 Greek Minority Foundations: their role and importance for the future of the Greek-Orthodox minority in Turkey Konstantinos Tsitselikis 11 The de-politicization of minority citizens: The case of the Greeks of Turkey Nikos Sigalas 43 Imvros & Tenedos: From yesterday to today Valeria Antonopoulou-Imvrian Association 57 The problems of the involuntary expatriated Greek-Orthodox community of Istanbul Ecumenical Federation of Constantinopolitans 83 The structure and problems of the Christian communities living in the Hatay and Mersin region and suggested solutions Fadi Hurigil 109 “Minority Citizens – Equal Citizens” - Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey 3 Introductory Note The present publication takes place in the framework of the European Project entitled «Minority Citizens-Equal Citizens» that was implemented by the Association for the Support of Greek Community Foundations (RUMVADER) from December 2012 to February 2015. To be noted that the Ecumenical Federation of Constantinopolitans (E.FE.CON.) also participated as a partner in the Project. The publication includes monitoring reports on the Greek minority in Tur- key, outlining the present situation of the Community, without any effort to embellish it, while also expressing publicly its concerns. At the same time, these texts propose recommendations on the chronic problems of the mi- nority addressing authorities and institutions as well as the internal part of the Community itself. These reports represent the first systematic attempt of the Community itself to record and highlight the issues that have resulted in the deprivation of the full enjoyment of the rights of an equal citizen by its members. Therefore, the said reports are an important tool for bringing these problems to the attention of the general public on behalf of the Community “Minority Citizens – Equal Citizens” - Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey 4 (the reports were published in three different languages, Greek, Turkish and English). The five thematic reports were selected by the Project Steering Com- mittee in consultation with partners and stakeholders, taking into account the objectives of this project and based also on the following criteria: i) to include all groups that exist within the Community, ii) to touch on the thorn- iest problems and iii) to highlight proposals and document solutions for the above. More specifically, the five reports are signed by an equal number of in- dividuals and organizations representing the Community. The first report, signed by the prominent professor with a profound knowledge of Greek community issues, Mr. Konstantinos Tsitselikis, analyzes the operation and role of the community foundations, which constitute the only recognized le- gal entity of the minority according to Turkish law. The second one, written by the scholar and historian, Mr. Nikos Sigalas, who has lived for more than a decade closely to the Greek community, ana- lyzes the progressive de-politicization of communities, from 1923 onwards, which contributed to the gradual marginalization of minority citizens in Tur- key from the decision-making centers at both local and national level. Finally, the remaining three reports aim at a comprehensive narrative and analysis of the problems facing specific groups, which represent an integral part of the Greek community’s backbone, i.e., those of Imvros (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada), the expatriate Constantinopolitans and the Ortho- dox Christians of Antakya. These groups were originally set as target groups of the present program. As stated above, the present publication is formally encompassed in the objectives of the European project entitled “Minority Citizens-Equal Citizens.” The key objective of the project activities from the very outset was to encourage and support the Greek-Orthodox community so as to enhance its self-esteem and its capacity to express itself coherently, constructively and effectively in political processes at every level. More than forty events, seminars, meetings and conference sessions were held during the project’s implementation reaching out to over a thou- sand people, both members of the Community and members of other mi- “Minority Citizens – Equal Citizens” - Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey 5 norities as well as the wider Turkish society. Highly circulated newspapers presented very often the project activities while reflecting the views of com- munity members in an objective and meaningful way. Moreover, the social media presence of the Community as a whole has considerably increased enhancing thus its interaction with the wider Turkish public opinion and con- tributing to its opening up to the broader social context. The creation of communication channels and the promotion of collaboration with civil socie- ty groups and non-governmental organizations have also been remarkable. In this regard, on an internal level, the «Minority Citizens-Equal Citizens» Project provided the opportunity to strengthen the internal bonds of the Community with the community groups of Imvros (Gökçeada), Tenedos (Bo- zcaada), Antakya and the community of Constantinopolitans abroad, hence confirming the cohesion, solidarity and unity among its members. Equally important was the know-how acquired by the Association for the Support of Greek Community Foundations (RUMVADER) which is the sole coordinating body of community activities, in implementing initiatives aimed at mobilizing its members over the challenges currently facing the minority. To this end, the implementation of the project was multi-faceted with multiple benefits in different fields. Targeted actions addressing commu- nity members intended to regenerate their interest to participate in com- munity affairs, institutions and group activities while enhancing the climate of dialogue and inclusiveness. Furthermore, these activities which aimed at reflecting on the concepts of democracy, transparency, accountability and participation in the Community, away from dividing lines and categori- zations, pave the way for a broader reflection on how the Community itself can envision the future and on how to establish a common framework for a relevant discussion. Lastly, both the development of specific skills related to citizenship and sound management and the presentation of best practices from Turkey and other communities like the Jewish community, are an impor- tant legacy and inspiration for the years to come. The project, also, initiated the mapping and privileged the involvement in community activities of the younger, vigorous generation of the Greek minority. It also helped to open contact channels and introduce to the Com- munity Greek nationals who have moved to Istanbul in recent years, many “Minority Citizens – Equal Citizens” - Monitoring Reports about the Greek Community in Turkey 6 establishing themselves in the country and acquiring not only professional, but also personal and family ties in this country. All the above results and findings will be evaluated and will remain as a legacy to RUMVADER, so that they can be analyzed and endorsed in support of reforming community structures in the next years. Apart from the directly measurable quantitative variables of the project’s activities, the na- ture and character of these activities bring more long-term outcomes. The seed fell on fertile ground and with the necessary sense of purpose and with constant effort by the community members it will grow and bear the expected fruits. During the implementation of this project, RUΜVADER found many allies both inside and outside the Community to whom warm thanks are extended. First of all, the undivided support to this effort by His All-Holiness the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was of utmost importance for the impact and success of the project, encouraging us spiritually as well as supporting us with His presence in many of the activities. The staff of the European Union Delegation in Ankara, and particularly Ms. Sema Kiliçer, was the first who shared with us the conviction that such a project would benefit