United Nations 1305th GENERAL PLENARY MEnlNG ASSEMBLY Wednesday~ 16Deoember 1964~ at 3 p.m. NINETEENTH SESSION Official Records NEW YORK

CONTENTS 5. As I stated in this Assembly on 14 D~cember Page. [1301st meeting], the People's Republic of China is Item 9 of the provisional agenda: Wlin occupation of 14,500 square miles of Indianterri­ General debate (oontinued) tory"; it is surprising that the representative of Statement by the representative of India. •• 1 Albania, in utter disregard of this patent fact, should Statement by the representative ofAlbania • 1 make an utterly baseless accusation against India. Speeoh by Mr• .Bourguiba (Tunisia) •••••• 3 India is not occupying even an inch of the territory Speeoh by Mr. Hanan (New Zealand) ••••• 9 of the People's Republic of China. Speeoh by Mr. AI-Sabah (Kuwait) ••••••• 13 6. India accepted the proposals put forward in all Speeoh by Mr. Mayaki (Niger) ••••••••• 16 sincerity by six non-alignedStates: BUl"ma,Cambodia, Speeoh by Mr. Mbazumutima (Burundi) ••• 18 Ceylon, Ghana, Indonesia and the United Arab Re­ public. On the other hand, it is China which, while President: Mr. Alex QUAISON-SACKEY proclaiming its readiness to accept the proposals in (Ghana). principle, took all possible steps to ignore them. Of late it has been ridiculing and criticizing those pro­ posals. By continuing to enjoy the. fruits of aggres­ ITEM 9 OF THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA sion, China has clearly refused to enter into negotia­ tions except on its own terms. This is a positior! General debate (continued) which quite understandably is unacceptable to In~iia. 1. The PRESIDENT: Before calling on the first speaker in the general debate for this afternoon, 7. Albania can well afford to believe in the peaceful I shall call on the representative of India, who has characte~ of the People's Republic of China, secure asked for the floor in exercise of the right of reply. in the knowledge that the vast Eurasian land me;ss separates it from China, and secure in the belief 2. Mr. SWARAN SINiiH (India); ,I am constrained to that the People's Republic of China has no interest exercise my right of reply. ,a~· the representative of in physically integrating it when ideologically it has Albania in his statement this morning[1304thmeeting] already been integrated with China. We, too, had been made certain wild and baseless allegations aga.J.nst led to believe in the peacefUlintentionsofthe People's India. It is not my wish to enter into a dialogue with Republic .of China-a country which we had always him, but I shall say a few words to refute his false tried to befriend. The Chinese attack, therefore, ~\ .. . allegations and distortion of facts, in order to put the caught us completely unprepared; it was all the more record straight. of a shock to us as it was least expected. While 3. The representative of Albania attempted to brush Albania is at liberty to hold any views it likes, it can aside the inconvenient fact of Chinese aggression hardly blame us if, as a result ofour own experience, against India and sought to confuse the issue·. by we can no longer believe in ~he peaceful intentions of placing before the Assembly the version of the case the People's Republic of China. as presented by the People's Republic of China. As 8. The PRESIDENT: In exercise of his rightofreply, a close follower of the People's Republic of China, I give the floor 'to the representative of Albania. he has no option but to accept that version as gospel truth; otherwise it would be heresyonhis part. There­ 9. Mr. SHTYLLA (Albania) (translatedfrom French): fore I have no intention 'of replying to all the baseless I apologize for taking the 'floor again, but I must allegations and distortions of fact contained in his exercise my right of reply in connexion with the statement. statement just made by the representative of India. 4. The wpole world, with very few exceptions, like First 'of all I must say that for the Government which Albania, is well aware of the fact that the People's Mr. 8ingh represents, accusing China in its absence Republic of China invaded ·India and forcibly occupied is not a new tactic. The same thing happened at the Indian territory. The facts of the CMnese aggression last Conference of Non-Aligned Countries held at have been brOUght out clearly and lucidly innumerous CairoY and was repeated here the day' before yester­ letters and noteb sent to Peking by the Govern~entof day [1301st meeting] and again today. Yet I believe India over the past few years. They fully refute the that, even in politics, there is a rule of conduct which baseless claims on our territory madeby the People's requires one to criticize only in the presenceof those Republic of China. They are contained in published criticized. documents, and those who wish may care to study them in order to jUdge for themselves the truth of 11 Second Conference of Heads of State orG(l'je~nmentof Non-Aligned the matter. Countries held frorn 5 to 10 October 1964. i, -,0 1 A/PV.1305 2 ... General Assembly'"-Nineteenth Session ,;... PlenaryMee mgs .

10. In attempting to be witty, the representative of "The Chinese Government 'has already published Go India has insulted us. He said that we were ideo­ a large amount of documents concerning the Sino­ tio logically integrated with China. In reply, I must say to Indian boundary question .and has no intention of Bu the representative of India that the People's Republic repeating them here. It will only make the following pal of Albania is a sovereign and independent country statement in refutation of the distortions and fee pursuing an independent policy and also that it has slanders made by the Indian leaders. friends; and loyalty to our friends is a characteristic car" of our people as well as one of the foundations of our "1. The Indian Prime Minister's allegation that of policy. I betray no secret when I say-and I am proud China has made no positive or friendly response aWl of it-that our friendship with China is dictated to the Colombo proposals is a travesty of the facts. neither by geography nor by economics, nor is it a In order to promote a peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian boundary question, the Chinese side " matter of allegiance. It is founded on principles, on par adopted a series of measures such as the ceasefire our COmmon ideologyI' Marxist-Leninism,which unites COl and withdrawal effected on its own initiathre, which communists, prolet~.rians and progressive men of all mal countries. Perhaps this is beyond the comprehension have far exceeded whatwas requestedin the Colombo the of the Indian representative but that is not my fault. proposals. The Colombo Conference nations know, utn and the Indian Government is aware too, that had it nati 11. Now, as for the facts. I shall again refrain from not been for these measures all taken on China's ove going into details. I can quite und~rstand that the ownint:i.ative, the Chinese frontier guards could not [, the possibly have withdrawn in Chinese territory 20 '.\ Indian representative is trying to justify his Govel'n­ ~. mel kilometres from the line of actual control along the ment's policy, but it is a well-established fact, as we :r:' Con mentioned this morning and even last year, that it whole Slno-Indian border and the present relaxa­ .~ beh was not China which attacked India. The truth is just tion on the Sino-Indian border could not have been Chi] the opposite and nothing can change it. achieved. tion "While talking glibly about accepting the Colombo of I 12. The representative of India has tried once agai.n mOl to distort the truth by acousing China of attacking proposals in toto, the Indian Government has in fact not only done nothing to relax the border situation, ficu India and occupying a part of Indian territory some COni 14,500 square miles in extent, as he alleged, quoting but has incessantly intruded into Chinese terrHory .from documents. But why shouldwe believe documents for harassment and provocations in an attempt to IIp intentionally prepared by India and not the actualfacts? create new tensions. bOUl Why should we believe that China has occupied a part "2. The Chinese Government has from the very Any of Indian territory when the reverse is true, when it outset stated that it accepted the Colombo proposals al~rE is India which continues to ccupy 90,000 square kilo­ as a basis for direct Sino-Indian negotiations. The unac metres of Chinese territory? responsibility for the failure up to now to hold "4 negotiations lies entirely with the Indian side. to s 13. I do not wish to go into the details of this ques­ neg( tion. However, since the representative of India has "The Indian External Affairs Minister asserted tion: again mentioned the Colombo Conference of six coun­ .that in taking the position as it does, China wanted que~ tries,lI and would have the General Assembly believe to benefit from aggression. This is turning the as I that while India has every intention of accepting the truth upside down. On the contrary the fact is that whic recommendations of that Conference, it isthe Chinese India is still illegally occupying more than 90,000 GOVI Government which ignores them, I take the liberty square kilometres of Chinese territory south of the to il of quoting an official document of the Government of so-called McMahon Line, whereas China has never fron the People's Republic of China, dated 9 October 1964, occupied a single inch of India's territory. Is it not negc which .throws full light on the question and places clear who has been committing aggression? As for CQnl responsibility for both the present situation and the India's demand for China's withdrawal from the pro}: rejection of the recommendations of the Colombo seven civilian posts as a precondition for negotia­ to bE Conferenc·::; as a basis for negotiations squarely on tions, it is utterly unreasonable. The land on which .well the shoulders of the Indian Government. The document these ·civii.ian posts are situated has always been pres in question is a statement by the Chinese Government Chinese territory under effective jurisdiction of the on the Sino-Indian boundary question, which was Chinese Government, and no Indian troops have ever "11 published in the Peking Review on 19 October 1964: been there. What right has India to ask China to Cola withdraw? China will not withd't'aw from any of the the ~ "Of late the Indian prime Minister and the Indian seven civilian posts. On the contrary, China has aime Minister I)f External Affairs have made successive every right to ask India to withdraw from the more atter statements in Cairo attacking China on the Sino­ than 90,000 square kilometres of China's territory mili1 Indian J:oundary question. The Chinese Government south of the illegal McMahon Line. However, in menI cannot but regret that the Indian leaders should order to seek a peaceful settlement of the Sino­ tice have taken advantage of the Conference of Non­ Indian boundary question throughnegotiations, China morE Aligned Countries held in Cairo to make anti­ has up to now not raised such a demand as a pre­ "T Chinese clamours. The Chinese Government firmly condition for negotiations. believes that such a line of action taken by India whol' runs diametrically counter to the wishes of the "3. The Chinese Government always welcomes the India overWhelming majority of the States to the Con­ efforts at impartial mediation on the part of the aid, ference of Non-Aligned Countries. Colombo Conference nations in promoting direct real} negotiations between China and India without involv­ "Tl 11 Conference held from 10 to 12 December 1962. ing themselves in the dispute. And the Chinese agair 1305th meeting-16 December 1964 3 Government has nb objection to any new consulta­ to hold------negotiatio'ns, the Chinese Government is tions by the Colombo Conference nations to this end. ready to start them with the Indian Government at But as is well known, the consent of both interested any time and at any place with the Colombo pro­ parties must be obtained before there can be ef­ posals as a basis. Otherwise, mere talk about recon­ fective mediation. ciliation will be of no avail." "And any proposal put forward by the mediators 14. I think the situation is quite clear to all the can only be a recommendation for the consideration members of the General Assembly. Again I regret of both sides and must in no case be an arbitral having to say that the Indian representative ohose the award to be imposed on either side. wrong place to make unfounded allegations and slan­ "At present, exploiting the opportunity of his derous statements about a peaceful country such as participation in the Conference of Non-Aligned the' People's Republic of China. They are part of a Countries in Cairo, the Indian Prime Minister is concerted campaign the aims of which are not al­ making distortions and slanders about China over together unrelated to the fact that the problem of the Sino-Indian boundary question, and is doing his the restoration of the lawful rights of the People's utmost to make use of the Colombo Conference Republic of China in the United Nations will again nations to bring pressure to bear upon China. More­ come up for consideration at this session of the over, the Indian Prime Minister is in Cairo while General Assembly. the Chinese Premier is not. The Chinese Govern­ 15. Mr. BOURGUIBA (Tunisia) (translated from ment holds that in these circumstances to motiv'ate French): Mr. President, your electionat the nineteenth consultations among the Colombo Conference nations session of the General Assembly is a cause of par­ behind China's back is unfair and therefore the ticular satisfaction to the Tunisian delegation. This Chinese Government cannot agree. Such consulta­ choice does honour to you and to the people of Ghana. tions not only cannot be of any help to the promotion It means that, for the second time, Africa at large of dirl1ct Sino-Indian negotiations, but will place has the signal honour of presiding over the work of more obstacles in their way, mhking it more dif­ the General Assembly of the United Nations. This ficult for the six Colombo Conference nations to choice places the experience and dedication of a conduct mediation in the future. citizen of the African continent at the service of the "Any substantive discussion about the Sino-Indian ideals of the United Nations. Allow me therefore to boundary question must be held with China present. offer you Tunisia's congratulations on this happy Any mediation or any proposal made withou.t the occasion and to express the hope that this session, a~~reement and not in the presence of China will be over which I am sure you will presidewith distinction unacceptable to the Chinese Government. and efficiency, will be one of co-operation and of achievement of the objectives of the United Nations. "4. As a matter of fact, India does not really want to settle the Sino-Indian boundary question through 16. Were I not aware of your qualifications, negotiations. If it really has a desire for negotia­ Mr. President, r might doubt your ability to replace i tions, it may raise in the course of the negotiations or succeed Mr. Carlos Sosa Rodriguez, who last year i questions which it thinks necessary to raise, just discharged with such distinction and efficiency the as China may in the negotiations raise questions responsibilities which you now assume. t which it thinks necelssary to raise. The Indian 17. Allow me also to express the hope, as the ) Government is fully aware that China will not agree Assembly has already done, that our Secretary­ to its unreasonable demand for China's withdrawal General will ~iery soon be able to return to his place I:' from the seven civilian posts as a precondition for at your side and to resume his activities. He is t negotiations. It also knows full well that the Colombo r Conference nations will not agree that the Colombo greatly missed. proposals should be regarded as an arbitral award 18. Another cause of satisfaction-of special sat­ to be accepted by China in toto. And it knows equally isfaction-to the Tunisian delegation is the opportunity n ,well that China will never submit to any international given to me of welcoming two more sister African n pressure. States, Malawi and Zambia, whioh have just been e "In continuously calling for the acceptance of the admitted to the Organization. Their admission is a r sign of the progress-slow progress it is true, but Colombo proposals in toto, China's withdrawalfrom o sure.....of decolonization. It strengthens Africanrepre­ e the seven civilian posts, etc., the Indian Government aims solely at opposing China, so as to divert the sentation in the Assembly and lends support to Africa's s efforts to find, with the help of thelJnited Nations, the attention of the people at home, seek U.S. and Soviet e most fitting solutions to the many problems besetting military aid, and pursue its policy of double align­ y it. These two countries,as eloquently stated by the ment under the cover of non-alignment. This prac­ n heads of their delegations [1288th meeting], will not tice .of the Indian leaders is being seen through by fail to bring to our work and to our deliberations more and mOl'e countries. a siucere co-operation and a productive contribution. "The Sino-Indian border situation has on the 19. The Tunisian delegation also takes special plea­ whole eased.' China does not feel thr~~atened by sure in congratulating Malta on its accession to India which has gained large quantities of foreign aid, it is the other neighbours of India that are independence and its admission to membership of our Organization. As is weB, known., Malta is more tb,an a really beiI!g threatened. neighbour to Tun:\sia. 1rhe Mediterranean character '- "The Chinese Government hereby declares "once and ethnic origiu$ of its people and the presence and again that if the Indian Gt)verl1ment really wishes participation of its nationals, to this day, in the

.. . I - ~,.-J' ~ • ~ • 4 General Assembly - Nineteenth session .- Plenary Meetings econom.ic life of my country, are basic factors. in (to say the least) and stubborn resistance, the con­ 31. the friendly relations which bind our two countries tinuing effects of which are unfortunately still being Afl and which, I am sure, will become ever stronger. felt to this day. wh 20. As in the past, we not only affirm the right of 26. My country responded, within the United Nations Afl all peoples to be present here; we uphold that right framework, to the appeal made by the Congo at the 32. without exceptionandwithoutreservation. We fervently time and did not hesitate, in particularly difficult Co hope that international relations will be freed of circumf3tances, to give that country aid and assist­ wil exclusions and prohibitions, apd that the Organization ance; it sent its troops and technicians, thus helping nat will be opened to all nations without discrimination. the Congo to overcome, in some small meaSUI'e, the 01'1 This can only strengthen the authority and effec­ difficulties resu.lting from the void left by the former the tiveness of. tt1e United Nations. It is only on the~'Se administ.ering Power. but terms that we can aspire to institute a universal 27. However, the l'eoent tragic and bloody events in ad, order and to build a better world, freed of hatred the CtJngo have aroused deep feelings in my country, prc and prejudice. which cannot remain indifferent to the fate of those 33. 21. It is time to recognize the rights of a country of thousands of innocent victims, Africans and others. I sI 700 million human beings and to a.llow it to resume While deploring the treatment inflicted on those held ASf its rightful place in our Organization; I am. referring as hostages-a practice whi.ch cannot today be fol­ COIl to the People's Republic of China. It is unseemly to lowed or contemplated-and condemning the massacre are continue to prevent so vast and important a country of innocent people, my Government is neyerthelt1SS of the from participating in our deliberations; we believe the view that such acts cannot be divorced from the to ] that to do so would be a very dangerous error at a general Congolese context; for it cannotbe overloo~~ed ope time when all our efforts are directed towards that the use of mercenaries, whose methods have to : strengthening world peace and towards general and brought them such sorry fame-they have even been cou complete disarmament. How can we make progress referred to, in journalistic terms, as "monsters"-is Nat in that direction if we fail to display realism? at the bottom of a great many of these e...rents which shock the conscience and the moral sense of the 34. hop, 22. We also fervently hope that thE) nations now worId. All these acts of interference, whose origin~. divided will find the way to unification and stability, are so diverse but which have in common the pro' so that they may join us and the United Nations family characteristic of being alien to the Congo, and which indt: may be expanded. The United Nations would then be have been condemned so often by both the United to s achieving its destiny, which is to be the instrument Nations and the Organization of African Unity, have univ.~rsal 35. of co-operation and of the universal will to brought about a situation of such complexity and dis( strengtnen world peace, and would be playing its true gravity that the Security Council has bf.len obliged, role in bringing the peoples together. nan once again, to turn its attention to this tra~"edy. to e 23. If the Organization is to be capable of meeting 28. The Tunisian Government, true to its tradition cir< its ever-growing responsibilities and accomplishing of plain dealing, will join in any concerted action, at pre: its historic miss;.on in the circumstances of today, either the African or the international level, which is imp it is essential that it should achieve the most complete aimed at puttln,g an end without dela.y to an foreign We universality and that its structure should be adapted intervention, in whatever form, and at devising any enc( to the changes which have occurred in the world. It measure calculated to heal the situation, to restore nin~ is not a sign of life to remain frozen in a cast which peace and to introduce stability in that part of Africa. beel was devised at a certain time (now past) and in a and world where there was not even one half of the 29. The fact that the recent events oocurr€d at a, atm present number of independent countries. time when the whole of Africa, conGerned :llt the our situation in the Congo, was striving to find a solution com 24. I should like to recall the great relief and grati­ and to restore order and security makes them all Statl fication with which last year we hailed the adoption the more regrettable. Org: of the General Assembly reeolution [1991 (XVIII)] 8t1'e providing for the enlargement of the Security Council 30. At the request of the Government of the Congo, in f1 and the Economic and Social Council. We hope that the ad hoc Commission of the Organization of African are nothing will hinder the attainment of th1)se goals and Unity, of which my country has the honour to be a the recognition of Africa's legitimate place in the member, was seized of the problem and deliberated imal to fE new international order. We therefore appeal to all with a view to finding the most effective ways and Member States, particularly to the permanent means of preventing any explosion and, perhaps, of 36. members of the Security Council, whose privileges remedying the situation. My delegation, which reaf­ tion are so great, to ratify the amendments which have firms here its full support for the recommendations prin been proposed to bring the Charter of the United of the Organization of African Unity, believes that Unit< Nations up to date; by so doing, they will help to wipe the solution to the Congolese problem must be found refo: out an injustice and to right the wrong done, in par­ in an African setting; this is natural, since a regional for ticular, to the continent of Africa, which even today solution must be sought before the problem is taken acco continues to bear the heavy legacy of the colonial era. up in a broader setting. However, the Organization of African Unity and its organs could not seriously hope 37. 25. Since 1960, Africa, with the Democratic Republic to work positvely towards that goal unless foreign of 0 of the Congo at its centre, has been beset with count­ interference in the Congo ceases and unless, more­ shou less difficulties. The efforts of the United Nations to over, the Powers concerned give them their complete thoSt restore order and to maintain the territorial in­ co-operation, without reservation and, most of all, draVl tegrity of the Congo encountered difficult conditions Without ulterior motives. oper lSliitUtiJICJ $ .3 i j. J L. 11IlUiUili .:: , liP. lE: " _lb. "MA: i. a" I J 1305th meeting-16 December 1964 5

31. My delegation therefore appeals to all States, the machinery of such operations, and of finding a African and other, to refrain from any activities solution which will enable the United Nations to g J which might hinder the efforts of the Organi.zation of undertake such operations with maximum effec':' African Unity to find a peaceful solution. s tiveness, speed and vigour. The provisions of the Charter are our constitution, but it mustnevertheless .e 32. The restoration of peace and stability in the be borne in mind that any rigid and uncompromising Lt Congo conti.nues to be Africa's primary objective. It will be achieved sooner and more effectively if all application of a given provision, which might have the effect of paralysing the' Organization, or of hindering .g nations give their full support to the efforts of the ,e Organization of African Unity towards that goal, in its work-even if only temporarily-would be highly lr the sense not only of support for the decisions taken, prejudicial to the cause of peace, and perhaps to the but alf;1o of another kind of support in the form of any very existence of the United Nations. The establish­ ment of a. satisfactory and effective pea.ce-keeping advice which those nati.ons feel able to give and ill promoting the implementation of the decisions. formula is most important, especially as it may be t,ne prelude to general and completedisarmament. 33. Reverting to the Uni,ted Nations more generally, 38" The notable advances achievedby modern science I shall recall that the nineteen.th sessionofthe General 9,nd technology are such that the destiny of mankind is Ld Assembly opened amid pessimistic speculations. It is at tile mercy of physical forces of a scale never L- co~orting to such obdurate optimists as we Tunisians befol1e known in history which can only be described ~e are to see-or to gliinpse-·that the danger menacing as terrifying when one considers that they may even of the future development of the Organization now seems le to have been partially dissipated, thanks to the co­ outstrip the will of man. To harmonize and control the~e ~d operation shown by all Member States and theirdesire forces in the i.nterest of peace and of better living conditions for mankind as a whole is the prime lTe to avoid. plunging the Organization into a crisis which objective of the United Nations. Disarmament is :m could only end in the disintegration of the United certain.ly the most immediate and most urgent aspect is Nations and in world chaos. ~h of this task. The steps taken since the conclusion of 34. The United Natiolls remains more than ever the lle the Moscow Treaty,2.1 although not decisive, never­ [1S hope of the new nations and their last resort for the theless show a common desire on the part of the protection of their national integrity and political lle great Powers to continue to seek further progress ch independence. Obviously, therefore,Tunisiais anxious towards the relaxation of tension" They allow us to ed to see a solution of the present crisis. hope that they will be followed by other equally im­ ve 35. If, however, the Organization is to be able to portant, or even more importanto steps towards dis­ nd discharge its vhligations with respect to the mainte­ arm~l.ment. id, nance of peace and security, it must be in a position 39. If we are to reduce international tension, to to exercise its responsibilities under the bestpossible incr/ease trust between States and to eliminate the ,on circumstances. To ensure this, the authority and danger of war, we must move towards a total prohibi­ at prestige of the United Nations must at no time be tion of nuclear weapons and towards general and is impaired by financial or constitutional difficulties. complete disarmament. It is true that the experience ,gn We earnestly hope therefore that tbe difficulties of the League of Nations offers no support for this .ny encountereQ by the General Assembly at the begin­ statement, but we may still hope that reason will Ire ning of this session, which have unfortunately not p1revail among men. The mass accession of States to ~a. been ,completely removed, may be swiftly overcome, the Moscow Treaty would certainly appear to be a and that our deliberations may resum\~ in the calm positive step in that direction. Any further progress ~ a. atmosphere essential to the productive progress of which can be made in that respect will certainly help ilie our work. We are sure that the goodwill of the parties to clear the international atmosphere and will un­ ion concerned and the sincere co-operation ofallMember questionably reduce cold-war risks. all States will in the end lead us to a final solution of the Ol'ganization's present financial difficulties and to a 40. The great Powers have as great a responsibility strengthening of the authority of the United Nati~ns in the liquidation of colonialism as they have with go. respect to disarmament. ~an in future peace-keeping operations; for although.we e a. are optimists, we are also realists, and we can well 41. The right of peoples to self-determina.tionis op.e .ted imagine that there will unfortunately always be reason of the pillars of the United Nations Charter. Unfortu­ and to fear disturbances, and even war. nately, its application is still somewhat restricted. , of 36. In the world of today, an intern.ational organiza­ Millions of human beings throughout the world. in tion for the maintenance of peace and stability is a every clime, are still suffering under colonial domi­ ons prime necessity to all States. It is time that the nation and exploitation. mat United Nations, if necessary, through a constitutional 42. My coun.try, which has alwaya supported peoples . und reform, became an effective collectiv'e instrument fighting for their liberation, will likewise always mal for the strengthening of world peace and security, in condemn intolerance and oppression whatever their ken accordance with the objectives stated in the Charter. form and whatever the reasons invoked to justify [1of them. ,ope 37. While reaffirming our adherence to the principle ~ign of our, collective responsibility in this respect, I 43. The survival of colonialism in our time is an Ire­ should like to stress the importance'of recommending ana,chronism and, most of all, a challenge to 'the lete those measures which must be taken to obviate t~e all, draWback of haste and improvisation inpeace-keeping Y Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in. the atmoSphere, in oUter operations and in the decisions that ~ll set in motion space, and under water, signed on 5 August 1963. I 6 General Assembly - Nineteenth Session - Plenary Meetings· principles of the United NaUons and a blow to its forms. My country subscribes, fully and without prestige. It is a matter of constant concern to those reservation, to the decisions taken at these two con­ who have dedicated themselves to building a healthy ferences. It also associates itself with any measures and prosperous community of nations. taken to eliminate the threat which colonialism re­ presents to the political stability and economic de­ 44. This hall still echoes to the General Assembly velopment of Africa. resolutions proclaiming the rightofoppressedpeoples to recover their dignity and freedom forthwith and the 48. It rests with the colonial Powers alone to ensure necessity of bringing colonialism in all its manifesta­ that the transfer of power takes place by peaceful tions to an end. Moving appeals have been addressed means through a process of evolution, without vio­ to the colonial Powers from. this rostrum and many lence or resentment, and that every opportunity for approaches have been made to them with praise­ fruitful co-operation and harmonious coexistence is worthy persistence, but mankind has still not been safeguarded in the future. liberated from this evil. 49. United Nations resolutions on decolonization, 45. In 1960. the General Assembly, in its historic both those of the General Assembly and those of the i Declaration on the granting of independence to colo­ Security Council, must be implemented by the ad­ i nial countries and peoples, solemnly proclaimed "the ministering Powers in good faith and all States must f necessity of bringing to a speedy and unconditional co-operate fully in putting them into effect. Thus a ~ end colonialism in all its forms and manifestations"; source of permanent tension and threat to inter­ I and declared that: national peace and security can be eliminated and tl » a "Immediate steps shall be taken, in Trust and the authority of the United }S"ations may be preserved 0 Non-Self-Governing Territories or all other terri­ and strenghthened. On this basis, all States can unite i' tories which have not yet attained independence, to in helping to build a society conforming with the ( transfer all powers to the peoples of those terri­ principles of the Charter and the aspirations of mankind. ..c tories, without any conditions or reservations, in lJ accordance with their freely expressed will and 50. Portugal keeps our African brothers under its t desire, without any distinction as to race, creed or domination and does not appear ready to acknowledge f. colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete the right of the peoples of Angola, Mozambique. so­ n independence and freedom." [Resolution 1514 (XV).] called Portuguese Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands A 46. A Special Committee, of which my country has freely to decide their own destiny. We ask Portugal y the honour to be a member,has been made responsible not to remain blind to the demands of our age and to d for implementing the Declaration•.1I Three years have understand, before it is too late, thatits own interests ti elapsed since the Committee was established and, as well as those of peace would be better served by a r although it has not as yet been able to achieve the wise and realistic policy, which would have as its il objective the immediate satisfaction of the legitimate objectives assigned to it by the General Assembly, 5 lac~ aspirati0nl:3of the inhabitants of those territories. that is certainly not due to a of conscientiousness A or of a sense of responsibility, or to a lack of enthu­ Portugal's present policy, which aims to perpetuate Portuguese rule in Africa by means of repression ti siasm for the task. The forces of inertiaand obstruc­ a] tion have been such that, unfortunately, colonialismis and persecution, it not only contrary to the United P today still rampant in vast areas of Africa and else­ Nations Charter but also seriously compromises any chance of a negotiated solution. al where and the principles of the Charter and the ideas S€ of freedom and dignity still, to our great shame, 51. We look to the United Kingdom ,to do what it has si remain for millions of human beings, distant ideals already done for Malta, Malawi ano, Zambia, to men­ p< which are difficult to attain. tion only the countries most recently admitted to our ill 47. This deplorable situation has been a subject of Organization, that is, to bring the peoples of Southern Rhodesia, Aden, Oman. Bechuanaland, Basutoland aJid Sf constant concern to all the African peoples. Special or attention was devoted to it by the African Heads of Swaziland to self-determination and independence on the principle of "one man one vote", which would be ar State and Government who met at the Cairo Assem­ a8 bly.§j It was also the subject of discussion at the no great innovation, since it is the very basis of democracy. m Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. These African re Heads of State and these Heads of Stateof non-aligned 52. It is in the United Kingdom's own interest to live 59 countries were all agreed on the danger inherent in up to its responsibilities by pursuing. a realistic th: the existence or continuance of such a state of affairs policy in Southern Rhodesia and to discontinue its and on the threat which it constituted for the future of to support of the misguided interests of a racist mi­ m( the subjugated countries and also, perhaps, for thatof nority. The conditions which allowed the establish­ m: already liberated countries which suffer on accountof ment in Southern Rhodesia of a Government that an their proximity to nations still not freed, even if only represents only a heterogeneous minority must be from the repercussions of events which occur there. m€ eliminated. We would hope that the independence of ~ mE These Heads of State recommended a number ofmea­ Southe:rn, Rhodesia will be accompanied by the estab­ mE sures designed to put an end to oppression in all its lishment of a Government which will truly represent eX] all the people of that country. In this way, the United en( Y Specw Comminee :')n the Situation with regard to the Implementa­ Kingdom can carry out, strictly but fully, its obliga­ tion of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial is Countiies and Peoples. tions towards that country and avoid, with the wisdom re( ]I First sellion of the Alsembly of Heads of State and Government which we have come to expect from it, the unleashing

. of the Organization of African Unity, held from 17 to 21 July 1964. of the forces of violence and confusion• \ § 1305th meeting-16 December 1964 7

DUt 53. South West Africa, which is the subject of the up, as the African countries and no doubt other coun­ m­ annexationist designs of an unscrupulous administer­ tries wished, during the debate in the SecurityCouncil ~es ing Power, must be removedfromSonthAfricandomi­ last June. re­ nation and regain its freedom of self-determination le- and its independence. 60. However, I should like to pay tribute to the im­ portant work done by the Special ComInitteell which 54. Our Organization must act Vigorously to accele­ recommended in its conclusions the application of Ire rate the process of granting independence to peoples -economic sanctions against South Africa. :ful and must assume its responsibilities under the 61. Now, when our Organization needs more than io­ Charter in order to put an end to the colonial system.~ ever before to recover the prestige and authority for which represents not only a denial of fundamental necessary to maintain peace and security, it is high is human rights, but a threat to the cause of international time for it to undertake to rid the world Q(f this peace and co-operation. cancer of raciSm and to apply without delay effElctive ,on, 55. In the view of my delegation the survival of this economic sanctions. We do not consider these to be the intolerable and anachronistio system carries within the final cure for this evil. However, -since advice is ad­ it the seeds of destruction which would destroy any of no avail, it will certainly give pause to a Govern­ lUst far-reaching action we might envi~age or undertake ment, which prefers to turn a deaf ear to the voice s a and it jeopardizes any chance of fruitful co-operation. of reason. er­ If the United Nations is to survive and to assert its 62. There is another tragedy in which colonialism and authority, it can no longer tolerate the continuance appears no better than racism and for which, un­ ved of such a situation, which represents a challenge to fortunately, no immediate peaceful solution can be lite its own authority and to the very principles of the foreseen: the Arab people of Palestine, who are the the Charter by which it lives. victims of injustice and aggression and have been of 56. Although they are so acute, ~he problems which I expelled from their land, remain scattered in poverty have just described and which the Assembly must in the neighbouring countries. The Zionist invader its take up at this session must in no way distract us has made of these people wandering refugees who live ige from the human tragedy which continues to unfold, on the relief and charity provided by the United Na­ so­ not on the borders of South Africa, but within South tions and on the hospitality of the neighbouring coun­ nds Africa itself. The question of apartheid has for many tries. 19a1 years been on the agenda of our Assembly; but the 63. The daily drama of more than a million Pales­ ito debate on the subject, which is now becoming a tradi­ tinian refugees is a painful chapter in the history of lStS tion, unfortunately in no way diminishes the present mankind; it also represents a present and permanent )ya reality of the problem and cannot make us overlook threat to the peace ,and stability of the entire region. its its extreme urgency or the odious nature of apartheid. Sllch a situation, which is as abnormal as it is in­ late 57. To all the recommendations of the General human, cannot be prolonged indefinitely. The Arab les. Assembly and the Secur~ty Council, to all the resolu­ people of Palestine have no intention of renouncing late tions of the regional organizations and to all the their rights to the land of their fathers nor of con­ lion appeals by statesmen and world public opinion, the tinuing to pay for the crimes of others. They are at lted Pretoria Government continues to reply with a cynical the end of their patience and if theywere -to lose their any and stubborn refusal. What is more, since the last hope in the United Nations,no other alternative would session, the Pretoria authorities have steadily inten­ be left to them but to resort to the use of force in has sified their repressive measures against the black order to recover their rights. len­ population and agai~st all internal opposition to the 64. We believe that everything possible must be our implementation of the race laws. done, while there is still time, to avoid plunging Lern 58. The recent execution of three Africans whose Palestine, that Holy Land consecrated to tolerance and only crime was to have rebelled against the unjust and to the brotherhood of mankind, into misfortune, :l on and inhUman racial segregation laws, shows once" bloodshed and disorder. 1 be again that the blindness of the South African Govern­ s of 65. In the economic field,. the work of the United ment is total and appears, unfortunately, to be without-"" Nations during 1964 has been mainly dominated by remedy. -. the meeting in Geneva of the United Nations Confer­ live 59. Faced with eiuch a situation, we no longer think ence on Trade and Development•.!!! This Conference, ,stic that it is permisf,;ible to live on hope and to continue held within the framework of the United Nations De­ i its to believe in the virtue of patience and in counsels of velopment Decade, proved to beofhistoricimportance mi- moderation. We are' convinced that tb,e only way re­ not only by virtue of the number ofstates represented­ lsh­ maining open to us is no longer that of intervention at it and the compleXity of theproblems it considered, that and diplomatic "demarches", but that already'recom­ but particularly because it in factdefineda new order, ~be mended' by the African Heads of State and Govern­ better adapted to the deveiopment needs of the world e of mfmt, as well as by the Heads of state and Govern­ of today. ~ab­ ment of Non-Aligned Countries, and confirmed by the sent experts and economists at the International Confer­ 66. International trade is still largely governed by principles laid down by the major trading Power~ at Hed ence on Economic Sanctions against South Africa.Y It 19a­ is regrettable that the objectivefindings and important dom :recornmendations of this Conference werenotfollowed ']j Special Committee on the Policies of apartheid of the Government . , ning of the Republic of SGuth Mrica. , §j Conference held in London from 14 to 17 April 1964. §j Conference held from 23 March to 15 June 1964. 8 . Genttral Assembly - NineteenthSessiDn - P~eriary M>cletirigs the Havana Conference21 following the Second World 72. Lastly, my delegation wishes to pay a well­ War. Those principles took little account of the in­ deserved tribute to the Economic Commission for terests of the countries dominated by colonialism or Africa. We only have to take a look at the list of its living in its orbit and the colonialists were not much accomplishments' during its first five YGars torealize concerned with the social and economic development how much progress has been made in the fields of of those areas. research, study and training-the training of cadres, 67. All the African and Asian countries which have the shortage of which constitutes one of the most serious problems afflicting the developing countries. achieved independence over the last few years have The establishment of a number of agencies such as immediately found themselves at grips withthe count­ less problems of development. The present trends of the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning and the African Development Bank, and the international trade are particularly unfavourable to many useful statistical and economic studies made by them and, if not soon altered, may impede the econ­ ECA bear witness to its efforts inthefield of regional omic and social development of those countries. In integration and harmonization of the economic and the interests of all nations, suitable solutions must social development plans of the African countries, obviously be found, through international co-opera­ tion, to the problems of world trade and, particularly, particularly in the industrial sector. Within the frame­ to the urgent trade and growth problems ofthe under­ work of the activities undertaken since the beginning of this year by the sub-regional office at Tangier, the developed or developing countries, as they are euphe­ representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and mistically called. Libya have asked ECA to carryout a series of studies, 68. The United Nations, the specialized agencies and analyses and research projects in order to pinpoint certain better-equipped countries have admittedly the sectors in which a harmonious developmentpolicy made praiseworthy efforts to assist the developing may be followed and to ascertain the best methods of countries. However, the magnitUde of the task, the achieving this. immensity of the areas to be developed, the total population involved, whose growth only makes the 73. I should not fail to emphasize here the scope of burden daily more real, representing as it does more . this initiative taken by our Governments and the hopes than two thirds of mankind requiring improvement of placed by Oll!' brothers in Algeria, Libya, Morocc'o their standard of living, all call for an urgent re­ and Tunisia in a harmonized economic development examination of the economic situation throughout the of the countries of the Arab Maghreb. The Protocol world, practical solutions based on a better distribu­ signed at Tangier on 26 November 1964 has been tion of wealth and more effective combined inter­ rightly said to form the nucleus of the Maghreb Com­ national action. munity. A permanent Advisory Committee had already ~t 69. That was why the United Nations ConferenCE:; on been set up on 1 October last Tunis to serve as a p'ermant3nt liaison body and as a centre to prOVide Trade and Development was convened at Geueva~ the impetus and research for preparing future pro­ Although the resolutions adopted at the conclusion of grammes in co-operation with ECA. The Tangier that Conference do not offer any immediate solutions Protocol of 26 November delineates the fields in to these problems, they do at least indicate the direc­ which the four countries will combine their efforts. tion in which changes must be made. These fields are very extensive indeed: co-ordination 70. My delegation hopes that the Assembly will give of development plans and of energy, trade and man­ its full attention to the recommendations contained in power policies, co-ordination of industrialization the Final Act of the Conference and, in particular, efforts, of transport and of telecommunications, co­ that it will adopt the provisions regarding the con­ operation in the field of tourism, financing of the stitution of the new Trade and Development Board, expansion of tourism and of development in general. which should begin work a~ soon as possible in view This is a very ambitious programme, but evenmodest of the immensity of the task awaiting it and t~e ur­ achievements reqUire great ambition. gency of the measures to be taken if the hopes of developing countries are not to be frustrated. 74. This effort affecting all fields of economic ac­ tivity falls qUite naturally within the framework of 71. I cannot conclude this part of my statement de­ international economic co-operation so that it mustof voted to economic problems-a field which cannot necessity. arouse the interest and encouragement of readily be reviewed in a systematic manner, without the United Nations. We are counting particularly on expressing my Government's great satisfaction at the the assistance of the Special Fund in setting up a decision regarding the merger of the Special Fund Centre of Industrial Studies, the need. for which is and the Expanded Programme of Technical Assist­ being increasingly felt. We are of course counting on ance. My delegation believes that the combined action the co-operation of ECA, which is lillready taking of these two impo.rtant United· Nations agencies will part with us in an exciting experiment-one that we contribute appreciably to the efforts of the developing are resolved shall succeed in order to build a peace­ countries. My delegation pays special tribute to the ful and prosperous Maghreb. work done by both· programmes and expresses the hope that all states will continue to co-operate in­ 75. Tunisia voices the fervent hope that the twentieth creasingly with them in view of the great needs which anniversary 01 the United Nations will mark the end still have to be met. of colonialism a"1d of all forms of oppression. Twenty years represent a milestone and we h~pe that this 21 United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, held from twentieth anniversary will herald the dawn of a new '21 November 1947 t.o 24 March 1948. era for mankind, em.ancipated at last, and will see the 1 J.305th meeting-16 December 1964 9 well­ freeing of all peoples from the yoke of colonialism along that way. And we believe that, if such progress n for and the indignities of racism. has been made, it has been basedon the determination of its of Member States-of most Member States-to de­ 76. We shall thus be able to embark upon an era of lalize velop the possibilities latent in the Organization set honest and fruitful international co-operation and lds of up in 1945 and on their refusal to see the United devote ourselves freely to the next step: the elimina­ dres, Nations as a static concept. most tion of misery, poverty, hunger and ignorance and the economic and social advancement of the formerly en­ 82. In the area of the Organization's prime concern, ~ries. the maintenance of international peace and security, ,ch as slaved or subjugated peoples. Any steps taken which do not take into account the mission we have assigned the Charter itself, as negotiated at San Francisco, lt and was and remains an imperfect document. This is due ld the ourselves will prove sterile and will provide no real answer to the world's quest for peace. in part to what New Zealand at the time regarded as .de by a failure to give adequate expression to the positive p,onal 77. Mr. HANAN (New Zealand): Mr. President, first aim of collective resistance to every act of aggres­ c and may I congratulate you upon your elevation, by ac­ sion aga~nst any Member State. It is due also, and tries, clamation, to the high post of President of this As­ more excusably, to the fact that it was not possible, 'ame­ sembly. This honour is a most appropriate recogni­ at San Francisco, to see the transition which would lnning tion of your reputation and accomplishments within take place to what Mr. Stevenson has so aptly charac~ r, the this Organization and of the liveliness, the vigour and terized as our present era of "cease-fire and peace­ ) and t'le sense of purpose which the new states of Africa ful change". ldies, have brought to the United Nations. I should like also n.point to express our appreciation to Mr. Sosa Rodrfguez of 83. It was even less possible to make specific pro­ policy Venezuela, for the excellence of the standards he set vision for the kind of peace-keeping operation which ods of in presiding ever the eighteenth session. typifies this new situation. These operations, under­ taken not to impose a view but to preserve peacefUl 78. It is, moreover, a source of pride and pleasure conditions at the request or with the consent of the to a fellow member of the Commonwealth that this ope of host State or· States, are something qUite different session has admitted three new Commonwealth states, enforce~ent hope,s from the measures to which alone the Malawi, Malta and Zambia, to membership. I con­ Charter specifically refers. It is only if this simple )rocco gratulate all three upon this international recognition pment fact is kept in mind that the basic weakness of the of their independent nationhood, and extend to them otocol Soviet Union's case is realized. Then it is seen that the best wishes of the Government and people of New the issue is not one of constitutional or unconstitu­ ! been Zealand for a peacefUl and increasingly prosperous bu~ Com­ tional acts, simply this: is it our will that the lready future. United Nations, consonant with its responsibilities, 'e as a 79. This year we are faced with one of those search­ should develop every useful technique? rovide ingmoments which, perhaps fortunately, occur but 84. It is the beUef of my delegation that United e pro­ rarely in international relations. For years this hall Nations peace-keE.lping forces have become an es­ angier has eohoed with comfortable rhetoric in praise of our sential means of action and have taken their place Lds in Organization. For years we have at critical moments among the tools available to the Organization for the fforts. been able to take refuge in generalities, evasive com­ carrying out of its purposes. I believe that such a ,nation promises or forms of words meaning all things to all peace-keeping mission is exactly what world public lman­ men. Now we are suddenly required to declare our­ opinion expects of the United Nations. It certainly .zation selves on our deepest and most inward attitude to corresponds to the hopes which the New Zealand lS, co­ the United Nations. Without possibility 01 equivoca­ Government and people have consistently placed in of the tion, we must now separate oursel"!~s into those who the Organization. lneral. want a strong United Nations and those who want a nodest weak one. No disguise is possible. Our actions here 85. It is for this reason that New Zealand has sup­ at this session will proclaim far louder than our ported the peace-keepint{ operations of the Organiza­ speeches how we really view the Organization to tion by its vote, by financial contributions (including lie ac­ which we have pledged ourselves. voluntary donations) to back its vote, and by readiness 'ork of to participate if requested. It is because we believe 80. No one can be in any doubt. This is not merely nustof that the United Nations deserves the full support of lent of a peace-keeping crisis. This is not just a financial its Members, discharging the responsibility which l.rlyon crisis. It is a crisis of the future of the United Na­ falls on them collectively, that we have made avail­ tions: a test of what we really want of international 19 up a able, at the request of the Secretary-General, a ci­ lich is co-operation. There are no watertight compartments. vilian police force unit for service with the United ting on Weaker powers of finance and peace-keeping mean a Nations force in Cyprus. This unit will remain avail­ taking weaker United Nations. A retreat or loss of resolve able for a further period on the island should the :hat we at this session cannot but strike a severe blow at the Security Council decide to extend once more the peace- powers and prestige of the Organization itself. The mandate of the force. result must be a weakening ,and falling away of United Nations endeavour in all fields, from decolonization 86. It is because we believe that the United Nations to development. should be guaranteeed the means of speedy and de­ entieth cisive action that my Government recently inforrned che end 81. New Zealand was fully conscious in 1945 that not the Secretary-General of its decision, in principle, r-wenty security itself, but the way to security lay in the to designate a stand-by unit, to be drawn from the lat this Charter drawn up at San Francisco. We believe that armed services or civilian police, for service in [a new the development of the United Nations during the past future properly instituted peace-keeping operations of see the nineteen years has taken us some significant distance the Organization. 10 General Assembly - Nineteenth Session - Plenary Meetings 87. It is because we believe that the effectiveness of be able to have confidence in the will of its Member United Nations peace-keeping operations can only be States to implement their Charter undertakings. The enhanced by more thorough preparation thatNew Zea­ evolution of the United Nations can be measured in land gladly participated in the recent technical meet­ terms not only of its own capacity to, act, but also ing held in Ottawa for an exchange of experience on of the extent to which its Member States feel bound past operations-a meeting held at the invitation of to abide by the principles which it asserts. the Canadian. Government, which has made so notable 92. Respect for national sovereignty and the terri­ a contribution in this field. It is for the same reason torial integrity of all Member States are corner­ that my delegation is prepared to give firm support stones of the United Nations systerl..l.. The Charterlays to the Secretary-General's suggestion that a compe­ down a code of international behaviour which, from tent United Nations organ might be authorized to the experience the world has derived in this century, study means of ensuring better, more efficient and is the best prescription that we have for the preser­ more economical peace-keeping operations. vation of peace. It is therefore a source of deep con­ 88. Peace-keeping operations such as those carried cern to New Zealand, as a South Pacific nation, that out in the Middle East, in the Congo and in Cyprus the Charter has been flouted, openly, by another are soundly based on certain provisions of the Member State in a region adjacent to us. The past Charter, as the International Court of. Justice has two years have seen the growth of a lawless doctrine convincingly demonstrated. They ai'e an outstanding propounded by one Member State that every form of example of the Organization's capacity to evolve, pressure, including the use of force-admitted openly within the framework of its basic document. new in the Security Counci1~may be a justifiable instru­ procedures for meeting the demands placed on it by ment of policy to bring about the dismemberment and an evolving and expanding international community. collapse of another Member State. Nevertheless. my delegation shares the view. put 93. It is profoundly disturbing that such an assertion forward at the opening of this debate by the repre­ could be made, as though Article 2, paragraph 4, of sentative of Brazil [1289th meeting] that the time has the Charter was an obligation to be waived at will, come when we should consider tpe inclusion in the when it has been demonstrated on numerous occasions Charter of a new chapter making explicit what has -one .")f them a report by United Nationsrepresenta­ been pragmatically developed on the basis of certain tiveS,.Jndorsed by the Secretary-General [see A/5801, provisions of that basic document. pp. 27 and 28]-that the Malaysian Government has 89. It would be essential to such an exercise, how­ the support of a majority of its citizens. When we ever, that agreement should. be reached on methods consider the principles on which the United Nations of financing such operations. Since they may be con­ is based. there are very serious implications for all sidered to have become a normal modus operandi of nations, particularly the smaller nations, inthe policy the Organization, their financing cannot be allowed to of confrontation-a policy which flaunts the label of continue on the haphazard basis which has shown such "crush Malaysia"-which Indonesia continues to capacity for harm to the Organization. Basic to any pursue. settlement on this subject must be the principle that the responsibility for the maintenance ofinte ,'national 94. B'lt when the question came before the United peace and security is one which must be discharged Natior.s, upon the complaint of Malaysia. the voice of wisely and borne and shared by all Powers, great and the g;:-eat majority of Members. through their elected small, in a measure to be agreed with proper regard representatives in the Security Council-all save one­ and the permanent members of the Security Council to the capacity of each Member State. -aU save one-made clear their support for a reso­ 90. A settlement allotting future responsibilities, and lution establishing the justice of Malaysia's cause involving a proper balance of rights and obligations, [l152nd meeting]. would be incomplete. indeed. if a settlement were not made of past obligations. There is not only a preSSing 95. I raised this question not only as an illustration need to restore the financial equilibrium ofthe Organ­ of the need for· respect for the basic principles upon ization. and thus remove the restriction placed on its which the Organization was founded, but because the ability to meet fresh demands; there is also a moral real tragedy of the situation is that it benefits no one. problem: what faith can we have in future arrange­ least of all Indonesia. The so-called policy of con­ ments if certain Members have been able to show frontation embitters relations among nations, arrests that it is possible to refuse payment of just and urgently needed economic development, undermines proper dues? What faith can we have. indeed. in any the stability·of a large part of a subcontinent, undertaking if one so clear as that contained in damages the livelihood of millions of private citizens Article 17 of the Charter is not honoured, even when who would prefer to live at peace with their neigh­ its full applicability in the particular circumstances bours. and could create a precedent which could has been confirmed by the International Court of threaten the peace in many parts of the world. Justice? We must be conscious that ability to exer­ 96. From the time when Indonesia achieved its in­ cise a financial veto may be as damaging in cir­ dependence in 1949, relations between our two coun­ cUn'lscribing the healthy development of the United tries have been characterized by a singular cor­ Nations as the veto constitutionally exercised in the diality. When we voice our support for a peaceful Security Council. solution to the problem of confrontation, we do so 91. But it is not enough that the Organization should in what we believe to be the best interests of all have the ability to mount operations to keep the peace concerned. The Use or threat of force can achieve and enforce Security Council decisions. It must also nothing. If there are differences to be resolved, 1305th meeting-l6 December 1964 11

[ember these can only be resolved by peaceful means and sion in the United Nations Conference on Trade and ~s. The through negotiation and conciliation. Development held at Geneva this year.. Provision has lred in been made for a further evolution of the United 97. The proposal that an African-Asian commission Nations, so that it can tackle more effectively those lut also should be established with the responsibility to reach economic problems which hold back the development 1 bound a settlemerit is one which commends itself to us as a sound basis for permanent settlement. But most im­ of great areas of the world. portant, it is a proposal which has been accepted by 103. Priority must be given to solutions which will I terri­ lorner­ both Malaysia and Indonesia. There is only one ob­ bring relief to countries afflicted by poverty and ~erlays stacle to further progress, and that is the failure of economic stagnation. It is the intention of the New the Indonesian Government to acceot the one condi­ l, from Zealand Government to co-operate with others in entury, tion rightly laid down by MalaY.3h•. , namely, that ensuring that the United Nations economic activities )reser­ Indonesia should cease all acts of hostility. This is bear fruit. We want to see the new machinery pro­ ep con­ not a condition which places onerous burdens on posed by the conference used to promote solutions on, that Indonesia. It prejudges no issue to be discussed which correspond to the facts of a complex and inter- . another subsequently. It is no more than any sovereign State related world economy. could or would expect before entering negotiations. he past 104. One of the United Nations greatest roles since loctrine It calls for nothing more than a return to observance of the obligations of the Charter. its foundation has been as the guarantor and guardian form of of the right of self-determination of all peoples. Its lopenly 98. We urge the Indonesian Goverm" • therefore, success in this respect has been spectacular. instru­ to reconsider its policy and turn bac:.. J.l"om the policy Lent and of armed intervention which it is now pursuing. The 105. New Zealand long ago placed its faith in co­ interests of both parties and of the whole area-but operation with the United Nations as the most ef­ fective instrument for a speedy and orderly decoloni­ sertion also, to return to my theme, the broader interests of the United Nations itself-dE:mand that Indonesia zation. At San Francisco we strove to strengthen this ph 4, of concept in the Charter. In 1960, we voted for the de­ at will, and Malaysia should compose their differences and that Indonesia should respect the independence and claration on colonialism [resolution 1514 (XV)] as a casions reaffirmation of the inherent right to self-determina­ territory of Malaysia. esenta­ tion which is implicit in the Charter. \/5801, 99•. I have dwelt at some length on the central theme 106. In accordance with that declaration,' we have ent has of peace and security laid down in the Charter, on the continued and intensified the development of those {hen we peace-keeping operations which derive from this Pacific Island Territories for whose administration Nations over-all purpose and on a partinular and related New Zealand has been responsible. In January 1962, \ for all problem which at present deeply I~oncerns us. I now the Trust Territory of Western Samoa became a epolicy turn to two other principal activities of the Organi­ sO'iTereign independent nation. The fifteen smallislands label of zation-economic development and decolonization. As of the Cook Group posed a different problem-not as ues to I do so I am reminded of the wise observation of to their right of self-determination, but as to the Mr. Paul Martin of Canada: "World peace and world form that would take. The elected representatives of United prosperity... are closely linked together. A climate of world peace is indispensable if the struggle against their 20,000 people weighed all the alternatives, and voice of poverty, hunger and disease is to be waged effectively decided upon full self-government coupled with a elected and with the full mobilization of all the resources at freely chosen association with New Zealand. A con­ veone­ our command" [1294th meeting]. stitution drafted along those lines, giving the Cook Council Islanders sole' power to alter their future status as a reso­ 100. The capacity for evolution of the United Nations, they think fit, will be submitted to the electors at a s cause the dynamic approach, has been evident in the eco,,: general election next year; and for the other islands nomic and social field, as it has been in the field of of Niue and the Tokelaus, even smaller and mO:J:'e peace and security. All fields of United Nations work remote, the same guarantees of earlyself-determi­ stration are interdependent, and it seems obvious that if the nation have been proclaimed. les upon .dynamic approach were to be rejected in the central mse the area of the Organization's concern-peace-keeping­ 107. New Zealand has taken some pride inpioneering no one, the consequences would spread throughout its struc­ the application of United Nations' principles to the of con­ situation small and scattered islands. It has co­ ture. ot arrests operated closely with the Committee of Twenty-Four ermines 101. The Development Decade, the expression in the in examining the practical means by which a genuine lntinent, economic field of the dynamic approach to the United self-determination can be brought about. But one of citizens Nations, rightly emphasizes the co-operative en­ the problems of small communities is their size. rneigh­ deavour needed to make the best use of the world's None of us can fail to recognize that the special 'h could resources, and especially to reinforce the efforts of problems of many Territories now remaining in those countries which have been late in starting along dependency go beyond size and isolation to touch the the road of economicdevelopment. Older and wealthier very fundamentals of nationhood. 1 its in­ countries can do much to supplement action taken by ro coun­ 108. When a multipiicity -of languages and peoples less fortunate countries to achieve more rapid rates have been grouped by history within the boundaries ,ar cor­ of gr9wth; but all countries, whatever their position peaceful cr~velopment, of one territory, when age-old isolation and suspi­ in the long scale of are able to con­ cions have not yet been fused into a senSe of com­ 'e do so tribute to,the aims of the decade. "ts of all munity-in these circumstances it is not simply a achieve 102. The determina.tion to enhance the. economic question of offering the means of self-determination. esolved, growth of the world has found its most recent expres- A common national purpose and a"national consensus -----....------_---::....--_-=:.._------_._--12 General Assembly - Nineteenth8ession - Plenary Meetings have first to be created. As we recognize the need 115. I come now to another most important question: 120. for urgency in implemel)ting the declaration, we also that of disarmament. The Charter is relatively silent obje must·· 'recognize the creation first of a sense of com­ on this subject. Yet few issues so awaken the expec­ in t munity. To do otherwise is not merely to raise more tations of the peoples of the wodd, not least in my the problems than are solved: it is a betrayal of our own country. The role of the Unitf)d Nations in this attel commitment under the declaration to offer real self­ respect is not an exclusive one, even though for many mad determination to all dependent peoples. smaller countries it provides a unique opportunity to in c bring their views to bear on these momentous issues. 109. rrhere is another class of dependent Terri­ COUl': But it is well to have very clearly in mind that the nucl tories whose problems are much more saddening ability of the United Nations to shape and influence Pac! because they lie much deeper. I mean those Terri­ the really important decisions, which can be taken para to:i.les whose advance is bedevilled by racial distrust. only by those primarily responsible, will in large of t The declaration on colonialism applies to thosepeople measure depend on the character which we, the and as much as to others. Yet such Territories cannot Member states, will henceforth wish the Organization I sa frUitfully be treated as simple problems of decoloni­ to bear. exteJ zation. They raise the whole complex and increasingly in 0 dangerous issue of race. Th~ 116. pp.rt which the Assembly itself seems best mad. eqUipped to play has perhaps been best demonstrated beco 110. This issue is one which is now directlyengaging by its consideration of the question of nucleartesting. the attention of this Organization. It is one which fully abidl On this, more than on any other aspectof the complex (XVI engages the interest of New Zealand a~, a multiracial which can loosely be labelled disarmament questions, society, conscious of the difficultieswhich multiracial it has acted as a representati'7e of world opiniOJ:l, 121. societies may confront, but conscious also of the translating the fears and anxieties felt in' allcoun­ givel benefits which the harmonious development of a mul­ tries; translating also the view that, perhaps more mete tiracial people may confer on all its members. than any other, the complete cessation of nuclear ductE testing, under effective guarantees, would be a step hand 111. I have said that we are a multiracial society. view Our goal is to become a non-racial society. We have which could give the confidence needed to move closer to measures of real disarmament. care. moved towards that goal, but we have not reached it. agenl We are grappling with some of the problems which shou] face so many members of the United Nations. We do 117. The partial test ban treaty has been signed by more than 100 Governments and de facto r~gimes, inhal: not claim to have solved them. Indeed, we shall look and ratified by many. For most, it is an act of moral in in for guidance to the results of responsible and con­ 1,20C structive discussion of race questions within this significance, although it contains the very I'ealunder­ taking not to encourage or in any way pa.rticipate in plosi Organization. But if we do not claim to have answers, the carrying out of a test explosion. But it is en­ attril we do claim to have some knOWledge, based on our couragIng that this measure of self-restraint has be st, own considerable experience. beenedered into by a number of countries which: 122. 112. We know that policies designed to eliminate themsehres have the capacity to produce nuclear contr discrimination must concern themselves with far weapons, and to those countries our gratitude for andt more than just the law. To clear discriminatory their courageous attitude is extended. conte provIsions from the statute books may not be a dif­ ways ficult task; to clear away the prejudices from which 118. But two shadows are cast over this question. with discriminatory practices spring ma)" be an under­ They are two reasons why my delegation believes .the l3 taking of vastly greater difficulty and broader scope. firmly that the Assembly must continue to devote its kinsh close attention to it, and I am confident that it will. Natio: 113. We are familiar with the paradox that the speediest way to eliminate discriminatioD. against a 119. The first is the exp~osion of a nuclear device 123. minority racial group· may be, for a temporaryperiod, by mainland China. We know, as my Prime Minister may' to discriminate in their favour. This we do in New stated at the time, that possession of nuclearweapons perha Zealand in the case of our Maori people. particularly by Communist China will neither immediately affect Fran< in the field of education. We are ve-ry well aware the world balance of power nor, more specifically, to er that, if e:fforts such as these are to succeed, the the military situation in South...;East Asia; that there weapc authoriti/~s who make them must. have and retain the is a.: vast difference between a first test and achieving ing p: goodwill and have the support ofthe entire community. even a limited nuclear capability. But this Assembly the m Spacial provision for education or guaranteed repre­ cannot ignore the fact that this explosion is a cie~ indee( sentation in P'\rliament may be entirelybeneficia~ liberate violation of clearly expressed world opinion~ at its meaSures. Yet they may fail if their intent is 1dis­ justified in the most cynical terms. it cannot ignore urgen· UJ;1.derstood. They may even be repugnant if they are the fact that it greatly increases the riskof prolifera­ prepa felt to diminish the dignity of the people to whom tion of nuclear weapons. And once again, in this con­ this s they are directed. nexion. we have reason to welcome the restraintwhich object the Government of India has shown to date in adhering templ: 114. These are questions which warrant the most to its stated policy, when its capacity to take similal" Assen sober and serious examination. Thay affect us all, action is well known. It would be incongruous, indeed, 124. for racial discrimination is not just a problem for and would weaken the moral force attaching to its from any one region or grouping in the world. And their stand on the whole matter of nuclear testing, if this instru discussion will be the 1l.'IOre beneficial as the issues Assembly were not to record at the appropriate mo­ an inl are sqUarely faced. ment how deeply it deplores this Chinese act. in all 1305th meeting-16 December 1964 13 120. It is with regret that I refer to the second Organization should be able to develop in a gradual obJect of New Zealand's concern. Last year, both and orderly manner, within the limits of a forward­ in the general debate and in the First Committee, looking implementation of its Charter, and with the the leader of the New Zealand delegation drew the willing consent of a broadly based majority of its attention of -the Assembly to the preparations being membership. made by irance to conduct nuclear test explosions in our own South Pacific area. Concern within my 125. We have always envisaged that it should so country, long and consistently expressed about all develop, in both its practice and its structure, and we have given consistent support to this process. It nuclear tests, particularly those carried out in the Pacific, is only heightened by the fact that these pre­ is for this reason, to cite one instance, that New parations continue unabated. They continue in spite Zealand promptly ratified the amendments to the Charter necessary to implement the decision taken of the protests which the New Zealand Government by the General Assembly at its eighteenth session and others, with regret, have felt obliged to make. to increase the size of the Security Council and the I say with regret, because we are conscious of the EconomiC and Social Council [resolutions 1991 B extent of our friendship and co-operation with France (XVIII)], an increase proposed-on a pattern which in other fields. They continue in spite of the call in our view was, and remains, very fair to all­ made last year by this Assembly to all countries to principally by the newer Members which had been become parties to the partial" test ban treaty and to under-represented in the governing bodies. abide by its spirit and provisions [resolution 1910 (XVIIll]. 126. The whole process of change and adaptation is, in our view, a necessary one. Where there is a broad 121. Elaborate safety precautions, the assurance is consensus, it has been shown that the Organization is given, will be planned. Careful scientific study of able to develop in directions which could not be fore­ meteorological and other phenomena is being con­ seen in 1945. My delegation believes that it is the I ducted. The presence of French populations close at view of the overWhelming majority of Member States, hand is pointed out. There has been comfort in the and particularly the smaller and middle Powers, that view taken by New Zealand scientists that, given r this should be so. care, good meteorological advice and patience, an agency conducting nuclear tests in French Polynesia 127. The present session will put this belief on our should be able to avoid significant contamination of part to the acid test. I repeat: this is a crisis of the inhabited islands by early fall-out; that any increase United Nations. Weaker powers of finance andpeace­ in inherited disease in the Cook Islands-only some keeping mean a weaker United Nations in all its 1,200 miles from the prospective scene of the ex­ fields. I repeat: we must now separate ourselves into r plosions-and in New Zealand itself which might be those who want a strong United Nations and those who attributable to fall-out from the proposed tests would want a weak one. I repeat: our actions here at this be statistically undetectable. All that may be granted. session will proclaim tar louder than our speeches how we in our hearts view the Organization to which 122. The fact remains that any test series must we have pledged ourselves. contribute to an increase in world radiation levels, and that it may well be that more than one series is 128. Mr. AL-SABAH (Kuwait):!QI Mr. President,may I contemplated. The fact remains that there must al­ I congratulate you most sincerely, on my own behalf r ways be the possibility of accident or miscalculation, and on behalf of my Government and delegation, on t with resultant dangers to the Polynesian peoples of your unanimous election to the presidency of the the area with whom New Zealanders have ties of nineteenth session of the General Assembly. May I kinship, and in whose welfare and future the United also express my thanks and appreciation to your pre­ Nations has shown a close interest. decessor, Mr. Sosa Rodrfguez, for the wise guidance 123. The fact remains also that such test explosions with which he presided over the eighteenth session of may weaken the restraint on others, less responsible the General Assembly. perhaps than we know France to be and. unlike 129. The sincere efforts of the Secretary-General France, not already having a nuclear capability, not and all the members of the Secr"etariat are indeed to engage upon their own programme of nuclear worthy of our appreciation and gratitUde. weapons development. This prospect, this most alarm­ 13"0. At the outset of my statement, I should like ing prospect, that it may not prove possible to hold to welcome whole-heartedly three friendly nations the nuclear club to its present membership, is one, -Malawi, Malta and Zambia-to our family, and indeed, to which my delegation believes the Assembly express our sincere wishes for their prosperity and ( at its present session should and will wish to pay urgent attention. My delegation, for its part, is fully well-being. prepared to join in efforts which may be initiated at 131. This Organization has not yet completed the this session to take constructive steps to further the second decade of its existence. It has weathered many objectiv€) of a non-dissemination agreement as con­ crises, as attested by its achievements in political, I templated by resolution 1665 (XVI), adopted by the economic and social relations. It has proved to be an Assembly in 1961 upon the proposal of Ireland. important factor for the promotion of friendly rela­ 124. I conclude by saying that New Zealand has, tions among nations and the most effective instrument from the outset, looked upon the United Nations as an for expanding the fields of economic and social co- instrument for peace and progress. But if it is to be an instrument adapted to the tasks which it is set !Q/ Mr. Al-Sabah spoke In Arabic. The English version of his state­ in all its areas of concern, it is essential that the ment was supplied by the delegation. 14 General Assembly - Nineteenth Session.- plenaI'3' Meetings operation, through the specialized agencies, the Tech­ the Arab States, which have been condemned on dive nical Assistance Programme, and the Special Fund. numerous occasions by the United Nations Mixed queI However, this Organization can never live up to its Armistice Commissions, as well as by the security libe ideals of maintaining world peace, nor can it meet its Council. responsibilities satisfactorily inthe fields of economic 143. 138. We heard a lengthy statement by the represen­ and social progress, unless it receives from every lest tative of Israel from this rostrum [1296th meeting], Member State the moral and material support which Thh in which he emphasized the obligations of Member would facHitate the discharge of these responsibili­ just: States towards the Charter and the rules of inter­ ties, wlinhi.bited by factors of power politics. and national law. LikeWise, he stressed the inViolability legi1 132. The crisis with which the Organization is of the territorial integrity of sovereign States. He dem presently faced is fraught with dangers which might also pointed out the difference between aggression pro, threaterl its very existence. We pray that the serious­ and the liberation of a territory for military occupa­ stan ness of this crisis will serve as a warning to all tion. It serves no purpose to sing the praises of the Member States concerned, so that they will take, Charter and its ideals and principles. What is im­ 144;. both separately and collectively. the necessary posi­ portant is for every Member State to live up to those agaf, tive measures that will preserve and strengthen the principles and ideals. men Org;aniZa:tion. merl 139. .Kuwait for its part firmly believes in those Isral 133. We, look forward to the solution of this crisis, principles, and abides by them in its international arid we earnestly hope that the General Assembly, striI relations. For this reason, Kuwait feels entitled to lack during one of its forthcoming meetings, and as soon appeal to this august bod.y, and to all countries de­ as may be possible, will succeed in finding a basic relis voted to peace, justice and freedom, so that those that and definitive solution to the question ofpeace-keeping principles will be applied to the people of Palestine, operations, taking into consideration the positive simp whose homeland has been unjustly occupied by force legal observations and comments which were madeby some and violence. We should like to stress th,Clt laps~) of the: delegations during the general debate. In doing so, the time will never alter the rights of the Arab people of Organization will have preserved and strengthened have Palestine to their homeland, and will never provide of Zj the principles of the Charterdealingwith international any justification for aggression and usurpation. peace and security basedon right, justice andfreedom, right and will have provided itself with the practical means 14:0. The Arab people of Palestine have bt.)en living 145. for" the fulfilment in this field of its fundamental re­ a miserable existence in refugee camps for seventeen taker sponsibilities. years, looking through barbed wire-the sym.bol of occupation and aggression-to their homes and fields, deep 134. The problem of Palestine is a human andpoliti­ their mosques and churches, to theirhistoricherf.tage peop] cal tragedy rarely equalled inhistory. IUs an example which has bound them to this land for centuI'ies. relat of injustice and aggression defying the rightof peoples Xhese people h.ave bteen living with the firm determi­ Kuws ·to freedom, self-determination, independence and nation of standing by their rights to their homeland. takell sovereignty. I will not attempt to review the history They are now, more than ever, firmly decided to free peaCE 0';;' this tragedy, nor shall I go into details. My sole their country from the Zionist and colonialist forces supp< F!urpose is to put it into its factual, political context, who have been attempting to alter their personality serVE \\'hiCh will underline the responsibilities of both the and to eliminate their existence as an historical We a its pI Zionist and imperialist forcese entity. and s 135. The establishment of Israel in the Middle East 1410 The Palestine Liberation Organization, which is the cause of instability and confusion, and has was recently established by the National Congress of 146. given rise to crises "engulfing the entire region. As Arab Refugees held in Jerusalem, authentically re­ nomic a result of the aggr~)ssions repeatedly perpetra~ed; presents the will of the Arab people of Palestine for the ( by Israel against the Arab States. the peace· and the liberaUon of theh' country from the. aggressors CO-OIl security of this area have been continuously threat-· and usurpers. In their legitimate struggle, the peoples lL'1d I ened. It can even be said, without exaggeration, that of Palestine are relying not only on the full support princ: Israel's altgressions in the past have brought the of the Arab peoples and Governments, but also on the spect: world to th~ brink of a major world conflagration. support of the non-aligned countries, whose Heads of tive : 136. The history of Israel has increasingly provided State decided at their Cairo conferen:ce to: poten1 us with additional,confirmation that the Zionists, who succe "1. Endorse the full restoration of all the rights and s! have established themselves in Palestine by aggres­ of the Arab people of Palestine to their homeland, sion and u,surpation, can continue to existonly through and their inalienable right to self-determination; aggression and u.surpation. 'fhe 1,200,000 Arab refu-· 147. gees who have been expelled from their homelp.nd by "2. Declare their full support to the Arab people all pa 'force, and whose country has been unjustly occupied, of Palestine in their struggle for liberation from of ths are a living example of the cruel injJJetlces which colonil'.lism an.d racism" [A/5763, sect. I]. direct were inflicted 'Upon them. of tho 142. It is therefore of great significance to note that resouJ 137. Th~ representatives~~f!srael have repeatedly an important groupbf nations, which" now constitutes was 11 pretend~tl before this Ass.,1;mbly, and through their more ths.n half the Members o:t this Organization. is the de proparjanda, their alleged desire for peace,but this supporting the people of Palestine,and has appealed count! is only a falsehood and a vain effort to mislead to the United Nations to look atthe problem not simply m.ark:; world opinion. These claims have been continuously as a problem of assisting refugees or evaluating exploil proven false by repeated Israel aggressions against their propertIes. nor as a problem of sharing or countr t2--It~~~;!I~.Il!I ••••_----:!lIIJ.!.Ja.1J1III2I11;;..jj.$$iJ..• ... ••1Ill.:....1.1_----..------..·..----- 13051;h meeting-l,6 Deoember 1964 . 15 _____-- - ...... ~--_<,..,..._--·- - ..... i diverting the waters of the River Jordan, but as a. 148. The initiative, therefore, which has been taken question of.restoring the rights of a pe01'lle and of by the United Nations in planning and co-ordinating liberating their homeland. the different programmes of technical assistance through the various United Nations specialized agen­ 143. From this point of view, the question of P&­ cias, and the establishment of a permanent organ for lestine should be consideredwith reali.sm and courage. intr"rnattonal trade, will result in r~storing ir!ter­ This is the only way to initiate asolutior~ based on national trade to its proper pattern, and will pr'event justice, which could restore to the region the peace the use of international trade as an instrument of and security it so badly needs. By supporting the economic exploitatiob. or political influence~ legitimate rights of the people of Palestine and con­ demning Zionist aggression, the United Nations will 149. To divide the wf"rld into two groups, according prove it is living up to the ideals of justiee and to. criteria of wealth a.nd levels of production, does standing by the principles enshrined in its Charter. not reflect political rel,llity, and leads to under-esti­ mating the human and oultural values of the developing 144. In their attempt to justify Israel's aggression peoples. Furthel'more, the developing countries are. agaf.nst the Arab people of Palestine, Israel spokes­ blessed with tremendous human and naturalresources men have stated that, while the Arab States are nu­ which, if properly utilized, will assist them in real­ merous· and occupy large area.s in the Middle East, izing their full capabilities, and at the same time can Israel itself i.s in possession of only a veI'y small contribute substantially to the development of the 1 strip of land. This argument clearly displays Israel's worId's economy. ::> lack of respect for the rights of other people and its 150. The Government of Kuwait, fully convinced of the reliance on the use of force. The Israel allegation validity of this view, is desirous of turning its terri­ that they were entitled to at least part of Palestine tory into a field study for the most productive ex­ simply because that land was underpopulated has no periments in economic and social development by legal or moral justification in int~rnational law or in mobiliZing all available technical and scientificcapa­ the practice of international relations. The Arabs bilities, not only for the good of Kuwait, but for the have lived in Palestine for centuries until, as a result common good of the region as a whole. of Zionist aggression, they were driven out of their rightful homeland. 151. That is Why the Government ofKuwaitis actively .g participating, through the Kuwait Fund for Arab De­ 145. The disturbing and serious events which have velopment and the Kuwait Investment Company, in the )f taken place in Cyprus this year were a matter of various economic and social development programmes deep concern to the Government of Kuwait and its 1 ;, in the c:i..,veloping ctlJ11tries. The total amount of :e people, in view of the traditionally close and friendly loans and financial aasistance it has extended during relations between our two countries. While we in the past two years amounted to more than $300 mil­ s. Kuwait follow with great interest the actions under~ l- lion, .representing approximately 25 per cent of its taken by the United Nations for the restoration of national income for that period. Thisasslstance from i. peace in that country, we should like to state our full ~e Kuwait was not limited to the Arab countries alone, support of the right of the people of Cyprus to pre­ but was also extended to other developing countries. serve their national unity and territorial integrity. Accordingly, Kuwait has subscribed to one third of ty We also express our sincere wishes that Cyprus and al the capital of the Arab-African Bank, and, inassocia­ its people continue to enjoy full prosperity, in peace tion with other countries, it has provided capital for and security. the financing of development projects. ~h of 146. The United Nations Charter provides that eco­ 152. It is also my pleasure to announce that the Ku·· nomic co-operation is one of the fundamental aims CIf ~- wait Government has established a national company or the Organization, and it is most obvious that such for foreign trade, contracting and investments, with a rs co-operation can be a.chieved only in an era of peace capital of $60 million to execute developmentprojects es a..."ld security based on rIght and justice, and on the in the developing countries. We hope thatthis company ,rt principle of mutual respect of states for their rB­ will. start its activities by early 1965. spective rights and interests. l\his makes it impera­ he 153. The U:':lited Nations Trade and Development of tive for all Member states to mobilize their full Conference held at Geneva this year may be con­ potential in the service of collective action for the sidered an important turning-point in the history of success of all programmes of economic development international commercial and economic

~e- 167. Next, we wish to welcome our three new sister 173. This leads me to another thornyql1estion, that lve nations upon their admission to the international of the active support given by certain states to sub­ :>st family. .For Africa, this marks another step towards versive movements aiming to ovelthrow by force the ted its complete liberation and the total elimination of lawful Governments of other countries. This system­ nis foreign rule. The presence of Malawi, Malta and atic policy of undermining the foundations of other the Zambia in our midst today represents not only a independent States in time of peace is completely l.ve victory for a noble and just cause-the liberation intolerable and, in the long run, jeopardizes any true :le­ of men-but, above all, a tangible pledge of the policy of "d~tente". We therefore fully support the IW­ radiant future awaiting all oppressed peoples. inclusion in the present session's agenda of the item ing proposed by Madagascar concerning "observance by 168. Since the opening of the General Assembly's Member States of the principles relating to the sove­ ~er last session, international life has b~en rich in reignty of states, their territorial integrity. non­ tltil events; some of these events have been tragic, like interference in their domestic affairs,; the p(:lc~ful the dastardly assassination of President Kennedy, settlement of disputes and the condemnation of sub­ while others have been unexpected, such as the sad all versive activities" [A/5757 and Add~l]. Although death of Prime Minister Nehru. Important changes ve.­ these principles are implicitly at the basis of all of government have also taken place elsewhere. There lIes international relations, we think it useful, when they has been no lack of areas of friction; in many parts hey are being systematically ignored, often with tragic of the globe armed conflicts have arisen, or have, ese conseq-uences as in the Congo, that they should be alas, continued, with the danger .that at any moment lea. explicitly reiterated and that their non-observance they might degenerate into a conflagration which it I in should be categorically condemned by our Organi- me, would be impossible to control. zation. . lent 169. The Government of the Nige-r has been happy My to note that on each' occasion it has been possible 174. Vast areas of the African Continent remain theco~demnation lVith to avoid the worst, and that there has been no ques­ under colonial rule, despite of colonialism by the world conscience. Every year Se­ tion of any change in the policy of "d~tente" which large majorities in the Assembly have branded and lose was initiated some years ago and confirmed last year my by the partial nuclear test ban treaty. While we wel­ cond'emned the colonlal policies of Portugal and the apar.'theid policy of South Africa. However, these fine the come that situation, we. remain conscious that this resolutions have thus far remained a dead letter. timid beginning is still a long way from the attain­ Wbat is worse, the two States concerned have further ment of true peace basedon justiceand mutual respect nich hardened their policies, as is evidenced bJr the recent among nations. ions executions caY.'ried out in South Africanotwithstanding this 170. The dissemination of atomic weapons and the the flood of iJildignant protests to which these mea-. , the fact that, little by little, further Powers are acquiring sures gave rise. Furthermore, powerful interests .t as nuclear arms are a cause of serious concern to us, ~ave so far prevented many countries, particularly d as as to others. Let us only hope that from an excess certain great Powers, from implementing the reso­ of evil will come forth good, and that the dangers lutions of the United Nations. We exllort these Pow.;)rs to reconsider their attitude in this regard. ~ves inherent in the proliferation of these terrifying )les, weapons will lead finally to the realization that a. complete and controlled ban on nuclear arms is es­ 175. In addition to the problems posed by the Por­ 1 be tuguese colonies, by South Africa, and by South West sential for the world's survival. Pending the achieve­ cl, in Africa w.here the Pretoria Government is still refus­ ment of this goal, the Niger will supportany initiative , the ing to implement United Nations resolutions, another aiming at progressive and controlled disarmament, lties cause for concern is the situation in Southern Rho­ here '. and hopes to see an. agre'3Inent at once on the denu­ clearization of vastregi\ons 'which al'e and must re­ desia. Naturally, should the present minorityGovern­ ment decide, in defiance of world opinion, toproclaim main outside the sphere of great Power rivalries, the country's independence withoutfirstgrantingequal [loh): and in particular the African I'~ontinent. rights to those who constitute the vast majority of the tedly eefie; 171. Unhappily, that continent is still ~roubled by population, we should regard it as our right anddJ,Jty grave problems: problems which the independent post to support by every means the just struggle of the States of Africa are unanimous in Wishing to solve, people of Southern Rhodesia. However, we place our leral at Whatever cost. As an African State, my country has your confidence in the United Kingdom Government, which been·profoundly concerned by recent developments in been has clearly defined its position, and trust that the the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Unswervilf;lY United Kingdom, in virtue .of the responsibilities Int in committed to the principle of non-interference,'we Il.ired which it still has in that Territory, will provide for roundly and unequivocally condemn all forms of in­ latist the drawing up of a new constitution establishing tervention, regardless of their origin. universal suffrage and ensuring the free functioning ce to of democracy. Dmes 17:2. We consider it absolutely essential that the lina Congolese and African peoples should be given a 176. We call for recognition of the right of seif­ >ut to chance to settle this problem in an African context, determination not only foX' the AfJ;ican peoples, but with the wisdom of Which Africa ha.s rapeatedly for all the peoples of the world who are not permitted 16 General ~ssemblY-NineteentbSession. - Plenary Meetings to, ChQ9se freely the regime under whichtbey wish economic field. ,X need oI}.ly to reoa\l, the, hopes ;~o , liVfJ./ .. Both in Asia and in' Europe there are nations placed. by so many., Sw.tes .in the United. Nations vlhich have been divided in two as a result of the Conference on Trade and -Development, held this political fanaticism and rivalries. of. the great Powers; year at Geneva. Even if the results fell short of .1 th~ abnormal situation in these countrieS is not only our hopes, my cQuntry considers that the Conference tl an . intolerabl~ hardship fOr their peoples but also a a represents a fi1L"st' step along a new road, and hopes perman~nt sourc€: of danger to peace. to see new inte!''!lational machinery established for harmonizing trade relationsbetween the industrialized d 177. We are thinking particularly of Germany which, a nearly twenty years after the end of the war, is still powers and the developing countries. ' not allowed to achieve reunlfication through the free 182.' The Niger commends this Conference for pro­ 1 choice of its population. While we welcome the modest posing the establishment of a committee on the pre­ n signs of an easing of tensions tobefound in the recent paration of a draft convention relating to transit e measures to facilitate movement between the two trade of land-locked countries. This step, which we IV halves of Berlin, my delegation associates itself with consider very timely, has my country's unreserved p the efforts of the people of the Federal Republic of support. S' Germany, by every means in their power, to bring 0' about ,self-determination through free negotiations, 183. The United Nations has an essential role to and the disappearance of the wall of shame, so that play in connexion with the grave problem of economic the German people, reunited forever, may live and inequality among nations, a problem underlying all prosper in brotherhood. the other issues now dividing the world. Unless a determined, effort is made today to reduce the gap 11 178. We are sorry to note the continUing deteriora­ separating those peoples which have all that they gl tion of the Palestine problem and regret that the need from those which have little or nothing, we will tc States directly .concerned have not heeded the various move inexorably towards a more and more explosive eJ resolutions adopted on the question by the Security situation between rich and poor nations. There is still w Council and the General Assembly. Nevertheless, we time-although barely enough-to reflect on thissitua-. di remain oonfident that this painful story will have a tion and to remedy it. N just arid happy ending. th 184. These are the thoughts of my country on some th 179. With regard to the situation in China, south-east of the problems listed on our agenda. This year as Asia, Viet-Nam and Korea, our position, which was th always, the Niger will give unswerving support to fr clearly defined at the eighteenth session remains un­ any plan or action that will enable the nations of changed, the world either to settle their difficulties or to H 180. I shall not hide the concern of my Government work in peace for the development and prosperity b~ at the grave situation resulting from the failure of 0.£ all, and, because we know that these Objele .in inte,rn~tion~l relations. ,The ti;me ;and so-called French Somaliland. It is also a grave 1 for ,is 1l0W:·Pllst when" any, r~cecould 'claimtlle right to warning to the colonial Powers which are still cling­ Lized dominate ano.ther,. or. any natio~ .arbitr~I'ily to control ing to an out-dated system and are reluctant to with­ another, or any contiI\ent to be superior to aIlother. draw from their colonial. possessions, despite the pressing demands of the subjugated peoples and the pro­ 188. My delegation is also glad to welcome three new l\1embers, of t~e great UnitedNations family~ We constant appeals from a shocked world public opinion. pre­ Do we not have reason to fear an explosion of the ansit extend to the Governments and, peoples of Zambia, Malaw,i ,and Malta. our best wis~es for peace, pros­ wrath of the outraged peoples, an explosion which lhwe mjgnt start a world conflagration of apocalyptic pro­ ~rved perity,and progress. Those countries can rest as­ sured of our deepest understanding and since~e COr· portions'! operation, particularly in the streilgthening of their 195. I myself remain optimistic and continue to be­ lIe to newly acquired independence or in. protecting it lieve that mankind can forge its own destiny since it lomic against any attempts at subjugation, sottte of which was able to lay the foundations of prosperity and Ig all can almost be predicted. peace by establishing the Un~ted Nationsnearlytwenty ~ss a . years ago. May the twentieth anniversaryoftheUnited ~ 189. The United Nations will be for theJm the sur,est gap c~lonial they guarantee of respect for .their sovereignty and terri­ Nations nVlrk the end of the eraand the open­ ing of an ,era of greater co-operationbetweenpeoples, ~ will torial integrity", Like the other Mf.:mber States which without discrimination or exploitation, withol,lt domi­ osive entered the United Nations ,family before them, they ir~ternal nation or hatred, without rancouror "arri~re-pens~e" 3 still will no .doubt have to face both and external difficulties. All the Member. St~tes of the United -an era in Wilich the only victors will be those who litua- . . . \ Nations are bound by an imperative duty, particularly fight for a peace founded on the economic advance­ the great Powers which arerespoIJisible for providing ment of peoples, the eradicat~.on· of .illiteracy and some these states with the international assistance which poverty, and the disappearance of economic, political lar as they need to overcome their problems, without in­ and ideological antagonisms. )rt to fringip..g their sovereign rights. >ns of 196. Obviously, if this Wish is to become P. reality, or to 190. In that connexion, 'we were deeply impressed the colonial Powers will have to move with the tide )erity by the moving statement made by Mr. Kamuzu Banda, of history; the Powers which have made a practice )tives Prime Minister of Malawi [1288th meeting), whose of interfering in the internal affairs of other' States country ts, faced with many dilemmas because of will have to refrain from so doing and learn to if the ·po~ition, e?cpos~, enjoy its geographicai .In his masterly respect the sovereignty of other peoples; the dis­ Presid~nt vern- Mr. Kenneth Kaunda [1291st m.eeting), of criminatory regime 'in South Africa, which is a direct the Republic of Zambia, voiced similar anxiety about insult to the United Nations, will have to end; the gap the geographical ep..circlement of his country by the between the rich and poor c.ountries must be closed lfrom neo-colonialist forces. immediately; and, lastly, there must no longer be any ~ the question of blocs, whether of the ~ast or of the Weet.. 191. How can the.se eminent leaders Qarry out their I COD:­ but only of the survival of the wOrld comm.unity and responsibUities as African nationalists? Although we of the its Organization. ~neral are faced with apparently insoluble problems, we are convinced ~at with wif.3dom and patience, victory will Lsfac­ 197. Itis scarcely necessary to explain that this aim be ours. In the cases I have mentioned, all that the ,onour cannot be achieved until all the nations of the world, two leaders neetl do is to .show the same dynamism lintry, including those comprising the hundreds of millions as they revealed.when struggling for theindependence in for of ."eople who are now·· outside the United Nations of their countries. . di~ogue. rela­ falt1:2:1y. are taking part in the . The'United" Nationa :must aim at uniV'~rsality, as has sO ·often ~sonal 1~2. The entry of ,three former colonial territorieS r.'orth, been said, and itsmenlberShip must reflect that into· the United Nations family isa victory for the fundamental reqUirement-That is the only way to e long United Nations, which in 1960 adopted the Declar.'ation posts, make Organization more effective and enable it to on the granting of independence to colonial countries carry out its mission of safeguarding the fut-are of on the and peoples [resolution 1514 (XV)]. doubt mankind. 19.3. We. address our warmest Qongratulations to the ldence 198. Earlierf we stigm~tized the. interference of Committee of. Twenty-fOur whose effort!:! to free ~e ct our Powers ~ the internal affairs?f other States as a Non-Serf-Governing Territories. have continued to make threat to world peace. Letme repeat that It is absurd pr,0duce worth-while results, increasing the number blems to" claim to work for the mainten&nce of world peace of free·States eaoh year and thus .contributing to the anJ at the same time to indulge in acts which are SO cause of deoolonization, whioh is essential if our contrary to the spirit and the letter of the United :terate Organlza,tion; is to ,attain one ofits 'major objectives: Nations Charter. . nce ·it understa.nding between all· the world·s peoples. I char. should li:ke "here .to .... expr.ess .'.~o Ml'. Coulibaly ;our 199. For the last five years-since July 1960~we ertain great appreciation'of .the competence )and devotiui.l to have. had constantly before us the question of the ld "and duty ;;he,;has shown. as ChtUrman of the Cominitteeof dongO, whioh is always front-page internationalnews. which ~entY"FQul".':', . "~ .. ,; ;1' .J,! \:' As I speak to you, thousands of Congolese are being " 20 'General Assembly - Nineteenth Session- Plenary MeetingS shot down by unprincipled persons, and thousands of the country, the settlement of the Congolese problem others are crushed by fear and anxiety regarding the will present no further difficulty. It will be easy to fate awaiting them. I do not myself believe that the ask the combatants to lay down their arms on terms Congolese are the victims of a few Congolese can­ which can readily. be decided with the help of the nibal anarchists. My' view is that the responsibility Organization of African Unity. A round...table confer­ for the crimes committed in that unfortunate country ence for the purpose of reconciling the rival factions lies with the Powers which are constantly intervening in the Republic could usefully precede elections fol­ in the Congo and cynically complicating the political lowing which members of Parliament and a Govern­ solution of a problem which, although Qomplex, is by ment having popular support would be appointed. no means insoluble. 206. All that the African countries ask of the United 200. Since 1960,appeals have been made to the Nations and the Security Council is to take steps to highest bodies of the United Nations t particularly the prevent intervention by non-African Powers in the Security Council, which at that time was seized of the affairs of Africa and to ensure that foreign troops problem of the Belgian military intervention in the and mercenaries leave the Democratic Republic of Congo. Now the Council has again been seized of a the Congo. More specifically, they ask the United similar complaint against certain obdurate States Nations to give firm support to the Organization of which can count on the complicity of other States in African Unity. their criminal activities. 207. It is now five yea-.:s since the Assembly adopted 201. After 22 May 1963, the African peoples be­ the Declaration on the granting of independence to lieved that they had seen the end of interference by colonial countries and peoples. What is the situation foreign Powers in African affairs. Since that memo­ at present? We see the people of Southern Rhodesia rable date, Africa has set up suitable machinery to in revolt against. a sham independence designed to guarantee the peace of the continent and ensure perpetuate the rule of the white minority on the basis absolute respect for the sovereignty of all African of the apartheid principle which is so esteemed' in States-lam speaking of the Organization of African the neighbouring Republic of South Africa. We are Unity. Henceforward, any intervention in theaffairs of grateful for the honourable stand taken by the United Africa by a non-African Power may be harmful to Kingdom Government in not yielding to pressurefrom Africa, for such an .intervention can only complicate Mr~ SmithI s group and we hope it will maintain and the international situation and involve a threat to strengthen that stand, which is an indication of an world peace. historic change of attitude. 202. When will certain Powers finally realize that 208. The attitude of Portugal to its colonies, on the the awakening of the peoples ofAfrica andtheir ability other· hand, gives us no cause for rejoicing. That and determination to build theirfuture in independence country seems to ha-r:a chosen to defy Africa and is an historical and immutable fact?, As long as these international opinion. We are obliged, however, to imperialist Powers persist in their interventionist warn that Member of the Organization that such­ policy the peace of the world will be in constant action is unworthy and is likely to cause us much jeopardy. suffering. 2Q3. The Government of Burundi, taking an objective 209. The problem of decolonization has. been dealt view of the Congolese question, has repeatedly as-. with by respected a.nd well informed speakers and I serted that the solution to the Congolese crisis can believe that we shall have to revert to it at a later be found only by the Congolese' themselves without stage. I shall confi~e myself to stating that my any foreign interference, other than the rightful me­ Government is determined to give unconditional sup­ diation of the Organization of African Unity, which port to any resolution calling for the immediate certain circles dare to term "interference". emancipation of all non-self-governing peoples, for 204. At the explicit and legitimate request of the I am convinced that itistothe advantage of all peoples President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to administer their OWl1 affairs in full sO\Tereignty and Mr. Joseph Kasa-Vubu, the Organization of African that this will promote world peace. Unity' considered the Congolese question at the third extraordinary session of the Council of Ministers,!Y 21Q. Let us turn for a moment to the problem of which appointed an ad hoc Commission, under the racial discrimination. Whether it occurs in the form chairmanship of Mr. Jomo Kenyatta, then Prime of nazism, apartheid, xenophobia or tribalism, racial Minister of Kenya and now President of the Republic discrimination is one of the phenomena which have of Kenya, t.o supervise the' implementation of the done the greatest damage to humanity and have most ( resolution adopted by the Council. The sudden in­ impaired humro1 dignity. It is necessary only to recall tervention at Stanleyville of paratroops transported the evils of naz,ism, which caused the Second World 1 in aircraft provided by the United States State De­ War, and the atrocities of apartheid which, unless we partment from Ascension Island, which is under take care, will seriously endangerthe world's future. British control, undid the work'which had bee~ begun 211. In Africa, perhaps more than elsewhere, ¥fe, by the ad hoc Commission and ruined the prospects fear racial discrimination because it represents a for Congolese national reconciliation, which was at diSintegrating force in society and conflicts· with the that time in sight. attainment of the goal of international co-operation, 205. .When non-...\frican intervention in the affairs of which is stated in the United Nations Charter and in the Congo has ceased and the mercenaries have left the Charter of the Organization of African Unity. Unless raCial discrimination is a1x>lished., many int.er­ !Y Session held at Addis Ababa fromS to 10 se~ternber 1964. natio~al organizations are liable to disintegrate, thus -l _._._.• ~. .""_-;.-.-

1305th meeting - 16 December 1964 21. lblem seriously imperilling the human species. The 1(· ,'. of ing peace: namely the problem-considered by the LSy to natural selection may, of course, be invoked in sup­ recent United Nations Conference on Trade and De­ erms port of an optimistic view of the situation, but there velopment-of reducing the gap between the rich and of the can be no doubt that if there is an atomic war all the poor nations. We hope that the Organization will Infer­ races will be destroyed without discrimination. It is take advantage of the work done at Geneva and that }tions high time for pride to give place to reason and -for it will expand and implement it, for example, by s fol­ .all peoples and all races to learn to respect one setting up an international trade conference as an 1 vern- another and to co-operate in building a better world organ of the United Nations. for all. 220. My statement would be incomplete if I were to I Jnited 212. With regard to disarmament, my Government make no mention of positive neutrality, which is the ~ps to is working for general and complete disarmament line followed by my Government in its foreign policy. in the under strict international control. At the last session At the Second Conference of Non-Aligned Countries .roops of the General Assembly, my country welcomed the held at Cairo from 5 to 10 October 1964,Mr. Albin Uc of signing of the Moscow Treaty as a step forward for Nyamoya, Prime Minister of my country, declared: Jnited humanity, because we hoped that that event was the ion of precursor of similar measures which would bring "..• the idea which Burundi has of non-alignment is a positive and constructive one. It is aimed at about a speedy solution to a problem with which we the promotion of peace, security and prosperity in have been concerned ever since the United Nations iopted the world. It is bound up with the familiar notions was founded. lce to of co-operation, peaceful coexistence-which im':' uation 213. Although the People's Republic of China is nota plies fair play·-tolerance and courtesy; it is ex­ ldesia Member of the United Nations, Burundi supportedthat clusive of' all exclusives and of all ideologies,re­ [led to country's proposal for the convening of a summit cognizing that in the case of legitimate defence this basis conference ·of all states to consider appropriate mea­ principle is a difficult one to apply to the'letter.n :led· in sures to avert the nuclear threat and bring about 221. Because we have chosen to policy of non-align­ re are disarmament. We should like all States whichpossess United ment, certain States are endeavouring to pin on us nuclear weapons to undertake, as China has, never to labels which are as fantastic as they are unkind, with efrom be the first to use them. the intention of misleading international public opinion .in and in order to mask their own criminal plots. We can be of an 214. We have heard several speakers stress the importance of the disarmament problem. We agree sure that the day is approaching when the group of that it is a vital question for humanity, in view of non-aligned countries will have grown so large that on the the accumulation of destructive weapons by certain certain prejudices which now handicap this newpoliti­ . That Powers. Nevertheless, it would be foolish to believe cal attitude will disappear, to the great benefit of Ja and that any progress can be made towards disarmament humanity. In this connexion we hope that the voice of rer~. t held by the Chinese representatives from Formosa: :h have 217. The Gold war between the great Powers keeps My delegation Will never support the new strategy of re most alive tJ.'1.e most explosive problem of all-that' of the accepting the existence of two Chinas. Burundi re­ >recall divided nations such as Germany, Korea and Viet­ gards Taipei as a province of China. occupied il­ legally as a result of imperialist tactics. Let us l World Nam. less we hope that this nineteenth session of the General As­ 218. All these problems will have to be solved sembly will produce a satisfactory settlement of all future. ~o quickly before we can reasonably hope achieve the problems I have mentioned and let us express, our general and complete disarmament. ~re,,.e, confidence that the United Nations will survive. sents a 219. I hope Yo\o. will bear withme ifI refer \~o another vith the problem' that can prevent harmonious int~\rnational ~ration, relations which are the foundation of a firm andlast- The meeting rose at 6.30 p.m. ~ and in l Unity. yint,er­ te, thus Litho in V.N. .... 77001-October 1965-2,150