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MPHATSO MOSES KAUFULU (Bsoc.Sc., UNIMA; Bsoc.Sc USING A DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A THEORETICAL SOCIOLOGY OF MALAWI BY MPHATSO MOSES KAUFULU (BSoc.Sc., UNIMA; BSoc.Sc. Hons., UKZN) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCE BY FULL DISSERTATION IN SOCIOLOGY IN THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE OF THE COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, PMB 2013 Declaration I, Mphatso Moses Kaufulu, declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. _______________________________ _______________________________ Name of Candidate Name of Supervisor _______________________________ _______________________________ Signature Signature _______________________________ _______________________________ Date Date i Dedication To my late father and mother, Dr and Mrs Kaufulu. To my sister, Mrs Chisomo Kaufulu-Kumwenda, and her newly born son Jedidiah Joshua (JJ). To my uncle, Ron Mponda for his belief in me, and his timely support. And lastly but not least, to Dr and Mrs Sanson, for their never-ending sacrificial support for my numerous endeavours. ~ Moses Mphatso ii List of Acronyms Afford - Alliance for Democracy BCA - British Central Africa CR - Central Region DC - District Commissioner FISPs - Farm Inputs Subsidy Programmes FRELIMO - Frente de Libertacio de Mocambique GDP - Gross Domestic Product MBC - Malawi Broadcasting Corporation MCB - Malawi Censorship Board MCM - Media Council of Malawi MCP - Malawi Congress Party MCPWL - Malawi Congress Party Women’s League MEC - Malawi Electoral Commission MHRC - Malawi Human Rights Commission MWG - Malawi Writers’ Group MYP - Malawi Young Pioneers NAC - Nyasaland African Congress NR - Northern Region PL - Pastoral Letter PM - Prime Minister [of Malawi] RC - Roman Catholic [Church] RBM - Reserve Bank of Malawi RENAMO - Resistancia Nacional Mocambicana UDF - United Democratic Front VP - Vice-President [of Malawi] VRG - Valid Re-employment Guarantee iii Table of Contents Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... i Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... ii List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ iv Epigraph ...................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Finding Sociological Roots ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Sketching the Premise ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 A Preliminary Historical Overview of Malawi ............................................................... 7 1.3 The Rationale and Structure of the Work ...................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Rationale ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Structure ................................................................................................................. 12 2 History and Sociability ....................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 An Overview of the Socio-Political History of Malawi, 1964 to 2012 ......................... 15 2.2.1 A Sketch of Nyasaland as a Colony ....................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Malawi’s Migrant Labour: Looking Backwards from the 1970s ........................... 20 2.3 From Nyasaland to Contemporary Malawi ................................................................... 25 2.3.1 The Idea and Origins of Post-Colonial Malawian Nationalism ............................. 25 2.3.2 Tying these Claims to Historical Events ................................................................ 48 2.3.3 The Public Eye ....................................................................................................... 65 2.4 Theorizing the Sociology of the Malawi Society .......................................................... 67 2.4.1 An African “Modernity” and its Rationality .......................................................... 71 2.4.2 Acting Appropriately and Consciousness .............................................................. 77 2.4.3 The Role of History and Acting in the “Now” ....................................................... 80 2.4.4 Differential Access to Power: the Malawian Historical Canon ............................. 83 2.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 86 3 History, Sociability and Intersubjectivity ......................................................................... 88 iv 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 88 3.2 The Society Presented So Far ........................................................................................ 89 3.3 Intersubjectivity as “the Centres of Our History” ......................................................... 90 3.4 Researching Social Ontologies – towards Social Objectivity ....................................... 93 3.5 Some Instances of Social Ontologies ............................................................................ 95 3.5.1 The Broadcast Media and Newspapers .................................................................. 95 3.5.2 The Academy ....................................................................................................... 101 3.6 Intersubjective Objectivity .......................................................................................... 105 3.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 106 4 Proposed Sociological Theory of Malawi ........................................................................ 108 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 108 4.2 The Epistemic Foundations of the Theory .................................................................. 108 4.2.1 Episteme 1: Conformity as Disguised Rebellion ................................................. 108 4.2.2 Episteme 2: Social Life as Performance .............................................................. 109 4.2.3 Episteme 3: The Sociability Imperative ............................................................... 110 4.2.4 Episteme 4: History as Intersubjectivity .............................................................. 111 4.2.5 Episteme 5: The Inclination towards Standards ................................................... 112 4.3 The Theoretic System: A Summarizing Synthesis ...................................................... 113 4.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 115 5 Further Contributions and Prospects ............................................................................. 116 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 116 5.2 The Politics of Intersubjectivity .................................................................................. 116 5.3 Limitations: The Questions of Society, Multiple Spheres, and Research Bias ........... 122 6 Concluding Summary: An Overview of the Work ........................................................ 127 7 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 130 8 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 143 8.1 MALAWI PRESIDENCY ELECTORAL RESULTS, 1993 – 2004 .......................... 143 8.2 Malawi President Banda’s order splits chiefs .............................................................. 146 v 8.3 The Petition Presented to the Malawi President
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