Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch
Year: 2017
/l/-vocalisation in Lucerne Swiss German dialects: a sociophonetic analysis using big data
Zihlmann, Urban B ; Leemann, Adrian
Abstract: This study compares the Lucerne German allophones of Middle High German
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18452/18805
Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-150106 Conference or Workshop Item Published Version
Originally published at: Zihlmann, Urban B; Leemann, Adrian (2017). /l/-vocalisation in Lucerne Swiss German dialects: a sociophonetic analysis using big data. In: Phonetics Phonology in German-speaking countries (PP 13), Berlin, 27 September 2017 - 29 September 2017, 201-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18452/18805 Proceedings P&P13
/l/-vocalisation in Lucerne Swiss German dialects: a sociophonetic analysis using big data Urban Zihlmann1, 3, Adrian Leemann2, 3 1Phʀnɶtics Labʀʃatʀʃy, ɔɶʁaʃtmɶnt ʀf Cʀmʁaʃativɶ Linguistics, Univɶʃsity ʀf ɫuʃich, 2ɔɶʁaʃtmɶnt ʀf Linguistics anɵ ɕnglish Languagɶ, Lancastɶʃ Univɶʃsity 3Phʀnɶtics Labʀʃatʀʃy, ɔɶʁaʃtmɶnt ʀf Thɶʀʃɶtical anɵ ɑʁʁliɶɵ Linguistics, Univɶʃsity ʀf Cambʃiɵgɶ
uʃban.гihlmannɐuгh.ch, a.lɶɶmannɐlancastɶʃ.ac.uk
Abstract ʁʃɶstigiʀus nʀn-vʀcalising ɵialɶct, /l/-VOC nʀt ʀnly bʀʃɶ thɶ stigma ʀf bɶing assʀciatɶɵ with a This study compares the Lucerne German lʀw sʀciʀ-ɶcʀnʀmic status, but was alsʀ suʁ- allophones oɐ Middle Hiɑh German
201 Proceedings P&P13
high back unʃʀunɵɶɵ vʀwɶl (Sʁʃʀat & Fujimuʃa ɑlthʀugh it sʁʃɶaɵ tʀ thɶ sʀuthɶʃn ML ʃɶgiʀns 1993: 292). ɒasɶɵ ʀn this, thɶ mɶan ɐ1 anɵ ɐ2 tʀ sʀmɶ ɶxtɶnt, [l] has gainɶɵ gʃʀunɵ in 2016, valuɶs fʀʃ ɶach tʀkɶn wɶʃɶ mɶasuʃɶɵ. Thɶ tʀ- mʀst nʀtably alʀng thɶ ɶastɶʃn bʀʃɵɶʃ (sɶɶ Fig- kɶns wɶʃɶ labɶllɶɵ as [l] if thɶ ɐ1-ɐ2 ɵiffɶʃɶncɶ uʃɶ 2). was >1000 Hг, anɵ as [ ] if <1000 Hг. Thɶ num- bɶʃ ʀf [l], [ ] anɵ [u̯ ] wɶʃɶ thɶn cʀuntɶɵ fʀʃ ɶach lʀcatiʀn, althʀugh ɵuɶ tʀ limitatiʀns ʀf sʁacɶ, thɶ ɵiscussiʀn ʀf VɕL has bɶɶn lɶft ʀut. Wɶ cʃɶ- atɶɵ maʁs using QGIS (ɔɶvɶlʀʁmɶnt Tɶam 2016). Fʀʃ statistical analysɶs, RStudio was usɶɵ aʁʁlying chi-sʂuaʃɶ tɶsts. Mʀʃɶ nuancɶɵ statistics such as lʀgic ʃɶgʃɶssiʀns ʀʃ linɶaʃ mixɶɵ ɶffɶcts mʀɵɶls will bɶ ʃun in thɶ futuʃɶ.
Results Fiɑure 1. /l/-VOC in LU in the 1950s (leɐt; SɔS) and In this sɶctiʀn, wɶ ʁʃɶsɶnt /l/-VOC ɵistʃibu- 2016 (riɑht; ɔÄ). Base map: Swisstʀʁʀ. tiʀn, thɶ changɶ ʀbsɶʃvɶɵ whɶn SDS anɵ DÄ aʃɶ cʀmʁaʃɶɵ, anɵ thɶ ʃɶsults ʀn sʀcial infʀʃmatiʀn Chanɑe by locality that may hɶlʁ ɶxʁlain thɶ ʃɶtʃɶatmɶnt anɵ ɵiffu- Figuʃɶ 2 shʀws thɶ changɶs that havɶ takɶn siʀn tɶnɵɶnciɶs ʀbsɶʃvɶɵ. Fʀʃ ʃɶfɶʃɶncɶ, Tablɶ ʁlacɶ in Lucɶʃnɶ (LU): hɶʃɶ, wɶ subtʃactɶɵ thɶ 1 ʁʃʀviɵɶs an ʀvɶʃviɶw ʀf thɶ 32 lʀcalitiɶs as SDS ʁɶʃcɶntagɶs fʃʀm thɶ DÄ ʀnɶs, which is usɶɵ in thɶ cuʃʃɶnt stuɵy. nɶgativɶ if /l/-VOC has ʃɶtʃɶatɶɵ, anɵ ʁʀsitivɶ Table 1. Names oɐ the reɑions used in SɔS and ɔÄ. if it is mʀʃɶ fʃɶʂuɶnt in 2016. Wɶ fuʃthɶʃ gʃʀuʁɶɵ thɶ DÄ ɵata by sʁɶakɶʃ, sɶx, anɵ agɶ Area Regions (1-3 political communities per region) (<20; 21-35; 36<: ɶach gʃʀuʁ cʀntaining aʁ- Entlebuch (EB) 1. Entlebuch; 2. Escholzmatt; 3. Marbach; ʁʃʀximatɶly thɶ samɶ numbɶʃ ʀf sʁɶakɶʃs). On 4. Schüpfheim balancɶ, /l/-VOC has unɵɶʃgʀnɶ mʀʃɶ ʃɶtʃɶat- Hinterland (HL) 5. Altbüron; 6. Luthern; 7. Pfaffnau; 8. Zell mɶnt than ɵiffusiʀn – ɶsʁɶcially in thɶ ɶastɶʃn Lucerne- 9. Ebikon; 10. Eschenbach; 11. Hitzkirch; ʁaʃts ʀf LU (ʀʃangɶ). Hochdorf (L-H) 12. Hohenrain; 13. Horw; 14. Lucerne Midland (ML) 15. Beromünster; 16. Dagmersellen; 17. Grosswangen; 18. Malters; 19. Menznau; 20. Neudorf; 21. Neuenkirch; 22. Nottwil; 23. Rothenburg; 24. Ruswil; 25. Schötz; 26. Sempach; 27. Sursee; 28. Triengen; 29. Willisau; 30. Wolhusen Mount Rigi (RG) 31. Weggis Schongau (SC) 32. Aesch
Comparinɑ SɔS and ɔÄ distributions Fiɑure 2. /l/-VOC chanɑe ɐrom the 1950s to 2016. Figuʃɶ 1 shʀws thɶ usɶ ʀf [u̯ ] basɶɵ ʀn SDS Neɑative numbers indicate a decrease in /l/-VOC, anɵ DÄ ɵata in %. Thɶ ʁɶʃcɶntagɶ ʀf thɶ SDS positive numbers an increase. Base map: Swisstʀʁʀ. ɵata is basɶɵ ʀn thɶ numbɶʃ ʀf [u̯ ] ʁɶʃ ʃɶgiʀn: if ʀnly [l] ʀccuʃʃɶɵ (as ɶ.g. in 6), it was cʀɵɶɵ as Eɐɐect oɐ social cateɑories 0%, [u̯ ] anɵ [ ] (as ɶ.g. in 2 anɵ 8) was cʀɵɶɵ as 50%, anɵ ʀnly [u̯ ] as 100%. In thɶ 1950s, mʀst In all ʀf LU in 2016, fɶmalɶ sʁɶakɶʃs ʁʃʀ- ʃɶgiʀns in ɕntlɶbuch (ɕɒ; 1-4), Lucɶʃnɶ-Hʀch- ɵucɶɵ 23.7% [u̯ ], whilɶ malɶ sʁɶakɶʃs ɵiɵ sʀ at ɵʀʃf (9-14), anɵ in thɶ nʀʃth ʀf Miɵlanɵ (ML; a ʃatɶ ʀf 23.8%. Nʀ statistically significant ɵif- 15-30) vʀcalisɶɵ, whilɶ thɶ sʀuthɶʃn ML ʃɶ- fɶʃɶncɶ in sɶx wɶʃɶ fʀunɵ whɶn all sʁɶakɶʃs aʃɶ giʀns ʁʃɶɵʀminantly usɶɵ [l]. Suʃʁʃisingly, cʀnsiɵɶʃɶɵ, χ2(1, N = 219) < .001, p = 1.00. Wɶ whilst nʀwaɵays /l/-VOC is usɶɵ unanimʀusly fuʃthɶʃ fʀunɵ that 36< sʁɶakɶʃs usɶɵ [u̯ ] 27.3%, in ɕɒ (1-4), in thɶ 1950s ʀnɶ ʃɶgiʀn (2) is ʃɶ- 20-35 ʀnɶs 23.2%, anɵ <20 ʀnɶs 21.4% (nʀt sta- ʁʀʃtɶɵ tʀ havɶ fʃɶɶ vaʃiatiʀn bɶtwɶɶn [ ] anɵ [u̯ ]. tistically significant, χ2(2, N = 219) = 0.71, p = In thɶ ʃɶgiʀns that aʃɶ histʀʃically vʀcalising, .70). ɒʃɶaking uʁ thɶ ɵata (sɶɶ Tablɶ 2), fʀʃ thɶ /l/-VOC sɶɶms tʀ havɶ bɶcʀmɶ lɶss fʃɶʂuɶnt. wʀmɶn thɶ <20 gʃʀuʁ vʀcalisɶɵ thɶ lɶast whilɶ fʀʃ thɶ mɶn it was thɶ 21-35 ʀnɶ.
202 Proceedings P&P13
Table 2. Vocalisation rates by sex and aɑe (ɔÄ). saying Halbzeit ‘half-timɶ’ [ˈh u̯ b̥ ͡tsiːt], which was ʁaʃsɶɵ as Hauptzeit ‘main timɶ’ [ˈh u̯ ʁt͡ siːt] /l/-VOC <20 21-35 36< Overall by a (nʀn-vʀcalising) ɫuʃich listɶnɶʃ. male 26.3% 17.2% 26.5% 23.8% female 17.4% 27.5% 28.1% 23.7% Reasons ɐor the diɐɐusion oɐ /l/-VOC Overall 21.4% 23.2% 27.3% Thɶʃɶ aʃɶ, hʀwɶvɶʃ, sʀmɶ ʃɶgiʀns whɶʃɶ [u̯ ] gainɶɵ gʃʀunɵ, ɶ.g. thɶ city ʀf Lucɶʃnɶ (14), Discussion whɶʃɶ Lɶɶmann ɶt al. (2014) haɵ fʀunɵ 7/90 /l/s tʀ bɶ vʀcalisɶɵ (7.8%) in VLLV cʀntɶxts, ɵif- Rɶsults ʀf this stuɵy ʃɶvɶalɶɵ that /l/-VOC fɶʃing ʀnly slightly fʃʀm this stuɵy’s finɵings has bʀth ɵɶcʃɶasɶɵ anɵ incʃɶasɶɵ – ɵɶʁɶnɵing (4/76; 5.3%). In thɶ ʃɶst ʀf LU, it is mainly in ʀn thɶ ʃɶgiʀn. ɒɶfʀʃɶ wɶ ɵiscuss this fuʃthɶʃ, ML whɶʃɶ [u̯ ] was nɶwly ʀbsɶʃvɶɵ. This aʁʁaʃ- hʀwɶvɶʃ, bɶaʃ in minɵ thɶ ɵiffɶʃɶnt natuʃɶ ʀf ɶnt cʀntʃaɵictiʀn ʀf /l/-VOC bʀth sʁʃɶaɵing anɵ ɵata cʀllɶctiʀn fʀʃ SDS anɵ DÄ. Fʀʃ SDS, thɶ ʃɶtʃɶating can ʀccuʃ as it can bɶ ʃɶgaʃɵɶɵ as ʃu- ʁʃʀnunciatiʀn ʀf abʀut 2500 wʀʃɵs sʁʀkɶn by ʃal anɵ stigmatisɶɵ in uʃban aʃɶas, whilɶ it can 1-3 ʁɶʀʁlɶ fʃʀm ɶach lʀcatiʀn (agɶɵ 50-70) simultanɶʀusly bɶ ʁɶʃcɶivɶɵ as a way ʀf ɵistin- wɶʃɶ tʃanscʃibɶɵ ʀn an auɵitʀʃy basis. Fʀʃ DÄ, guishing ʀnɶsɶlf fʃʀm thɶ ɵʀminant uʃban vaʃi- thɶ sʁɶakɶʃs ʃɶaɵ ʃɶcʀʃɵing instʃuctiʀns anɵ au- ɶty in ʃuʃal aʃɶas (Haas 1973: 68). Nʀt lɶast ɵiɵ tʀnʀmʀusly ʁʃʀviɵɶɵ thɶiʃ mɶtaɵata in thɶ aʁʁ, Haas ʃɶʁʀʃt ʃuʃal sʁɶakɶʃs tʀ ʃɶgaʃɵ /l/-VOC as amʀngst which was thɶ inɵicatiʀn ʀf thɶiʃ ɵia- a tʀkɶn ʀf ɵʀwn-tʀ-ɶaʃthnɶss (64), hɶncɶ imʁly- lɶct. This sɶlf-ɵɶclaʃatiʀn can bɶ ʁʃʀblɶmatic if ing that it is linkɶɵ tʀ ʁʀsitivɶ sʀcial valuɶs. ɶ.g. sʁɶakɶʃs aɵaʁtɶɵ thɶiʃ sʁɶɶch tʀ a mʀʃɶ stɶ- This can bɶ ɶxtɶnɵɶɵ tʀ thɶ Stanɵaʃɵ vaʃiɶty: ʃɶʀtyʁical, anɵ hɶncɶ mʀʃɶ ʁʃɶstigiʀus ɵialɶct Chʃistɶn (2001: 24) ʁʃʀʁʀsɶs that /l/-VOC tʀ avʀiɵ stigmatisatiʀn. Wɶ wɶʃɶ thɶʃɶfʀʃɶ sɶʃvɶs as a linguistic fɶatuʃɶ tʀ ɵistinguish fʀʃcɶɵ tʀ bɶliɶvɶ thɶ infʀʃmatiʀn ʁʃʀviɵɶɵ by Swiss Gɶʃman (SwG) fʃʀm StG anɵ hɶncɶ thɶ sʁɶakɶʃs withʀut fuʃthɶʃ vɶʃificatiʀn. Fʀʃ a sɶʃvɶs as a Swiss iɵɶntity maʃkɶʃ. Mʀʃɶʀvɶʃ, thɶ mʀʃɶ ɵɶtailɶɵ ɵiscussiʀn ʀf thɶ aʁʁ’s shʀʃtcʀm- mɶɵia incʃɶasingly bʃʀaɵcast in SwG, thɶʃɶby ings sɶɶ Lɶɶmann ɶt al. 2016. uʁʁing thɶ amʀunt ʀf ɵialɶct cʀntact with nʀn- Reasons ɐor retreatment oɐ /l/-VOC vʀcalising sʁɶakɶʃs (Lɶɶmann ɶt al. 2014: 195). Paiʃɶɵ with thɶ gɶnɶʃal ʁʀsitivɶ attituɵɶ tʀwaʃɵs In mʀst ʃɶgiʀns [u̯ ] has ʃɶtʃɶatɶɵ as is ɶviɵɶnt (vʀcalising) ɒɕ SwG (Ris 1992: 756), /l/-VOC in Figuʃɶ 2. This ʃɶtʃɶatmɶnt may bɶ ɶxʁlainɶɵ fʀunɵ fɶʃtilɶ sʀil ʀn which tʀ ɵɶvɶlʀʁ. with /l/-VOC bɶing a stigmatisɶɵ “sʀcial maʃkɶʃ” (Labʀv 1972) fʀʃ Lucɶʃnɶ-city-ʀʃi- Further reasons ɐor lanɑuaɑe chanɑe ɶntɶɵ ʃuʃal ʁɶʀʁlɶ. It bɶaʃs sʀcial class infʀʃ- Thɶ allʀʁhʀnic shifts within LU cʀulɵ alsʀ matiʀn ʀn thɶ ʀnɶ hanɵ, bɶing assʀciatɶɵ with bɶ ʃɶlatɶɵ tʀ thɶ ɶvɶʃ-incʃɶasing mʀbility. ɑs lʀwɶʃ-class ʁɶasants, anɵ it is ʁɶʃcɶivɶɵ at a ɒʃitain has aʃguɶɵ, althʀugh “cʀmmuting tʀ cʀnsciʀus lɶvɶl as it ɵʀɶs nʀt match thɶ ʀʃthʀ- wʀʃk, mʀving tʀ cʀllɶgɶ, visiting family anɵ gʃaʁhic ʃulɶs ʀf thɶ high ʁʃɶstigɶ vaʃiɶty, which fʃiɶnɵs, ʁaʃticiʁatiʀn in thɶ mʀbilɶ tɶʃtiaʃy sɶc- in this casɶ may bɶ Stanɵaʃɵ Gɶʃman (StG), ʀʃ tʀʃ ʀf thɶ ɶcʀnʀmy, thɶ mʀbilitiɶs that ɶntail thɶ thɶ ɵʀminant (nʀn-vʀcalising) Lucɶʃnɶ city ɵi- cʀnsumʁtiʀn ʀf gʀʀɵs anɵ sɶʃvicɶs, mʀving alɶct as it is tyʁically ʃɶʁʃɶsɶntɶɵ by ʃathɶʃ hʀmɶ anɵ ʃɶliancɶ ʀn thɶ caʃ” sɶɶm tʀ bɶ ʃathɶʃ than
203 Proceedings P&P13
Demoɑraphic analysis Handbooɕ oɐ Lanɑuaɑe Variation & Chanɑe, 2nɵ ɕɵ., Jʀhn Wilɶy & Sʀns, Oxfʀʃɵ. 469-500. Tyʁically, nʀn-ʁʃɶstigiʀus, stigmatisɶɵ fɶa- Chʃistɶn, H. (2001): ɕin ɔialɶktmaʃkɶʃ auf ɕʃfʀlgs- tuʃɶs aʃɶ usɶɵ mʀʃɶ fʃɶʂuɶntly by malɶ sʁɶakɶʃs kuʃs: ɔiɶ /l/-Vʀkalisiɶʃung in ɵɶʃ ɵɶutschsʁʃa- (Tʃuɵgill 1986: 42). Hʀwɶvɶʃ, this ɵʀɶs nʀt aʁ- chigɶn Schwɶiг. Zeitschriɐt ɐür Dialeɕtoloɑie ʁly tʀ LU SwG as thɶ /l/-VOC ʃatɶ ʀf thɶ twʀ und Linɑuistiɕ 68: 16–26. sɶxɶs aʃɶ ɶssɶntially thɶ samɶ. ɑgɶ ɵʀɶs nʀt Chʃistɶn, H. (1988). Sʁʃachlichɶ Vaʃiatiʀn in ɵɶʃ ʁlay a cʃucial ʃʀlɶ ɶithɶʃ, althʀugh a tʃɶnɵ can ɵɶutschsʁʃachigɶn Schwɶiг: ɔaʃgɶstɶllt am bɶ ʀbsɶʃvɶɵ fʀʃ yʀungɶʃ sʁɶakɶʃs tʀ vʀcalisɶ ɒɶisʁiɶl ɵɶʃ L-Vʀkalisiɶʃung in ɵɶʃ Gɶmɶinɵɶ lɶss. This is cʀnsistɶnt with what has bɶɶn ʃɶ- Knutwil unɵ in ɵɶʃ Staɵt Luгɶʃn. Stɶinɶʃ. Fɶɵɶʃal Statistics Officɶ. (2016). Pendlermobilität ʁʀʃtɶɵ in Chʃistɶn (1988) anɵ Lɶɶmann ɶt al. in der Schweiz 2014. Rɶtʃiɶvɶɵ 22 Junɶ 2016. (2014). ɑ ʃɶasʀn fʀʃ malɶ sʁɶakɶʃs agɶɵ 21-35 Haas, W. (1973). ɫuʃ l-Vʀkalisiɶʃung im wɶstli- vʀcalising thɶ lɶast might bɶ thɶ with n=29 still chɶn Schwɶiгɶʃɵɶutsch. In H. ɒausingɶʃ ʃɶlativɶly lʀw numbɶʃ ʀf ʁaʃticiʁants. Futuʃɶ ʃɶ- (ɶɵs.), Dialeɕt als Sprachbarriere: Taɑunɑ zur sɶaʃch with cʀntʃʀllɶɵ samʁlɶ gʃʀuʁs will havɶ alemannischen Dialeɕtɐorschunɑ. Tübingɶn: tʀ ɶxʁlʀʃɶ ʀuʃ finɵings. Tübingɶʃ Vɶʃɶinigung füʃ Vʀlkskunɵɶ. 63-70. Hall-Lɶw, L., & Fix, S. (2012). Pɶʃcɶʁtual cʀɵing Conclusion ʃɶliability ʀf (L)-vʀcaliгatiʀn in casual sʁɶɶch ɵata. Linɑua, 122(7), 794-809. /l/-VOC in VLLV ʁʀsitiʀn has bʀth lʀst anɵ iPhone Speciɐications (2016). Rɶtʃiɶvɶɵ 17 Junɶ gainɶɵ gʃʀunɵ in LU within thɶ last 70 yɶaʃs. 2016 fʃʀm httʁ://www.ɶvɶʃyiʁhʀnɶ.cʀm/. This can bɶ ɶxʁlainɶɵ by thɶ fact that vʀcalising Labʀv, W. (1972). Sociolinɑuistic patterns. Phila- /l/s is ʀn thɶ ʀnɶ hanɵ a stigmatisɶɵ fɶatuʃɶ as- ɵɶlʁhia: Univ. ʀf Pɶnnsylvania Pʃɶss. sʀciatɶɵ with nʀn-ʁʃɶstigiʀus vaʃiɶtiɶs. Simul- Lɶɶmann, ɑ., Kʀlly, M.-J., Puʃvɶs, R., ɒʃitain, ɔ., & Glasɶʃ, ɕ. (2016). Cʃʀwɵsʀuʃcing Languagɶ tanɶʀusly, /l/-VOC can act as an iɵɶntity maʃkɶʃ Changɶ with Smaʃtʁhʀnɶ ɑʁʁlicatiʀns. PLoS fʀʃ bʀth ʃuʃalnɶss (in cʀmʁaʃisʀn with thɶ ɵʀm- ONE, 11(1). inant uʃban vaʃiɶty), ʀʃ Swissnɶss (in cʀmʁaʃi- Lɶɶmann, ɑ., Kʀlly, M.-J., Wɶʃlɶn, I., ɒʃitain, ɔ., sʀn with StG). Sɶx anɵ agɶ ɵʀ nʀt sɶɶm tʀ in- & Stuɵɶʃ-Jʀhʀ, ɔ. (2014). Thɶ ɵiffusiʀn ʀf /l/- fluɶncɶ thɶ fʃɶʂuɶncy as tʀ hʀw much a sʁɶakɶʃ vʀcaliгatiʀn in Swiss Gɶʃman. Lanɑuaɑe Vari- vʀcalisɶ, althʀugh ʀlɵɶʃ sʁɶakɶʃ favʀuʃɶɵ /l/- ation & Chanɑe, 26(2), 191-218. VOC mʀʃɶ sʀ than yʀungɶʃ sʁɶakɶʃs. In gɶn- Lin, S., & ɔɶmuth, K. (2015). Chilɵʃɶn's ɑcʂuisi- ɶʃal, ɶxcɶʁt fʀʃ thɶ sʁɶakɶʃs in ɕɒ, sʁɶɶch cʀm- tiʀn ʀf ɕnglish Onsɶt anɵ Cʀɵa /l/: Articula- munitiɶs tɶnɵ tʀ bɶ lɶss hʀmʀgɶnɶʀus than thɶy tory Evidence. JSLHR, 58(1), 13. usɶɵ tʀ bɶ, which can ʁʀtɶntially bɶ linkɶɵ tʀ Milʃʀy, L., & Llamas, C. (2013). Sʀcial Nɶtwʀʃks. In Chambɶʃs, J. K., & Schilling N. (ɶɵs.). ɵialɶct cʀntact facilitatɶɵ by thɶ sʁʃɶaɵ ʀf mass Handbooɕ oɐ Lanɑuaɑe Variation & Chanɑe, mɶɵia anɵ thɶ incʃɶasɶɵ mʀbility. 2nɵ ɕɵ., Jʀhn Wilɶy & Sʀns, Oxfʀʃɵ. 407-427. QGIS ɔɶvɶlʀʁmɶnt Tɶam (2016). QGIS Gɶʀ- Acknowledgements gʃaʁhic Infʀʃmatiʀn Systɶm. Oʁɶn Sʀuʃcɶ Gɶ- ʀsʁatial Fʀunɵatiʀn Pʃʀjɶct. Uɫ wʀulɵ likɶ tʀ thank thɶ Gɶɶʃt-unɵ-Lʀʃɶ- Ris, R. (1992). Innɶʃɶthik ɵɶʃ ɵɶutschɶn Schwɶiг. ɒlankɶn-Schlɶmʁɶʃ Fʀunɵatiʀn (Suʃsɶɶ), anɵ In Huggɶʃ, P. (ɶɵs.): Handbuch der schweize- thɶ Hans-unɵ-Wilma-Stutг Fʀunɵatiʀn (Hɶʃi- rischen Volɕsɕultur II. Offiгin: 749-766. sau) fʀʃ thɶiʃ financial suʁʁʀʃt, Fʃancis Nʀlan RStuɵiʀ Tɶam (2015). RStuɵiʀ: Intɶgʃatɶɵ ɔɶvɶlʀ- fʀʃ his usɶful tiʁs anɵ aɵvicɶ ɵuʃing thɶ ʀʃiginal ʁmɶnt fʀʃ R. wʃiting ʁʃʀcɶss, Stɶʁhan Schmiɵ, anɵ Janɶ Stu- Sʁʃachatlas ɵɶʃ ɵɶutschɶn Schwɶiг Vʀl. 2 (SɔS) aʃt-Smith fʀʃ thɶiʃ cʀnstʃuctivɶ fɶɶɵback ʀn (1965). ɒɶʃn Fʃanckɶ. ɵʃafts ʀf this ʁaʁɶʃ. Uɫ & ɑL wʀulɵ likɶ tʀ Stalɵɶʃ, F J. (1819). ɔiɶ Lanɵɶssʁʃachɶn ɵɶʃ thank Maʃiɶ-Jʀsé Kʀlly fʀʃ hɶʃ substantial cʀn- Schwɶiг: ʀɵɶʃ, Schwɶiгɶʃischɶ ɔialɶktʀlʀgiɶ. ɑaʃau: Hɶinʃich Rɶmigius Sauɶʃlänɵɶʃ. tʃibutiʀns tʀ thɶ ɵɶvɶlʀʁmɶnt ʀf DÄ. Sʁʃʀat, R., & Fujimuʃa, O. (1993). ɑllʀʁhʀnic vaʃi- atiʀn in ɕnglish /l/ anɵ its imʁlicatiʀns fʀʃ References ʁhʀnɶtic imʁlɶmɶntatiʀn. Journal oɐ Phonetics ɒaumgaʃtnɶʃ, H. (1940). Stadtmundart—Stadt- und 21, 291-311. Landmundart. ɒɶʃn: Lang. Swisstopo (2017). Rɶtʃiɶvɶɵ 27 Fɶbʃuaʃy 2017 fʃʀm ɒʀɶʃsma, P. & Wɶɶnink, ɔ. (2016). Pʃaat: ɵʀing httʁs://www.swisstʀʁʀ.aɵmin.ch/. ʁhʀnɶtics by cʀmʁutɶʃ. Tʃuɵgill, P. (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxfʀʃɵ: ɒʃitain, ɔ. (2013). Sʁacɶ, ɔiffusiʀn anɵ Mʀbility. ɒlackwɶll. In Chambɶʃs, J. K., & Schilling N. (ɶɵs.).
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