Zhang-Zhung and Qiangic Languages Guillaume Jacques
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An Introduction to the Study of Language LEONARD BLOOMFIELD
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE General Editor E.F. KONRAD KOERNER (University of Ottawa) Series II - CLASSICS IN PSYCHOLINGUISTICS Advisory Editorial Board Ursula Bellugi (San Diego);John B. Carroll Chapel Hill, N.C.) Robert Grieve (Perth, W.Australia);Hans Hormann (Bochum) John C. Marshall (Oxford);Tatiana Slama-Cazacu (Bucharest) Dan I. Slobin (Berkeley) Volume 3 Leonard Bloomfield An Introduction to the Study of Language LEONARD BLOOMFIELD AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE New edition with an introduction by JOSEPH F. KESS University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA 1983 FOR CHARLES F. HOCKETT © Copyright 1983 - John Benjamins B.V. ISSN 0165 716X ISBN 90 272 1892 7 (Pp.) / ISBN 90 272 1891 9(Hb.) No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. ACKNOWLEDGMENT For permission to reprint Leonard Bloomfield's book, An Introduction to the Study of Language (New York, 1914) I would like to thank the publisher Holt, Rinehart & Winston, and Ms Mary McGowan, Manager, Rights and Permissions Department.* Thanks are also due to my colleague and friend Joseph F. Kess for having con• tributed an introductory article to the present reprinting of Bloomfield's first book, and to Charles F. Hockett of Cornell University, for commenting on an earlier draft of my Foreword, suggesting substantial revisions of content and form. It is in recognition of his important contribution to a re-evaluation of Bloomfield's oeuvre that the present volume is dedicated to him. -
“Little Tibet” with “Little Mecca”: Religion, Ethnicity and Social Change on the Sino-Tibetan Borderland (China)
“LITTLE TIBET” WITH “LITTLE MECCA”: RELIGION, ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE ON THE SINO-TIBETAN BORDERLAND (CHINA) A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Yinong Zhang August 2009 © 2009 Yinong Zhang “LITTLE TIBET” WITH “LITTLE MECCA”: RELIGION, ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE ON THE SINO-TIBETAN BORDERLAND (CHINA) Yinong Zhang, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 This dissertation examines the complexity of religious and ethnic diversity in the context of contemporary China. Based on my two years of ethnographic fieldwork in Taktsang Lhamo (Ch: Langmusi) of southern Gansu province, I investigate the ethnic and religious revival since the Chinese political relaxation in the 1980s in two local communities: one is the salient Tibetan Buddhist revival represented by the rebuilding of the local monastery, the revitalization of religious and folk ceremonies, and the rising attention from the tourists; the other is the almost invisible Islamic revival among the Chinese Muslims (Hui) who have inhabited in this Tibetan land for centuries. Distinctive when compared to their Tibetan counterpart, the most noticeable phenomenon in the local Hui revival is a revitalization of Hui entrepreneurship, which is represented by the dominant Hui restaurants, shops, hotels, and bus lines. As I show in my dissertation both the Tibetan monastic ceremonies and Hui entrepreneurship are the intrinsic part of local ethnoreligious revival. Moreover these seemingly unrelated phenomena are in fact closely related and reflect the modern Chinese nation-building as well as the influences from an increasingly globalized and government directed Chinese market. -
Tibetan Timeline
Information provided by James B. Robinson, associate professor, world religions, University of Northern Iowa Events (Tibetan Calendar Date) 17 Dec 1933 - Thirteenth Dalai Lama Passes Away in Lhasa at the age of 57 (Water-Bird Year, 10th month, 30th day) 6 July 1935 - Future 14th DL born in Taktser, Amdo, Tibet (Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day) 17 Nov 1950 - Assumes full temporal (political) power after China's invasion of Tibet in 1949 (Iron-Tiger Year, 10th month, 11th day) 23 May 1951 - 17-Point Agreement signed by Tibetan delegation in Peking under duress 1954 Confers 1st Kalachakra Initiation in Norbulingka Palace, Lhasa July 1954 to June 1955 - Visits China for peace talks, meets with Mao Zedong and other Chinese leaders, including Chou En-Lai and Deng Xiaoping 10 March 1959 - Tens of thousands of Tibetans gathered in front of Norbulingka Palace, Lhasa, to prevent His Holiness from going to a performance at the Chinese Army Camp in Lhasa. Tibetan People's Uprising begins in Lhasa March 1959 - Tibetan Government formally reestablished at Lhudup Dzong. 17-Point Agreement formally repudiated by Tibetan Government 17 March 1959 - DL escapes at night from Norbulingka Palace in Lhasa 30 March 1959 - Enters India from Tibet after a harrowing 14-day escape 1963 - Presents a draft democratic constitution for Tibet. First exile Tibetan Parliament (assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies) established in Dharamsala. 21 Sept 1987 - Delivers historic Five Point Peace Plan for Tibet in Washington, D.C. to members of the U.S. Congress 10 Dec 1989 - Awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in Oslo, Norway 1992 - Initiates a number of additional major democratic steps, including direct election of Kalons (Ministers) by the Assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies and establishment of a judiciary branch. -
03 Warner Offprint
03 Warner_Inner Asia 13/2 30/01/2012 09:49 Page 239 A Miscarriage of History: Wencheng Gongzhu and Sino- Tibetan Historiography CAMerOn DAviD WArner Aarhus University, Denmark [email protected] AbSTrACT in this article, i examine how Wencheng Gonghzu, the Chinese consort to the first Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo, served as a contentious rhetorical site for Tibetan and Chinese historiographers for over 1,000 years. i argue present exile Tibetan and Chinese propaganda on such topics as Tibetan political, cultural, and hereditary independence from China is at least analogous and possibly influ - enced by historiographic traditions found in texts such as the Tang Annals and post- imperial Tibetan buddhist works like the Vase- shaped Pillar Testament . However, as Central Tibetan and Chinese historians used Wencheng to index the complex relationship between Tibet and China, eastern Tibetan historians pre - served lesser- known, potentially subversive narratives of Wencheng’s travels, especially regarding her possible love- affair with the Tibetan minister Gar Tongtsen and their illegitimate child. After briefly reviewing Central Tibetan and Chinese metanarratives, i focus on eastern Tibetan narratives, including the apparently lost Secret Autobiography of Wencheng Gongzhu , which i argue point to the former political autonomy and cultural hybridity of areas of eastern Tibet, especially Minyak and Powo. My investigation into Wencheng narratives from eastern Tibet demonstrates that her journey from China to Tibet should not be thought of as a mere liminal period of her life, but rather central to debates among Tibetans and Chinese regarding the politics of national unity ( minzu tuanjie ) and constructions of pan- Tibetan identity. -
Europaio: a Brief Grammar of the European Language Reconstruct Than the Individual Groupings
1. Introduction 1.1. The Indo-European 1. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects, including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in South Asia. Contemporary languages in this family include English, German, French, Spanish, Countries with IE languages majority in orange. In Portuguese, Hindustani (i.e., mainly yellow, countries in which have official status. [© gfdl] Hindi and Urdu) and Russian. It is the largest family of languages in the world today, being spoken by approximately half the world's population as their mother tongue, while most of the other half speak at least one of them. 2. The classification of modern IE dialects into languages and dialects is controversial, as it depends on many factors, such as the pure linguistic ones (most of the times being the least important of them), the social, economic, political and historical ones. However, there are certain common ancestors, some of them old, well-attested languages (or language systems), as Classic Latin for Romance languages (such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian or Catalan), Classic Sanskrit for the Indo-Aryan languages or Classic Greek for present-day Greek. Furthermore, there are other, still older -some of them well known- dialects from which these old language systems were derived and later systematized, which are, following the above examples, Archaic Latin, Archaic Sanskrit and Archaic Greek, also attested in older compositions and inscriptions. And there are, finally, old related dialects which help develop a Proto-Language, as the Faliscan (and Osco-Umbrian for many scholars) for Latino-Faliscan (Italic for many), the Avestan for Indo-Iranian or the Mycenaean for Proto-Greek. -
Understanding Tibetan Religions Through Artistic Conventions
[TYPE THE COMPANY NAME] Field of Accumulation: A Trove of Questions Understanding Tibetan Religions Through Artistic Conventions Elizabeth Harris 3/22/2017 “I know all the details of karma, but I do not really believe in it. I have heard a lot of Dharma, but have never put it into practice. Bless me and evil-doers like me That our minds may mingle with the Dharma.” -Words of My Perfect Teacher Introduction The Tibetan plateau is home to a unique blended culture of the religions, Buddhism and Bön. Bön, otherwise known as The Nameless Religion, was the reigning religious practice of this area until the introduction of Buddhism in the seventh century A.D., which came to eventually dominate the entire plateau. The Buddhist take-over was not immediate by any means, and was further complicated by the acceptance of Bön beliefs and traditions into Buddhism. To this day there is still debate between whether or not Bön is still its own religion, or just a ‘newer’ sect of Tibetan Buddhism. “The Nyingma Lineage Refuge Field” dated 1800-1899, is a Buddhist scroll painting (thangka) depicting the distinct composition of a Field of Accumulation, also known as a Refuge Field. (Figure 1) This work represents the teachings of the Nyingma sect of Tibetan Buddhism and the lineage of the Heart-essence of the Vast Expanse; as described in the written guide by Patrul Rinpoche, Words of My Perfect Teacher. “Shenlha Odkar Tsog Shing” is a Bön scroll painting with a similar Refuge Field composition and is dated 1900- 1959. (Figure 2) The teachings represented here are described in a book by Shardza Tashi Gyaltsen’s Heart Drops of Dharmakaya; a guide to the Dzogchen practice of the Bön. -
Verifying the Consistency of the Digitized Indo-European Sound Law System Generating the Data of the 120 Most Archaic Languages from Proto-Indo-European
Verifying the Consistency of the Digitized Indo-European Sound Law System Generating the Data of the 120 Most Archaic Languages from Proto-Indo-European Jouna Pyysalo, Aleksi Sahala, and Mans Hulden ABSTRACT: Using state-of-the-art finite-state technology (FST) we automatically generate data of the some 120 most archaic Indo-European (IE) languages from reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (PIE) by means of digitized sound laws. The accuracy rate of the automatic generation of the data exceeds 99%, which also applies in the generation of new data that were not observed when the rules representing the sound laws were originally compiled. After testing and verifying the consistency of the sound law system with regard to the IE data and the PIE reconstruction, we report the following results: a) The consistency of the digitized sound law system generating the data of the 120 most archaic Indo-European languages from Proto-Indo-European is verifiable. b) The primary objective of Indo-European linguistics, a reconstruction theory of PIE in essence equivalent to the IE data (except for a limited set of open research problems), has been provably achieved. The results are fully explicit, repeatable, and verifiable. 1. On the digitalization of Indo-European sound laws with finite-state technology (FST) 1.1 Sir William JONES’ (1788) groundbreaking announcement of a genetic relationship between European languages including Greek and Latin, Sanskrit, and other language groups and the existence of a common ancestor of these Indo- European (IE) languages marks the birth of modern comparative linguistics. Soon after, the pioneers Rasmus RASK, Franz BOPP, and others confirmed the existence of systematic correspondences between the ‘letters’ (phonemes) of the IE languages, thus verifying Sir William’s initial assessment: the Indo-European languages are indeed genetically related and descended from a common source, now known as Proto-Indo-European (PIE). -
Bon the Everlasting Religion of Tibet
BON THE EVERLASTING RELIGION OF TIBET TIBETAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF PROFESSOR DAVID L. SNELLGROVE Papers Presented at the International Conference on Bon 22-27 June 2008, Shenten Dargye Ling, Château de la Modetais, Blou, France New Horizons of Bon Studies, 2 Samten G. Karmay and Donatella Rossi, Editors Founded by Giuseppe Tucci A QUARTERLY PUBLISHED BY THE ISTITUTO ITALIANO PER L’AFRICA E L’ORIENTE I s I A O Vol. 59 - Nos. 1-4 (December 2009) EDITORIAL BOARD † Domenico Faccenna Gherardo Gnoli, Chairman Lionello Lanciotti Luciano Petech Art Director: Beniamino Melasecchi Editorial staff: Matteo De Chiara, Elisabetta Valento ISSN 0012-8376 Yearly subscription: € 200,00 (mail expenses not included) Subscription orders must be sent direct to: www.mediastore.isiao.it Manuscripts should be sent to the Editorial Board of East and West Administrative and Editorial Offices: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente Direttore scientifico: Gherardo Gnoli; Direttore editoriale: Francesco D’Arelli Art director: Beniamino Melasecchi; Coord. redazionale: Elisabetta Valento Redazione: Paola Bacchetti, Matteo De Chiara Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16, 00197 Rome C O N T E N T S Preface by Gherardo Gnoli................................................................................................ 11 Introduction by Samten G. Karmay................................................................................... 13 Part I. Myths and History Per Kværne, Bon and Shamanism..................................................................................... -
4. the History of Linguistics : the Handbook of Linguistics : Blackwell Reference On
4. The History of Linguistics : The Handbook of Linguistics : Blackwell Reference On... Sayfa 1 / 17 4. The History of Linguistics LYLE CAMPBELL Subject History, Linguistics DOI: 10.1111/b.9781405102520.2002.00006.x 1 Introduction Many “histories” of linguistics have been written over the last two hundred years, and since the 1970s linguistic historiography has become a specialized subfield, with conferences, professional organizations, and journals of its own. Works on the history of linguistics often had such goals as defending a particular school of thought, promoting nationalism in various countries, or focussing on a particular topic or subfield, for example on the history of phonetics. Histories of linguistics often copied from one another, uncritically repeating popular but inaccurate interpretations; they also tended to see the history of linguistics as continuous and cumulative, though more recently some scholars have stressed the discontinuities. Also, the history of linguistics has had to deal with the vastness of the subject matter. Early developments in linguistics were considered part of philosophy, rhetoric, logic, psychology, biology, pedagogy, poetics, and religion, making it difficult to separate the history of linguistics from intellectual history in general, and, as a consequence, work in the history of linguistics has contributed also to the general history of ideas. Still, scholars have often interpreted the past based on modern linguistic thought, distorting how matters were seen in their own time. It is not possible to understand developments in linguistics without taking into account their historical and cultural contexts. In this chapter I attempt to present an overview of the major developments in the history of linguistics, avoiding these difficulties as far as possible. -
Introduction to “Principles of the History of Language” by Hermann Paul
Introduction to “Principles of the History of Language” by Hermann Paul Solomon D. Katsnelson* Hermann Paul’s “Principles of the History of Language” is widely known as a classic work that offers a theoretical summary of the neogrammarian views, which dominated the field of philology abroad—and to some extent in Russia—during the last quarter of the 19th century and throughout the first quarter of the 20th century. This book is sometimes referred to as a “Neogrammarian catechism”. Fillip F. Fortunatov (1956:29), an outstanding Russian comparativist and the founder of the Moscow school of linguistics akin in its views to the German neogrammarians, said that this was “a very good general tractate on the history of language, whose writing style is perhaps not popular, but clear.” Paul’s work, with its first edition published in 1880 (the last, fifth edition was published posthumously in 19371) is still relevant today, despite neogrammarians no longer taking center stage in science. Significant advances, in the last few decades, within comparative historical and comparative typological philology as well as achievements in the fields of phonetics, linguistic geography, etc., have considerably weakened neogrammarian theory and discredited its basic tenets. There is hardly a linguist nowadays who would take it upon himself to defend the positivists’ subjective psychological approach and their take on the forces behind language development. Yet it would be a grave mistake to completely discard neogrammarian theory as outdated. Certain of its crucial features are still valid in modern philology—both Soviet and foreign—despite all the new and successful methods in language research. -
Films and Videos on Tibet
FILMS AND VIDEOS ON TIBET Last updated: 15 July 2012 This list is maintained by A. Tom Grunfeld ( [email protected] ). It was begun many years ago (in the early 1990s?) by Sonam Dargyay and others have contributed since. I welcome - and encourage - any contributions of ideas, suggestions for changes, corrections and, of course, additions. All the information I have available to me is on this list so please do not ask if I have any additional information because I don't. I have seen only a few of the films on this list and, therefore, cannot vouch for everything that is said about them. Whenever possible I have listed the source of the information. I will update this list as I receive additional information so checking it periodically would be prudent. This list has no copyright; I gladly share it with whomever wants to use it. I would appreciate, however, an acknowledgment when the list, or any part, of it is used. The following represents a resource list of films and videos on Tibet. For more information about acquiring these films, contact the distributors directly. Office of Tibet, 241 E. 32nd Street, New York, NY 10016 (212-213-5010) Wisdom Films (Wisdom Publications no longer sells these films. If anyone knows the address of the company that now sells these films, or how to get in touch with them, I would appreciate it if you could let me know. Many, but not all, of their films are sold by Meridian Trust.) Meridian Trust, 330 Harrow Road, London W9 2HP (01-289-5443)http://www.meridian-trust/.org Mystic Fire Videos, P.O. -
4 the History of Linguistics
The History of Linguistics 81 4 The History of Linguistics LYLE CAMPBELL 1 Introduction Many “histories” of linguistics have been written over the last two hundred years, and since the 1970s linguistic historiography has become a specialized subfield, with conferences, professional organizations, and journals of its own. Works on the history of linguistics often had such goals as defending a particu- lar school of thought, promoting nationalism in various countries, or focuss- ing on a particular topic or subfield, for example on the history of phonetics. Histories of linguistics often copied from one another, uncritically repeating popular but inaccurate interpretations; they also tended to see the history of linguistics as continuous and cumulative, though more recently some scholars have stressed the discontinuities. Also, the history of linguistics has had to deal with the vastness of the subject matter. Early developments in linguistics were considered part of philosophy, rhetoric, logic, psychology, biology, pedagogy, poetics, and religion, making it difficult to separate the history of linguistics from intellectual history in general, and, as a consequence, work in the history of linguistics has contributed also to the general history of ideas. Still, scholars have often interpreted the past based on modern linguistic thought, distorting how matters were seen in their own time. It is not possible to understand developments in linguistics without taking into account their historical and cultural contexts. In this chapter I attempt to present an overview of the major developments in the history of linguistics, avoiding these difficulties as far as possible. 2 Grammatical Traditions A number of linguistic traditions arose in antiquity, most as responses to linguistic change and religious concerns.