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Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease

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Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease Larry Hammell - Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Craig Stephen- Centre for Coastal Health, University of Calgary, Canada Ian Bricknell- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA Øystein Evensen- Norwegian School of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway Patricio Bustos- ADL Diagnostic Chile Ltda., Chile With Contributions by: Ricardo Enriquez- University of Austral, Chile 1 Citation: Hammell, L., Stephen, C., Bricknell, I., Evensen Ø., and P. Bustos. 2009 “Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease” commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, available at http://wwf.worldwildlife.org/site/PageNavigator/SalmonSOIForm Corresponding author: Larry Hammell, email: [email protected] This report was commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue. The Salmon Dialogue is a multi-stakeholder, multi-national group which was initiated by the World Wildlife Fund in 2004. Participants include salmon producers and other members of the market chain, NGOs, researchers, retailers, and government officials from major salmon producing and consuming countries. The goal of the Dialogue is to credibly develop and support the implementation of measurable, performance-based standards that minimize or eliminate the key negative environmental and social impacts of salmon farming, while permitting the industry to remain economically viable The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue focuses their research and standard development on seven key areas of impact of salmon production including: social; feed; disease; salmon escapes; chemical inputs; benthic impacts and siting; and, nutrient loading and carrying capacity. Funding for this report and other Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue supported work is provided by the members of the Dialogue‘s steering committee and their donors. The steering committee is composed of representatives from the Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance, Coastal Alliance for Aquaculture Reform, Fundación Terram, Marine Harvest, the Norwegian Seafood Federation, the Pew Environment Group, Skretting, SalmonChile, and the World Wildlife Fund. More information on the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue is available at: http://www.worldwildlife.org/salmondialogue 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 9 Comments regarding the combined approach to General Disease and Sea Lice reports............. 15 Chapter 1: Core Concepts Related to Disease Risk ....................................................................... 16 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 Focus on infectious and parasitic diseases .......................................................................... 17 1.3 Health, Disease and Sustainability ...................................................................................... 20 1.3.1a. Factors Affecting the Effects of Disease on Sustainability ........................................ 22 1.3.1b. Range as a Determinant of Impact ............................................................................ 23 1.3.2. Abundance as a determinant of impact ...................................................................... 30 1.3.3. The Magnitude of Effect as a Determinant of Impact ................................................. 32 1.3.4. Other factors affecting impacts ................................................................................... 37 Chapter 2: Disease and Infection Avoidance ................................................................................. 46 2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 46 2.1 Define what we mean by Avoid........................................................................................... 46 2.2 Different avoidance Scenarios ............................................................................................. 47 2.2.1 National disease avoidance strategies ......................................................................... 48 2.2.2 Endemic in the region but not on your farm ................................................................ 48 2.2.3 Endemic in the Country but not in the Region ............................................................. 49 2.2.4 Exotic Diseases that are known elsewhere .................................................................. 50 2.3 What must be in place to avoid a Disease? ......................................................................... 51 2.3.1a Herd and Individual Immunity .................................................................................... 51 2.3.1b Individual Immunity.................................................................................................... 51 2.3.1c Herd (population) Immunity ....................................................................................... 52 2.3.1d Stress and Disease ...................................................................................................... 52 3 2.3.2a Preventing Exposure ................................................................................................... 53 2.3.2b Legislation ................................................................................................................... 53 2.3.2c Physical barriers .......................................................................................................... 54 2.3.2d Disinfections ............................................................................................................... 54 2.3.2e Protected Environments ............................................................................................. 55 2.3.2f Quarantine .................................................................................................................. 55 2.3.3 Knowledge on what might be coming .......................................................................... 56 2.4 Prediction – knowing what to avoid .................................................................................... 56 2.4.1. Availability of Adult Salmon Increases Disease Detection .......................................... 56 2.4.2 Prediction of Specific Outbreaks .................................................................................. 57 2.4.3 Communication across other farms and regions – what is next door?........................ 59 2.5 Promoting Resistance .......................................................................................................... 61 2.5.1 Specific prevention of infection ................................................................................... 62 2.5.2 Non-specific prevention of infection ............................................................................ 63 2.6 Preventing Transmission ..................................................................................................... 64 2.6.1 To, Within, and Between Farms ................................................................................... 64 2.6.2a. Farm and Non-farm Interaction ................................................................................ 66 2.6.2b. Physical Barriers ........................................................................................................ 66 2.6.2c. Geographical Barriers ................................................................................................ 66 2.6.2d. Escapes ...................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 3: Disease prevention ...................................................................................................... 69 3.1 What are the tools for prevention against infectious diseases? ......................................... 69 3.1.1 The immune system ..................................................................................................... 69 3.1.2 Vaccination ................................................................................................................... 70 3.1.3 Licensing of Vaccines ............................................................................................. 73 4 3.1.4 Non-specific Immune Modulators ................................................................................ 73 3.1.5 Genetics ........................................................................................................................ 75 3.1.6 Nutrition ....................................................................................................................... 76 3.2 Herd health & HAACP on farm ............................................................................................ 76 3.2.1 Herd health ................................................................................................................... 76 3.2.2 Identification of Critical Control Points ........................................................................ 80 3.2.3 Codes of Conduct and On-farm Policies ....................................................................... 81 Chapter 4: Managing Disease Risk ................................................................................................ 84 4. Can we reduce disease impacts on farmed and wild fish ....................................................
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