Volume 9, Number 3 Third Quarter, 2015 Volume 9, Number 3 the AQUATIC VETERINARIAN Third Quarter 2015
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Fish Welfare on Scotland's Salmon Farms
FISH WELFARE ON SCOTLAND’S SALMON FARMS A REPORT BY ONEKIND Lorem ipsum CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 6.3.1 Increased aggression 26 6.3.2 Increased spread of disease and parasites 26 2 SALMON SENTIENCE 6.3.2 Reduced water quality 26 AND INDIVIDUALITY 4 6.3.4 Issues with low stocking densities 27 2.1 Fish sentience 5 6.4 Husbandry 27 2.2 Atlantic salmon as individuals 5 6.4.1 Handling 27 6.4.2 Crowding 28 3 ATLANTIC SALMON LIFE CYCLE 6 6.4.3 Vaccination 28 3.1 Life cycle of wild salmon 6 6.5 Transportation 28 3.2 Life cycle of farmed Alantic Salmon 6 6.6 Failed smolts 29 6.7 Housing 20 4 SALMON FARMING IN SCOTLAND 8 6.8 Slaughter 31 5 KEY WELFARE ISSUES 10 7 MARINE WILDLIFE WELFARE IMPACTS 32 5.1 High mortality rates 10 7.1 Wild salmon and trout 32 5.2 Sea lice 11 7.2 Fish caught for salmon food 33 5.2.1 How do sea lice compromise 7.3 Seals 33 the welfare of farmed salmon? 11 7.4 Cetaceans 34 5.2.2 How are sea lice levels monitored? 12 7.5 Crustaceans 34 5.2.3 How severe is sea lice infestation in Scotland? 13 8 FUTURE CHALLENGES 35 5.3 Disease 14 8.1 Closed containment 35 5.3.1 Amoebic Gill Disease 15 8.2 Moving sites offshore 35 5.3.2 Cardiomyopathy Syndrome 15 5.3.3 Infectious salmon anaemia 15 9 ACCREDITATION SCHEMES 5.3.4 Pancreas disease 15 AND STANDARDS 36 5.4 Treatment for sea lice and disease 16 9.1 Certification in Scotland 36 5.4.1 Thermolicer 17 9.2 What protection do standards provide salmon? 36 5.4.2 Hydrolicer 17 9.2.1 Soil Association Organic standards 36 5.4.3 Hydrogen peroxide 17 9.2.2 RSPCA Assured 36 5.5 Cleaner fish 18 -
Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease
Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease Larry Hammell - Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Craig Stephen- Centre for Coastal Health, University of Calgary, Canada Ian Bricknell- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA Øystein Evensen- Norwegian School of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway Patricio Bustos- ADL Diagnostic Chile Ltda., Chile With Contributions by: Ricardo Enriquez- University of Austral, Chile 1 Citation: Hammell, L., Stephen, C., Bricknell, I., Evensen Ø., and P. Bustos. 2009 “Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease” commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, available at http://wwf.worldwildlife.org/site/PageNavigator/SalmonSOIForm Corresponding author: Larry Hammell, email: [email protected] This report was commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue. The Salmon Dialogue is a multi-stakeholder, multi-national group which was initiated by the World Wildlife Fund in 2004. Participants include salmon producers and other members of the market chain, NGOs, researchers, retailers, and government officials from major salmon producing and consuming countries. The goal of the Dialogue is to credibly develop and support the implementation of measurable, performance-based standards that minimize or eliminate the key negative environmental and social impacts of salmon farming, while permitting the industry to remain economically viable The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue focuses their research and standard development on seven key areas of impact of salmon production including: social; feed; disease; salmon escapes; chemical inputs; benthic impacts and siting; and, nutrient loading and carrying capacity. Funding for this report and other Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue supported work is provided by the members of the Dialogue‘s steering committee and their donors. -
Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research
Reference Resources Caveats from AAALAC’s Council on Accreditation regarding this resource: “Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research” Use of Fishes in Research Committee (joint committee of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists), 2014. *This reference was adopted by the Council on Accreditation with the following four clarifications: Clarifications: #1. On page 27, the Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research state that “[t]he preferred method for archival storage is direct immersion in a 10% formalin (3.7% formaldehyde) solution, followed by transfer to alcohol (70% ethanol, un-denatured preferred) for long-term preservation and storage, as with voucher specimens.” The document goes on to state later in the same paragraph that “[w]hen study interests demand that specimens be fixed without prior treatment with sedatives, the specimens can be numbed in ice water, or for small fishes, immersed directly in liquid nitrogen (see section 8.1 Euthanasia).” In these instances, death is either by fixation in a formalin solution or by freezing in liquid nitrogen, which are both considered unacceptable as a primary means of euthanasia by the AVMA. AAALAC International utilizes the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia and recommends this document, and applicable legal requirements be referred to for further guidance. #2. On page 6, the Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research discuss mortality as an experimental endpoint. The Guide emphasizes that studies should include descriptions of appropriate humane endpoints or provide science-based justification for not using a particular, commonly accepted humane endpoint. -
Parapterois Heterurus (Bleeker, 1856) Parascorpaena Mcadamsi (Fowler
click for previous page 2326 Bony Fishes Parapterois heterurus (Bleeker, 1856) En - Blackfooted firefish. Maximum standard length 25 cm. Occasionally appears in trawls over soft bottoms at depths of 40 to 300 m. Too infrequently taken to be of importance to fisheries, but can force trawl fishermen to handle their catch with greater caution. Reported within the area at Amboina; more commonly taken in southern Japan and Taiwan Province of China and is also known from South Africa. (from Matsubara, 1943) Parascorpaena mcadamsi (Fowler, 1938) En - Ocellated scorpionfish. Maximum standard length 6 cm. A small relatively uncommon, reef-dwelling or shallow rocky-bot- tom inhabiting species of minor commercial value, but occasionally seen in subsistence fisheries. Found from near shore in lagoons to outer reef slopes to depths of 37 m. Widely ranging, like other species of Parascorpaena, and known from South Africa to the southern Philippines (at Jolo), to Taiwan Province of China and Queensland, Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia, and Rapa. Scorpaena moultoni is a probable junior synonym. (from Fowler, 1938) Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae 2327 Parascorpaena mossambica (Peters, 1855) En - Mozambique scorpionfish. Maximum standard length 10 cm. Occupies inshore rocky areas and can be abundant. Although this species makes its way into local markets and is consumed as food, no significant fisheries exists for it, due to its small size. Widely distributed, occurring from South Africa and the Red Sea to the Ryukyu and Palau Islands and eastward to the Society Islands. (from Matsubara, 1943) Parascorpaena picta (Kuhl and Van Hasselt in Cuvier 1829) En - Painted scorpionfish. -
You Don't Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform, 5 Can
Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Pace Law Faculty Publications School of Law 8-2019 You Don’t Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform David N. Cassuto Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University Amy O'Brien Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty Part of the Animal Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Food and Drug Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation David N. Cassuto & Amy O'Brien, You Don't Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform, 5 Can. J. Comp. & Contemp. L. 1 (2019), https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/1134/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. You Don’t Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform David N Cassuto* & Amy M O’Brien** Fish are sentient — they feel pain and suffer. Yet, while we see increasing interest in protecting birds and mammals in industries such as farming and research (albeit few laws), no such attention has been paid to the suffering of fish in the fishing industry. Consideration of fish welfare including reducing needless suffering should be a component of fisheries management. -
Annotated Checklist of the Fish Species (Pisces) of La Réunion, Including a Red List of Threatened and Declining Species
Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 2: 1–168; Stuttgart, 30.IV.2009. 1 Annotated checklist of the fish species (Pisces) of La Réunion, including a Red List of threatened and declining species RONALD FR ICKE , THIE rr Y MULOCHAU , PA tr ICK DU R VILLE , PASCALE CHABANE T , Emm ANUEL TESSIE R & YVES LE T OU R NEU R Abstract An annotated checklist of the fish species of La Réunion (southwestern Indian Ocean) comprises a total of 984 species in 164 families (including 16 species which are not native). 65 species (plus 16 introduced) occur in fresh- water, with the Gobiidae as the largest freshwater fish family. 165 species (plus 16 introduced) live in transitional waters. In marine habitats, 965 species (plus two introduced) are found, with the Labridae, Serranidae and Gobiidae being the largest families; 56.7 % of these species live in shallow coral reefs, 33.7 % inside the fringing reef, 28.0 % in shallow rocky reefs, 16.8 % on sand bottoms, 14.0 % in deep reefs, 11.9 % on the reef flat, and 11.1 % in estuaries. 63 species are first records for Réunion. Zoogeographically, 65 % of the fish fauna have a widespread Indo-Pacific distribution, while only 2.6 % are Mascarene endemics, and 0.7 % Réunion endemics. The classification of the following species is changed in the present paper: Anguilla labiata (Peters, 1852) [pre- viously A. bengalensis labiata]; Microphis millepunctatus (Kaup, 1856) [previously M. brachyurus millepunctatus]; Epinephelus oceanicus (Lacepède, 1802) [previously E. fasciatus (non Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775)]; Ostorhinchus fasciatus (White, 1790) [previously Apogon fasciatus]; Mulloidichthys auriflamma (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775) [previously Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (non Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831)]; Stegastes luteobrun- neus (Smith, 1960) [previously S. -
Beyond the Muck
ecology Edited by Peter Symes Beyond the Muck Text and photos by Mike Bartick evolved elaborate and eccentric life In the shallows, fringing beds of sea- styles to survive on the substrate and grass supports a mix of critters like ornate Muck diving is a term used are unlike the ocean roving pelagic fish and common pipefish, flatfish, frogfish, quite frequently these days that above them in many ways. urchins, crustaceans, opisthobranches, Pelagic fish hunt long range, tend to vertebrate and invertebrate sea life. can be applied to either a dive be bi-colored, are fast and are more In addition the sponge, sea squirts, site, a type of diving or even an adept to following the fluctuating cur- tunicates, sea fans and soft corals that entire region like Lembeh Strait rent and food source. Benthic critters, on also thrive here provide both food and in Indonesia or Anilao in the the other hand, are forced to adapt to protection, creating a unique habitat for their environs on the bottom with limited an abundance of unique sea life on the Philippines. These areas of the movement and hunt close range. These bottom. Indo-Pacific have consistently critters use a combination of “Lie and Like the big animal Holy Grail, there ranked amongst the highest wait” hunting and “ambush attacks”, also exists the small animal Holy Grail in terms of high coral counts, relying heavily on aggressive camou- that survives in this intertidal benthic flage that mimics or matches their sur- realm with names that are almost as reef fish and of course the high roundings. -
Schattige En Bizarre Schorpioenvissen
VAN DEN BORRE Els Reisverslag Reportage – REISVERHAAL JUWEELTJES VAN DE ZEE: Schattige en bizarre schorpioenvissen De grootste angst bij duikers wordt nog steeds veroorzaakt door de machtige kaken en de gekartelde tanden van haaien. Nochtans zijn er amper vijf soorten haaien die een gevaar vormen voor de mens, terwijl er op onze riffen en zeebodems een enorme familie leeft van zeer giftige zeedieren: de schorpioenvissen of Scorpaenidae. Moorea. De familie van de schorpioenvissen kent 3 onderfamilies, 25 geslachten en meer dan 200 soorten. Allemaal zijn ze voorzien van giftige stekels waarmee ze zich kunnen verdedigen tegen hun vijanden. Sommige schorpioenvissen behoren zelfs tot de giftigste vissen ter wereld! Schorpioenvissen zitten of liggen bijna altijd zo goed als onherkenbaar verscholen op de bodem of tussen het koraal. Doordat ze net de perfecte kleuren kunnen aannemen van hun omgeving, vormen de giftige stekels van de schorpioenvis soms ook voor de mens een groot gevaar. Vaak worden deze vissen door ons, duikers, niet eens opgemerkt en worden ze totaal onverwacht heel dicht benaderd of … zelfs aangeraakt. Afhankelijk van de soort, is de rugvin van de schorpioenvis uitgerust met 11 tot 17 stekels. Sommige soorten beschikken over zo'n sterk gif dat na een steek bijna zo goed als onmiddellijk verlamming kan optreden. Schorpioenvissen zijn echter van natuur uit niet agressief, maar met hun giftige stekels beschikken zij over een zeer effectief en uiterst gevaarlijk verdedigingssysteem. Wanneer ze zich bedreigd voelen, maken ze dit duidelijk door hun giftige stekels op te richten en te kantelen naar hun indringer of vijand. Bij echt gevaar zullen ze eerder zeer snel wegschieten in plaats van de aanval in te zetten. -
Rhinopias Eschmeyeri Scorpaenopsis Sp
81 Beauty of the Beast AA TRIBUTETRIBUTE TOTO SCORPIONFISHSCORPIONFISH THE DEVIL’S CHARM Masters of camouflage and cunning ambush hunters, Scorpionfish and their allies are an endless source of amazement to the discerning underwater photographer 82 Rhinopias frondosa The Weedy scorpionfish Rhinopias frondosa is a relatively rare cryptic, venomous, benthic scorpaenid restricted to Indo-Pacific silty, mucky sand bottoms. This is a very variable species which can be observed in several chromatic phases - a bright orange specimen is featured on the opening spread. 83 TEXTS BY ANDREA FERRARI PHOTOS BY ANDREA & ANTONELLA FERRARI have always been in love with pretending to be coral chunks or drifting Ithe quirky, the outrageous, the bizarre vegetable matter; and surely very few and the downright ugly. There’s other animal species - marine or terrestrial something so much more interesting in - can compete with the extraordinary the deformed features and contorted camouflage of that great (and extremely bodies of horrendous gargoyles in venomous) pretender, the Stonefish comparison to the boring perfection of Synanceia verrucosa. Woe to the noble knights in shining armour! And unfortunate soul who might happen to step when one goes diving, the great and on one while wading in shallow waters! varied family of Scorpionfishes (family The effect of its venom - injected via the Scorpaenidae) and their allies certainly needle-like rays of the dorsal fin, capable fits the bill regarding that. There are of penetrating a rubber shoe - is said to be many excellent reasons to admire this of such atrocious intensity that most victims group of predatory fish, and indeed fall die of heart failure from the pain of the in love with such fascinating subjects! sting itself. -
Worse Things Happen at Sea: the Welfare of Wild-Caught Fish
[ “One of the sayings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad(s) tells us: ‘If you must kill, kill without torture’” (Animals in Islam, 2010) Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish Alison Mood fishcount.org.uk 2010 Acknowledgments Many thanks to Phil Brooke and Heather Pickett for reviewing this document. Phil also helped to devise the strategy presented in this report and wrote the final chapter. Cover photo credit: OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Dept of Commerce. 1 Contents Executive summary 4 Section 1: Introduction to fish welfare in commercial fishing 10 10 1 Introduction 2 Scope of this report 12 3 Fish are sentient beings 14 4 Summary of key welfare issues in commercial fishing 24 Section 2: Major fishing methods and their impact on animal welfare 25 25 5 Introduction to animal welfare aspects of fish capture 6 Trawling 26 7 Purse seining 32 8 Gill nets, tangle nets and trammel nets 40 9 Rod & line and hand line fishing 44 10 Trolling 47 11 Pole & line fishing 49 12 Long line fishing 52 13 Trapping 55 14 Harpooning 57 15 Use of live bait fish in fish capture 58 16 Summary of improving welfare during capture & landing 60 Section 3: Welfare of fish after capture 66 66 17 Processing of fish alive on landing 18 Introducing humane slaughter for wild-catch fish 68 Section 4: Reducing welfare impact by reducing numbers 70 70 19 How many fish are caught each year? 20 Reducing suffering by reducing numbers caught 73 Section 5: Towards more humane fishing 81 81 21 Better welfare improves fish quality 22 Key roles for improving welfare of wild-caught fish 84 23 Strategies for improving welfare of wild-caught fish 105 Glossary 108 Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish 2 References 114 Appendix A 125 fishcount.org.uk 3 Executive summary Executive Summary 1 Introduction Perhaps the most inhumane practice of all is the use of small bait fish that are impaled alive on There is increasing scientific acceptance that fish hooks, as bait for fish such as tuna. -
The Kagoshima University Museum No
Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum No. 9 A total of 1,277 species, including 129 species that represent the first reliable records from the island on the basis of Annotated Checklist of Marine and Freshwater Fishes Yaku-shima Island ISSN-L 2188-9074 collected specimens and/or underwater photographs, are listed with citation of literature, registration numbers, sizes, ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MARINE AND FRESHWATER FISHES OF localities in the island, and nomenclatural, taxonomic, and ecological remarks. Color photographs of all the 129 YAKU-SHIMA ISLAND IN THE OSUMI ISLANDS, species newly recorded from the island are provided. KAGOSHIMA, SOUTHERN JAPAN, WITH 129 NEW RECORDS HIROYUKI MOTOMURA AND SHIGERU HARAZAKI Hiroyuki Motomura • Shigeru Harazaki February 2017 The Kagoshima University Museum Cover photograph: Cephalopholis sonnerati in a wreck off Isso, Yaku-shima island. Photo by S. Harazaki Back cover photograph: Males of Pseudanthias hypselosoma at 15 m depth off Isso, Yaku-shima island. Photo by S. Harazaki Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum No. 9 ISSN-L 2188-9074 Annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Yaku-shima island in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 129 new records Hiroyuki Motomura1, 3 and Shigeru Harazaki2 1The Kagoshima University Museum, 1–21–30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890–0065, Japan E-mail: [email protected] 2Yakushima Diving Service “Mori to Umi”, 2473–294 Miyanoura, Yakushima, Kumage, Kagoshima 891–4205, Japan 3Corresponding author Abstract The second edition of an annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Yaku-shima island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan, was compiled from specimen and literature surveys. -
Morphological Predictors of Slaughter Yields Using 3D Digitizer and Their Use in a Common Carp Breeding Program
1 Aquaculture Archimer April 2020, Volume 520, Pages 734993 (9p.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734993 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00604/71625/ Morphological predictors of slaughter yields using 3D digitizer and their use in a common carp breeding program Prchal Martin 1? *, Kocour Martin 1, Vandeputte Marc 2, 3, Kause Antti 4, Vergnet Alain 3, Zhao Jinfeng 1, Gela David 1, Kašpar Vojtěch 1, Genestout Lucie 5, Bestin Anastasia 6, Haffray Pierrick 6, Bugeon Jérôme 7 1 University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic 2 INRAE, GABI,, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France 3 Ifremer, Chemin de Maguelone, F-34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France 4 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Biometrical Genetics, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland 5 LABOGENA-DNA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France 6 SYSAAF, LPGP/INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes, France 7 INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France * Corresponding author : Martin Prchal, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Slaughter yields are traits of high interest especially for fish species sold in processed form like headless carcass or fillets, as well as with regard to increasing consumer preference for easy-to-prepare fish products. However, slaughter yields cannot be measured on live fish and thus their genetic improvement through mass selection is impossible. The usual alternatives are sib selection and/or indirect selection on correlated traits or morphological predictors of slaughter yields.