DOCSLIB.ORG

Aquatic on Line Ver 1 1 of 102

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aquatic on Line Ver 1 1 of 102 Aquatic on line ver 1 1 of 102 ! Laboratory Animal Science & Training (Last-Ireland) Training Course Materials Aquatic Module Tutor :Dr T.Murphy Course web page http://www.LAST-Ireland.ie Email [email protected] Aquatic on line ver 1 2 of 102 LAST Ireland online aquatic module for captive fish and frogs Aquatic Module Tutors: Drs T Murphy, Susan Mitchell , Aileen Cronin, Gerhard Schlosser & Peter Nowlan EU Modules Schedule of work study Done Natural History of fish 4 Basic Anatomy and Physiology of fish TM 3.1; 4; 5; Diseases and welfare of fish TM 3.1; 4;5;20;22 Biology of frogs GS 3.14 Biology and Husbandry of farmed fish SM 3.1;4;5 Biology and Husbandry of Zebra Fish Welfare, stress and pain in fish. TM & Humane endpoints 4;5 Euthanasia and humane end-points TM 6.1 Quiz Aquatic on line ver 1 13‐Jan‐20 3 of 102 Introduction to fish biology: A brief natural history Tom Murphy, MVB, MVSc, Ph.D., MRCVS Introduction (i) Natural history of fish Vertebrates : Animals with a backbone or spinal column Five categories of vertebrates: (i) Fish (Salmon, Plaice, Haddock etc) (ii) Amphibians (Frogs etc) (iii) Reptiles (Crocodiles, Snakes) (iv) Birds (Sparrows, Starlings, Hawks etc) (v) Mammals (Horse, Dog, Human etc) Vertebrates Characterised by: (a) Being bilaterally symmetrical (e.g. muscular system consists of paired muscle masses) (b) Central nervous system partially enclosed within a backbone and bony skull Fish: 1st vertebrates: To evolve from the chordates [Notochord evolved to become part of the vertebral column protecting the main nerve] Ancestry: At least 500 million years Fish: Aquatic poikilothermic vertebrates with gills and limbs in the shape of fins and whose bodies are usually covered in scales 1 Aquatic on line ver 1 13‐Jan‐20 4 of 102 Why study fish? Physiology Biochemistry For a fundamental understanding of Developmental Biology general processes Immunology Pathology i) Economic Commercial Fisheries Sport Economic importance ii) Political Fish farming Distribution of fishes: Occupy all aquatic environments (almost everywhere water occurs) Highest diversity : Tropics Ecological Main factor Distribution due to Phylogenetic Factors Continental drift (180-90 millon yrs ago ) Geological Various tectonic plates Fish have successfully conquered almost all naturally occurring aquatic ecosystems: Distribution of fishes: 58% Marine: Ecological division of marine species: i) Epipelagic (surface dwelling (1%)) ii) Deep pelagic (5%) iii) Deep Benthic (6%) iv) Inshore, littoral, continental shelf (46%) 41% Freshwater: Freshwater regions i) Neoartic (N. America) 950 sp. ii) Neotropical (Middle and S. America), 450 sp. Iii) Paleartic (Europe, Asia( north of Himalayans), 500 sp. iv) Africa, 2,900 sp. v) Orient (India, S. China, S.E. Asia), 3,000sp vi) Australia (Australia, New Zealand), 2 sp. 1% Move between freshwater and the marine : 160 sp Anadromous species (Salmon) Northern hemisphere ( High latitudes). 2 Aquatic on line ver 1 13‐Jan‐20 5 of 102 Demonstrated: Physiological In response to specific Anatomical Adaptations environmental Ecological pressures Ocean: Deeper one goes there is: i) Less light ii) Decreasing temperature iii) Less food iv) Increasing pressure Increase up to 20‐400 atmospheres. Fish in Epipelagic, Mesopelagic and Bathypelagic zones: i) Proteins < sensitive to pressure ii) Modified gas bladder (negative buoyancy)/lost in some species iii) Modified musculature + skeleton (no heavy components in their bodies) (little movement) iv) Adaptations of eyes: Large, > sensitivity to light, wavelength 470nm v) Bioluminescence for attracting prey + sexual mates vi) Modified sexual behaviour vii) Metabolic activity: Low Mesopelagic/bathypelagic deep sea fish Anglerfish with two males attached Other features: Large eyes Large expandable mouths Reduced musculature 3 13‐Jan‐20 Aquatic on line ver 1 6 of 102 Epipelagic zone: Numerous fish species: Herring, Sardines, Mackerel, Cod Very productive zone Tuna, Sword fish Fish abundant Fish undergo long migrations Features: i) Counter shaded, silver undersurface ii) Very active: High % red muscle for prolonged swimming iii) Negatively buoyant, have to keep swimming iv) Ram gill ventilation: Mouth open water flows across gills v) Efficient circulatory system, large heart, large blood volume, enhanced O2 to muscles vi) Respiration facilitated by numerous thin gill lamellae vii) Feed on plankton Polar regions: 0 H2O: ‐2.1 C Zone is O2 & nutrient rich a) Blood contains anti freeze glycoproteins b) Kidneys lack glomeruli (stops filtration of glycoproteins) c) Neutral buoyancy: Reduced mineralisation of skeleton( cartilaginous skull and caudal bones) d) Increased lipid deposits throughout the body E) Loss of blood pigments (reduced Hb & myoglobin) f) Increased vascularisation of skin (for O2 exchange Hillstream Loach Fast flowing rivers: [fish hide under rocks etc] a) Dorso ventrally compressed b) Sub‐terminal mouth for feeding on algae on rocks, stones c) Some species: Pelvic fins fused to form a suction disc To be continued: 4 7 of 102 1/21/20 Aquatic on line ver 1 Basic anatomy and physiology of fish T.M. Murphy 1 Basic anatomy Surface anatomy Internal organs 2 Skin: Multipurpose tissue Epidermis Dermis Physical Protection Chemical Metabolically active Epidermis: Stratified squamous epithelium A few cell layers (5-10) thick, non keratinised Covered by a layer of mucus secreted by goblet cells Mucus has antimicrobial properties (first line of defense). Dermis: Stratum spongiosum Also specialised Two layers Dense collagen fibres and scales Chromatophores Stratum compactum Hypodermis: Closest to muscle, collagen fibres and blood vessels 3 1 8 of 102 1/21/20 Aquatic on line ver 1 4 Chromatophores [Melanophores Iridophores ] Specialised cells in the skin Mucous cells [ Antimicrobial activity] Keratocytes [Rapid wound healing] Ion regulated cells Fish mucus: Antimicrobial peptides Still present in mammals including humans Salmon: No. of mucus cells in skin affected by stress and also by gonad development Zebra fish: Ion regulated cells in embryos: Analogous to mammalian kidney tubule cells 5 Types of muscle: Musculature and locomotion i) Skeletal: Striated most of fishes’ mass ii) Smooth: Non-striated, involuntary contractions associated with intestines and blood vessels iii) Cardiac: Non-skeletal, striated (only found in the heart) Two types of skeletal muscle: White: i) Lies on either side of the dorsal column ii) Divided by a horizontal tissue septum ( Epaxial: Upper pair of myomeres) (Hypaxial : Lower pair of myomeres) Red muscle: Wedge shaped under skin along horizontal septum [between the epaxial and hypaxial muscle on each side] 6 2 9 of 102 1/21/20 Aquatic on line ver 1 Skeletal muscle continued Red Muscle White Muscle Aerobic Anaerobic Hard to fatigue Easily fatigued No build up of lactates High build up of lactate Recovery fast Recovery slow, up to 12 hrs Abundant myoglobin Little myoglobin Highly vascularised Little vascularisation Rich oxygen supply Poor oxygen supply Fibres rich in mitochondria Fibres poor in mitochondria 7 8 Blood circulation Heart: Two chambers: (i) Sinus venosus (ii) Atrium (iii) Ventricle (iv) Bulbus arteriosus Various valves between each chamber (to prevent backflow of blood) Bulbus arteriosus: Dampens pulsing (allows a continuous flow of blood) Nerve innervation: Vagus nerve Blood circulation is continuous Only passes through the heart once Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via afferent blood vessels Then is pumped by the heart through the gill where it’s oxygenated and then to the rest of the body( via Dorsal Aorta) 9 3 10 of 102 1/21/20 Aquatic on line ver 1 Respiration i) Fish pumps H2O over gills ii) Ram ventilation Anatomy: 4 gill arches on each side of the body Large Numerous gill filaments on each arch surface Secondary gill lamellae on the filaments area H2O flows between gill filaments & over the 2ndary lamellae Secondary lamellae : Site of O2 exchange Gas exchange enhanced by: a) Thin epithelial membrane on 2ndary lamellae b) Counter flow of blood [blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over lamellae] 10 Gills and osmoregulation: Process of maintaining an internal balance of salt & H2O in the body Blood hyperosmotic to freshwater Blood hypo-osmotic to seawater Chloride cells: Site of active Na+, Ca++ and Cl- uptake (freshwater) and extrusion (marine) Other cells: Neuro-endocrine cells[paraneurons] [ oxygen sensing cells l][signal transmitted to hypothalamus via glossopharyngeal (ix) and vagus (x) nerves] 11 Gas transport (Oxygen) O2 is transported to the tissues in red blood cells attached to haemoglobin Red blood cells in fish nucleated Haemoglobin (Hb) Molecule : Transports 4 molecules of oxygen Haemoglobin /oxygen transport system: Central to the evolutionary success of teleost fish 12 4 11 of 102 1/21/20 Aquatic on line ver 1 Cell metabolism Basic reaction: CH2O + O2 CH2O3 CO2 + H2O CO2 has to be transported from the tissues to the gills 13 O2 and CO2 transport (Bohr Effect) The Bohr Effect describes how C02 produced in metabolising tissues acidifies the surrounding >pH7.4 <pH 7.4 blood and reduces the affinity of Hb for 02, enhancing the unloading of 02 from Hb to the tissues CO2 C02 transported to the gills as: (i) (i) Bicarbonate (CHO3) in the plasma [70%] (ii) (ii) Attached to proteins in the plasma or attached to the amine group of Hb in the erythrocyte [23%] (iii) (iii) Dissolved in plasma [7%] 14 Bohr Effect versus Root Effect Rete Mirabile: Looping bundle of blood vessels associated with gas bladder that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fish Welfare on Scotland's Salmon Farms
    FISH WELFARE ON SCOTLAND’S SALMON FARMS A REPORT BY ONEKIND Lorem ipsum CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 6.3.1 Increased aggression 26 6.3.2 Increased spread of disease and parasites 26 2 SALMON SENTIENCE 6.3.2 Reduced water quality 26 AND INDIVIDUALITY 4 6.3.4 Issues with low stocking densities 27 2.1 Fish sentience 5 6.4 Husbandry 27 2.2 Atlantic salmon as individuals 5 6.4.1 Handling 27 6.4.2 Crowding 28 3 ATLANTIC SALMON LIFE CYCLE 6 6.4.3 Vaccination 28 3.1 Life cycle of wild salmon 6 6.5 Transportation 28 3.2 Life cycle of farmed Alantic Salmon 6 6.6 Failed smolts 29 6.7 Housing 20 4 SALMON FARMING IN SCOTLAND 8 6.8 Slaughter 31 5 KEY WELFARE ISSUES 10 7 MARINE WILDLIFE WELFARE IMPACTS 32 5.1 High mortality rates 10 7.1 Wild salmon and trout 32 5.2 Sea lice 11 7.2 Fish caught for salmon food 33 5.2.1 How do sea lice compromise 7.3 Seals 33 the welfare of farmed salmon? 11 7.4 Cetaceans 34 5.2.2 How are sea lice levels monitored? 12 7.5 Crustaceans 34 5.2.3 How severe is sea lice infestation in Scotland? 13 8 FUTURE CHALLENGES 35 5.3 Disease 14 8.1 Closed containment 35 5.3.1 Amoebic Gill Disease 15 8.2 Moving sites offshore 35 5.3.2 Cardiomyopathy Syndrome 15 5.3.3 Infectious salmon anaemia 15 9 ACCREDITATION SCHEMES 5.3.4 Pancreas disease 15 AND STANDARDS 36 5.4 Treatment for sea lice and disease 16 9.1 Certification in Scotland 36 5.4.1 Thermolicer 17 9.2 What protection do standards provide salmon? 36 5.4.2 Hydrolicer 17 9.2.1 Soil Association Organic standards 36 5.4.3 Hydrogen peroxide 17 9.2.2 RSPCA Assured 36 5.5 Cleaner fish 18
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease
    Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease Larry Hammell - Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Craig Stephen- Centre for Coastal Health, University of Calgary, Canada Ian Bricknell- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA Øystein Evensen- Norwegian School of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway Patricio Bustos- ADL Diagnostic Chile Ltda., Chile With Contributions by: Ricardo Enriquez- University of Austral, Chile 1 Citation: Hammell, L., Stephen, C., Bricknell, I., Evensen Ø., and P. Bustos. 2009 “Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue Working Group Report on Salmon Disease” commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, available at http://wwf.worldwildlife.org/site/PageNavigator/SalmonSOIForm Corresponding author: Larry Hammell, email: [email protected] This report was commissioned by the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue. The Salmon Dialogue is a multi-stakeholder, multi-national group which was initiated by the World Wildlife Fund in 2004. Participants include salmon producers and other members of the market chain, NGOs, researchers, retailers, and government officials from major salmon producing and consuming countries. The goal of the Dialogue is to credibly develop and support the implementation of measurable, performance-based standards that minimize or eliminate the key negative environmental and social impacts of salmon farming, while permitting the industry to remain economically viable The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue focuses their research and standard development on seven key areas of impact of salmon production including: social; feed; disease; salmon escapes; chemical inputs; benthic impacts and siting; and, nutrient loading and carrying capacity. Funding for this report and other Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue supported work is provided by the members of the Dialogue‘s steering committee and their donors.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research
    Reference Resources Caveats from AAALAC’s Council on Accreditation regarding this resource: “Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research” Use of Fishes in Research Committee (joint committee of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists), 2014. *This reference was adopted by the Council on Accreditation with the following four clarifications: Clarifications: #1. On page 27, the Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research state that “[t]he preferred method for archival storage is direct immersion in a 10% formalin (3.7% formaldehyde) solution, followed by transfer to alcohol (70% ethanol, un-denatured preferred) for long-term preservation and storage, as with voucher specimens.” The document goes on to state later in the same paragraph that “[w]hen study interests demand that specimens be fixed without prior treatment with sedatives, the specimens can be numbed in ice water, or for small fishes, immersed directly in liquid nitrogen (see section 8.1 Euthanasia).” In these instances, death is either by fixation in a formalin solution or by freezing in liquid nitrogen, which are both considered unacceptable as a primary means of euthanasia by the AVMA. AAALAC International utilizes the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia and recommends this document, and applicable legal requirements be referred to for further guidance. #2. On page 6, the Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research discuss mortality as an experimental endpoint. The Guide emphasizes that studies should include descriptions of appropriate humane endpoints or provide science-based justification for not using a particular, commonly accepted humane endpoint.
    [Show full text]
  • You Don't Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform, 5 Can
    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Pace Law Faculty Publications School of Law 8-2019 You Don’t Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform David N. Cassuto Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University Amy O'Brien Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty Part of the Animal Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Food and Drug Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation David N. Cassuto & Amy O'Brien, You Don't Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform, 5 Can. J. Comp. & Contemp. L. 1 (2019), https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/1134/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. You Don’t Need Lungs to Suffer: Fish Suffering in the Age of Climate Change with a Call for Regulatory Reform David N Cassuto* & Amy M O’Brien** Fish are sentient — they feel pain and suffer. Yet, while we see increasing interest in protecting birds and mammals in industries such as farming and research (albeit few laws), no such attention has been paid to the suffering of fish in the fishing industry. Consideration of fish welfare including reducing needless suffering should be a component of fisheries management.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 9, Number 3 Third Quarter, 2015 Volume 9, Number 3 the AQUATIC VETERINARIAN Third Quarter 2015
    ISSN 2329-5562 Performing a Gill Biopsy See article by Dr Christoph Mans about The Basics of Pet Fish Medicine on pages 36-37. Volume 9, Number 3 Third Quarter, 2015 Volume 9, Number 3 THE AQUATIC VETERINARIAN Third Quarter 2015 WHO ARE WE Editorial Staff The mission of the World Aquatic Veterinary Medi- Nick Saint-Erne (USA) [email protected] Executive Editor cal Association is to serve the discipline of aquatic vet- erinary medicine in enhancing aquatic animal health Laura Urdes (Romania) and welfare, public health, and seafood safety, in sup- Communications Committee Chair port of the veterinary profession, aquatic animal own- ers and industries, and other stakeholders. Contributing Editors: David Scarfe (USA) The purpose of the World Aquatic Veterinary Medi- Devon Dublin (Japan) cal Association is: Richmond Loh (Australia) To serve aquatic veterinary medicine practitioners Chris Walster (UK) of many disciplines and backgrounds by develop- ing programs to support and promote our mem- WAVMA Executive Board bers, and the aquatic species and industries that they serve. Chris Walster (UK) [email protected] President To identify, foster and strengthen professional in- teractions among aquatic medical practitioners and Nick Saint-Erne (USA) [email protected] other organizations around the world. President-Elect To be an advocate for, develop guidance on, and promote the advancement of the science, ethics Richmond Loh (Australia) [email protected] Immediate Past President and professional aspects of aquatic animal medi- cine within the veterinary profession and a wider Devon Dublin (Japan) [email protected] audience. Secretary To optimally position and advance the discipline of Sharon Tiberio (USA) [email protected] aquatic veterinary medicine, and support the prac- Treasurer tice of aquatic veterinary medicine in all countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Worse Things Happen at Sea: the Welfare of Wild-Caught Fish
    [ “One of the sayings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad(s) tells us: ‘If you must kill, kill without torture’” (Animals in Islam, 2010) Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish Alison Mood fishcount.org.uk 2010 Acknowledgments Many thanks to Phil Brooke and Heather Pickett for reviewing this document. Phil also helped to devise the strategy presented in this report and wrote the final chapter. Cover photo credit: OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Dept of Commerce. 1 Contents Executive summary 4 Section 1: Introduction to fish welfare in commercial fishing 10 10 1 Introduction 2 Scope of this report 12 3 Fish are sentient beings 14 4 Summary of key welfare issues in commercial fishing 24 Section 2: Major fishing methods and their impact on animal welfare 25 25 5 Introduction to animal welfare aspects of fish capture 6 Trawling 26 7 Purse seining 32 8 Gill nets, tangle nets and trammel nets 40 9 Rod & line and hand line fishing 44 10 Trolling 47 11 Pole & line fishing 49 12 Long line fishing 52 13 Trapping 55 14 Harpooning 57 15 Use of live bait fish in fish capture 58 16 Summary of improving welfare during capture & landing 60 Section 3: Welfare of fish after capture 66 66 17 Processing of fish alive on landing 18 Introducing humane slaughter for wild-catch fish 68 Section 4: Reducing welfare impact by reducing numbers 70 70 19 How many fish are caught each year? 20 Reducing suffering by reducing numbers caught 73 Section 5: Towards more humane fishing 81 81 21 Better welfare improves fish quality 22 Key roles for improving welfare of wild-caught fish 84 23 Strategies for improving welfare of wild-caught fish 105 Glossary 108 Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish 2 References 114 Appendix A 125 fishcount.org.uk 3 Executive summary Executive Summary 1 Introduction Perhaps the most inhumane practice of all is the use of small bait fish that are impaled alive on There is increasing scientific acceptance that fish hooks, as bait for fish such as tuna.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Predictors of Slaughter Yields Using 3D Digitizer and Their Use in a Common Carp Breeding Program
    1 Aquaculture Archimer April 2020, Volume 520, Pages 734993 (9p.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734993 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00604/71625/ Morphological predictors of slaughter yields using 3D digitizer and their use in a common carp breeding program Prchal Martin 1? *, Kocour Martin 1, Vandeputte Marc 2, 3, Kause Antti 4, Vergnet Alain 3, Zhao Jinfeng 1, Gela David 1, Kašpar Vojtěch 1, Genestout Lucie 5, Bestin Anastasia 6, Haffray Pierrick 6, Bugeon Jérôme 7 1 University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic 2 INRAE, GABI,, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France 3 Ifremer, Chemin de Maguelone, F-34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France 4 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Biometrical Genetics, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland 5 LABOGENA-DNA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France 6 SYSAAF, LPGP/INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes, France 7 INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France * Corresponding author : Martin Prchal, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Slaughter yields are traits of high interest especially for fish species sold in processed form like headless carcass or fillets, as well as with regard to increasing consumer preference for easy-to-prepare fish products. However, slaughter yields cannot be measured on live fish and thus their genetic improvement through mass selection is impossible. The usual alternatives are sib selection and/or indirect selection on correlated traits or morphological predictors of slaughter yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishy Reasoning and the Ethics of Eating
    52 BETWEEN THE SPECIES Fishy Reasoning and the Ethics of Eating ABSTRACT Ethical vegetarians believe that it is morally wrong to eat meat. Yet, many self-ascribed “ethical vegetarians” continue to eat fish. The question I explore here is this: Can one coherently maintain that it is morally wrong to eat meat, but morally permissible to eat fish? I argue that it is morally inconsistent for ethical vegetarians to eat fish, not on the obvious yet superficial ground that fish flesh is meat, but on the morally substantive ground that fish are sentient intelligent beings capable of experiencing morally significant pain and thus de- serve moral consideration equal to that owed birds and mammals. Mylan Engel Jr. Northern Illinois University Volume 23, Issue 1 Winter 2019 © Mylan Engel Jr., 2019 http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/ 53 Mylan Engel Jr. Answer me, machinist, has nature arranged all the means of feeling in this animal, so that it may not feel? has it nerves in order to be impassible? Do not suppose this impertinent contradiction in nature. ~~Voltaire Ethical vegetarians abstain from eating meat on moral grounds. They believe that it is morally wrong to eat meat. Yet, many self-ascribed “ethical vegetarians” continue to eat fish. Indeed, many philosophers and ethicists who regard them- selves as “ethical vegetarians” continue to eat fish. The ques- tion I wish to explore here is this: Can one coherently maintain that it is morally wrong to eat meat, but morally permissible to eat fish? In what follows, I argue that it is morally inconsistent for ethical vegetarians to eat fish, not on the obvious yet super- ficial ground that fish flesh is meat, but on the morally substan- tive ground that fish deserve moral consideration equal to that owed birds and mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition*
    AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition* Members of the Panel on Euthanasia Steven Leary, DVM, DACLAM (Chair); Fidelis Pharmaceuticals, High Ridge, Missouri Wendy Underwood, DVM (Vice Chair); Indianapolis, Indiana Raymond Anthony, PhD (Ethicist); University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Samuel Cartner, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACLAM (Lead, Laboratory Animals Working Group); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Temple Grandin, PhD (Lead, Physical Methods Working Group); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Cheryl Greenacre, DVM, DABVP (Lead, Avian Working Group); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee Sharon Gwaltney-Brant, DVM, PhD, DABVT, DABT (Lead, Noninhaled Agents Working Group); Veterinary Information Network, Mahomet, Illinois Mary Ann McCrackin, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DACLAM (Lead, Companion Animals Working Group); University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Robert Meyer, DVM, DACVAA (Lead, Inhaled Agents Working Group); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi David Miller, DVM, PhD, DACZM, DACAW (Lead, Reptiles, Zoo and Wildlife Working Group); Loveland, Colorado Jan Shearer, DVM, MS, DACAW (Lead, Animals Farmed for Food and Fiber Working Group); Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Tracy Turner, DVM, MS, DACVS, DACVSMR (Lead, Equine Working Group); Turner Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Stillwater, Minnesota Roy Yanong, VMD (Lead, Aquatics Working Group); University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida AVMA Staff Consultants Cia L. Johnson, DVM, MS, MSc; Director,
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report 2016 Sustainability Report 2016
    SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2016 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE GROUP PRODUCTS EMPLOYEES 4 Lerøy in every kitchen 29 The products 65 Employees 6 An eventful year! 37 Traceability and preparedness 8 History and 2016 39 Research, development and innovation SOCIETY 10 Important events 2016 68 Social Impact 11 Governance ENVIRONMENT 69 Economic Impact 12 The largest shareholders in Lerøy Seafood Group 49 Focus areas and targets 74 Lerøy Seafood Group, GRI-table 2016 13 Environmental and sustainability management 52 Lerøy Seafood Groups`s target areas for the 15 Risk management and internal control external environment 17 Stakeholders 52 Accidental release 53 Measure to reduce salmon lice THE VALUE CHAIN 55 Fish health and welfare 21 Value chain 56 Efficient utilisation of land and sea areas 22 ” Take action today - for a difference tomorrow" 57 Raw materials 22 Fisheries 61 Emission 24 Farming 25 From roe to plate 27 Suppliers THE GROUP THE GROUP LOCAL ROOTS 1 YET A GLOBAL LERØY – IN EVERY KITCHEN PERSPECTIVE Lerøy Seafood Group is the leading exporter of worldwide. The Group supplies a total range of seafood from Norway and the world’s second- seafood products from Norway including salmon, WE HAD COMPANY ACTIVITIES IN APPROX. largest producer of Atlantic salmon and trout. Our fjord trout, cod, saithe, haddock, mackerel, herring vision is ”... to be the leading and most profitable and shellfish. Lerøy Seafood Group is a wholly 60 DIFFERENT NORWEGIAN MUNICIPALITIES global supplier of sustainable seafood”, and integrated company, carefully following each step Farming every day we supply the equivalent of three throughout the entire value chain, from salmon million seafood meals to more than 70 markets eggs and fishing to finished products.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research
    Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research Use of Fishes in Research Committee members: J. A. Jenkins, Chair, H. L. Bart, Jr., J. D. Bowker, P. R. Bowser, J. R. MacMillan, J. G. Nickum, J. D. Rose, P. W. Sorensen, and G. W. Whitledge on behalf of the American Fisheries Society; J. W. Rachlin and B. E. Warkentine on behalf of the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists; and H. L. Bart on behalf of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland 2014 A suggested citation format for this book follows. Use of Fishes in Research Committee (joint committee of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists). 2014. Guidelines for the use of fishes in research. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Cover art: Close-up photograph of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, from the South Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, taken by James Rose in 2010. © Copyright 2014 by the American Fisheries Society All rights reserved. Photocopying for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, is permitted by AFS provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA; phone 978-750-8400. Request authorization to make multiple copies for classroom use from CCC. These permissions do not extend to electronic distribution or long-term storage of articles or to copying for resale, promotion, advertising, general distribution, or creation of new collective works.
    [Show full text]
  • Opinion on the Welfare of Farmed Fish at the Time of Killing
    Opinion on the Welfare of Farmed Fish at the Time of Killing May 2014 Farm Animal Welfare Committee, Area 5E, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR. www.defra.gov.uk/fawc FAWC Opinions FAWC Opinions are short reports to Government1 on contemporary topics relating to farm animal welfare. They are based on evidence and consultation with interested parties. They may highlight particular concerns and indicate issues for further consideration by Governments and others. The Farm Animal Welfare Committee is an expert committee of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in England and the Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales. The Committee and its predecessor Council (1979-2011) both use the acronym FAWC. Opinions published by the Farm Animal Welfare Committee Welfare of Farmed Fish, 2014 Welfare of Farmed and Park Deer, 2013 Welfare Implications of Breeding and Breeding Technologies in Commercial Livestock Agriculture, 2012 Contingency Planning for Farm Animal Welfare in Disasters and Emergencies, 2012 Opinions published by the Farm Animal Welfare Council Lameness in sheep, 2011 Mutilations and environmental enrichment in piglets and growing pigs, 2011 Osteoporosis and bone fractures in laying hens, 2010 Welfare of the dairy cow, 2009 Policy instruments for protecting and improving farm animal welfare, 2008 Welfare of farmed gamebirds, 2008 Enriched cages for laying hens, 2007 Beak trimming of laying hens, 2007 1 Where we refer to “Government” we are addressing the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in England, the Scottish and Welsh Governments, the Northern Ireland Assembly and other responsible Government Departments and Agencies. Opinion on the Welfare of Farmed Fish at the Time of Killing Scope 1.
    [Show full text]