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A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale

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A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2008 A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale Tracy Leigh Zaparanick University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Zaparanick, Tracy Leigh, "A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2008. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/359 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Tracy Leigh Zaparanick entitled "A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Social Work. William R. Nugent, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: John C. New, Neil Greenberg, John E. Nolt Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Tracy Leigh Zaparanick entitled “A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Social Work. ______________________________ William R. Nugent, Ph.D. Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: ____________________________ John C. New, Jr. ____________________________ Neil Greenberg ____________________________ John E. Nolt Accepted for the Council: _____________________________ Carolyn R. Hodges, Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original Signatures are on file with official student records.) A CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE LEXINGTON ATTACHMENT TO PETS SCALE A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Tracy Leigh Zaparanick May 2008 Copyright © 2008 by Tracy Leigh Zaparanick All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION Firstly, this work is dedicated to my son, Jason. I am grateful you are in my life, your presence has given me a perspective that I otherwise would not have known. Secondly, I dedicate this work to those canines who have been present in my life, in the order of their appearance: Buffy, Sam, Tuffy, Whiskers, Brandy, Ripley, Rachet, and Bailey. Your unfailing companionship and unconditional love planted a seed that has since germinated into a way of life that values and respects interspecies relationships. I hope this work reflects the adoration I have for those who have gone over the rainbow bridge in the hereafter and those still here today. A special note about my current canine companion, Bailey. If Bailey experiences anything near the human emotion of betrayal, the countless hours I have spent at the computer have given her cause. Her incredible patience and urgencies to walk away for awhile have helped this process and approach. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Knowledge is cumulative in nature. Without the work of those referenced in the following pages, my work would have been impossible. I thank each of them for their offerings of ideas, applications and wisdom, for they have provided an anthrozoological foundation. My hope is that my work honors their purposeful efforts. I am grateful to the following authors who granted permission that their scale be included in the appendix of this dissertation: Donald Templar, Ph.D. (Pet Attitude Scale and Pet Attitude Scale – Modified); Ralph Holcomb, Ph.D. (CENSHARE Pet Attachment Survey); Charles Hendrix, Ph.D. (Contemporary Companion Animal Bonding Scale and Childhood Companion Animal Bonding Scale); Dan Lago, Ph.D. (Pet Relationship Scale); Timothy Johnson, Ph.D. (Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale); Sandra Lee Andrews, Ph.D. (Inventory of Pet Attachment); Sara Staats, Ph.D. (Miller-Rada Commitment to Pets Scale and Modified Pet Attachment Scale); and Lee Zasloff, Ph.D. (Comfort from Companion Animal Scale). To the following friends and colleagues, your supportive guidance and wisdom have made each of you invaluable mentors to me in your own way. I believe I am a better human being for knowing you. Eric Gentry, Ph.D., your gentle nudging ignited the momentum I needed to begin this academic adventure. Sue-Ellen Brown, Psy.D., the countless hours discussing the many concepts and challenges of this work helped me maintain my sanity and in moments, provided the clarity needed to keep this project in perspective. Michael Blackwell, D.V.M., thank you for the numerous conversations debating the issues within the scope of this project and beyond. Anthony Guarino, Ph.D., someone else who suggested the PhD path; how apropos that you provided your statistical expertise in my very first research project and then again on this project. To my dissertation committee. I created a multidisciplinary team for this project since the subject area is hardly an area of expertise designated to one discipline. You each shared a unique point of view at the table that I hoped would occur, thank you. I am grateful for your meaningful feedback. My paper and thoughts on this subject are definitely better for it. To my friends near and far, know that your acceptance of my absence and absent- mindedness has not gone unnoticed. Thank you for your patience, support and love. I want to specifically acknowledge in their order of appearance in my life: Ellen Carter, Lee Corum, Valerie Glass, Sarah Greene, Joyce LiBethe, Stephanie Trippe McIver, and Stephanie Harness. Last but certainly not the in the least, to my family. To my father, David Carl; my mother, Ora Ruth “Beri”; brother, David Mathew; sister, Michele Lynne; and brother, Carl Travis. Your abiding support in love, reassurance and understanding bridged the momentary gaps of inertia as I completed this project. iv ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which the word “pet” provided valid results in the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) (Johnson, Garrity, & Stallones, 1992). A multiple-groups confirmatory factor analysis, using maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, was conducted to test the hypothesized factor structures in the specified measurement model. Respondents to the Original version (i.e. used the word pet) and the Personalized version (i.e. embedded the canine’s name as typed by participants) made up the two groups. Features of an electronic survey were necessary for this personalization and systematic alternative assignment to the two LAPS versions. A snowball sampling method utilized electronic mail to invite self-selected participants meeting the following criteria: 18 years or older; lived in the United States; and at least one dog living inside/outside their home and for whom they are responsible at least some of the time. According to collected human and canine demographics, the Original (n = 1,854) and Personalized (n =1849) groups appeared to be statistically equivalent (N = 3,703). The hypothesized measurement model generated a χ2 value of 4130.242, with 264 degrees of freedom and a probability of less than .001 (p <.001), suggestive of a lack of fit. However, goodness-of-fit indices were a consideration. Comparing the CFI (.95 vs. .862), TLI (.95 vs. .840) and RMSEA (<.05 vs. .063) cut off values with the results from this study respectively, reveals again, an inadequate fit. These results imply that the hypothesized measurement model was not consistent with the data and precluded specific tests of differential validity. While the results of this study made it inadvisable to further examine the differential validity associated with linguistic differences in the scale items, critical information was nonetheless identified. According to the data in the current study, the LAPS conceptualization of “pet attachment” (sic) may not be valid. Until further research provides stronger evidence, use of this scale could produce results that lead to invalid inferences. The original LAPS conceptualization and quantification of human and canine relationships is still a work in progress. Moreover, psychometric work is critically necessary before using the LAPS. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.....................................................................................................................1 HUMAN-CANINE RELATIONSHIPS..........................................................................................................8 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE...........................................................................................................................8 CURRENT PERSPECTIVE.............................................................................................................................13
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