DOCSLIB.ORG

Intersectionality, Radicalism, Identity, And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Brock University Digital Repository INTERSECTIONALITY, RADICALISM, IDENTITY, AND COMMUNITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC CASE STUDY OF ANIMAL ACTIVIST ORGANIZING IN CANADA Mehmet Emin Boyacıoğlu Critical Sociology Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Graduate Studies, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2017 Abstract This thesis is an ethnographic case study of an animal activist organization (ACT) through an intersectional feminist theoretical lens. Qualitative data regarding ACT’s demographic constitution, internal organizational dynamics, activist strategies, ethical and political principles, and relations to other animal activists in the region have been collected through participant observations, in-depth interviews with activists, and a content analysis of social media. Data gathered and analyzed through the Grounded Theory methodology demonstrate that, despite its progressive politics in terms of gender, racialization, and class, ACT reproduced some oppressive dynamics of these, such as a normative, gendered division of labour. Contrary to ACT’s principle of non- hierarchy, a co-founder became its leader due to his possession of traits valued in activist circles dominated by a white, middle-class, and masculine culture; and his politics informed by a particular radical activist subculture was adopted by ACT. Many were not allowed to join ACT for not embodying the expected activist criteria, which were exclusionary in the sense of being formulated through a white, middle- class culture. Ideological and tactical disagreements between ACT and other activists led to aggressive conflicts because of some ACT organizers’ intolerance to any aberration from the rigid understanding of ethics they upheld. As individual and organizational identities outweighed solidarity in this activist setting, the erosion of trust further severed the community. Many activists who endorse ACT’s principles of intersectionality, anti-oppression, and community-building attribute their disbandment to the failure of applying these in activist praxis, and envision a better future for animal advocacy through a flatter organizing, healthier communication, a less rigid understanding of ethics, and more respect and consideration afforded to the people in and out of the activist community. ii Acknowledgements Although it carries my name as the sole author, this thesis could not have been written without the enormous support I received from my family, friends, coworkers, and professors. I thank everyone whose friendly assistance aided me in adapting to my new academic and social surroundings after arriving in Canada, including Gökbörü Sarp Tanyıldız, Ebru Üstündağ, Julia Gottli, and Jane Helleiner. Since our initial email correspondence before my admission to Brock University, John Sorenson and Lauren Corman consistently encouraged and inspired me towards developing myself as a student and a scholar. June Corman’s commitment to help students reflected on my work since texts relevant to students’ research interests were incorporated into her syllabus. Nancy Cook is another professor who went above and beyond her role to support me. I am indebted to all for their contributions to my thinking which cannot be adequately expressed with words. I cannot thank my friends Kate MacDonald, Ezgi Sarıoğlu, Stephanie Piovesan, Kim Radersma, Jill DiTillo, and Janine Hall enough for helping me feel at home in Canada with their emotional support, especially through the darkest times. I was lucky that my cousin Melih Barsbey has always been present when I needed him, despite our physical distance. Finally, I cannot picture how my life would have looked like without the supportive parenting of my mother, Bilge. Being her son is a privilege. Although various hesitations kept me from naming them here, many more people deeply influenced not only how I think but also who I am. The best ideas in this thesis might have developed through these relations. All the flaws are, of course, my responsibility. iii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iv Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Research process ........................................................................................................ 3 Contributions to the academic literature on animal advocacy ................................... 8 Overview of research findings ................................................................................. 10 Overview of chapters ............................................................................................... 12 Chapter Two: Intersectionality, Animals, and Activism ........................................ 15 Animal activism in the Global North ....................................................................... 15 Demographic constitution of animal activists ...................................................... 17 Internal dynamics of animal activist organizing .................................................. 25 Animal activist strategies in the Global North ..................................................... 32 Section summary and proposed contributions to the literature ............................ 49 Feminist intersectional theory .................................................................................. 50 Species and the Rest: Intersections of Oppressions ................................................. 55 Chapter Three: Research Design ............................................................................. 67 Organizational ethnography and Grounded Theory ................................................. 68 Research ethics ......................................................................................................... 71 Methods of data collection ....................................................................................... 73 Textual data .......................................................................................................... 73 Participant observations........................................................................................ 75 In-depth interviews ............................................................................................... 78 Data analysis ............................................................................................................ 82 Research background, researcher reflexivity, and limitations ................................. 83 Reporting findings and analysis ............................................................................... 85 iv Chapter Four: The Activist(s) ................................................................................... 87 Activist opposition to The Business ......................................................................... 88 Participant profile ..................................................................................................... 89 ACT ........................................................................................................................ 100 Critiques ................................................................................................................. 106 Radicalism and aggression ................................................................................. 107 Disparities between politics and activist practice ............................................... 114 “One-man”: leadership and hierarchy ................................................................ 121 The perfect activist(s) ......................................................................................... 128 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 134 Chapter Five: Communication (or the lack thereof) ............................................ 136 Silence .................................................................................................................... 139 (Personal) conflicts and aggression ........................................................................ 147 An exclusionary radical activist subculture of purity ............................................. 152 Control and trust: “Guilty by association” ............................................................. 165 Heroic, individualistic masculinity ........................................................................ 170 Identity before solidarity ........................................................................................ 173 Activist self-harm ................................................................................................... 175 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 178 Chapter Six: Our Past, Present, and Future ......................................................... 180 Research background ............................................................................................. 180 Summary of findings .............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • One Issue: Animal Liberation

    One Issue: Animal Liberation

    One Issue: Animal Liberation We are occasionally asked why the Animal Rights Coalition is a “multi-issue” organization, instead of working solely on helping people to adopt a vegan diet. The Animal Rights Coalition mission states that ARC is “dedicated to ending the suffering, abuse, and exploitation of non-human animals through information, education, and advocacy.” One of the most important things about ARC is the consistency of our message and actions. ARC started out as, and has firmly remained, an abolitionist animal rights organization – which means that we challenge the dominant conversation that humans have about our relationships with other species. Most people view other animals as commodities for humans to use and own, and we view other animals as persons who are here for their own reasons and deserving of personal and bodily integrity. So, while some may consider us a multi-issue organization, the reality is that there is only one issue – animal liberation – and no matter what subject we’re talking about, we’re having essentially the same conversation again and again – emphasizing that animals matter in their own right, outside of what they can provide for humans, and that it is not justifiable for us to exploit or abuse them for any reason. As one facet of the conversations we have with people, we encourage them to adopt a plant-based (vegan) diet. However, we believe that veganism is about more than what one does and doesn’t eat. Veganism rejects the commodity status of animals, and with animals as commodities in more than just the food production system, we have a moral imperative to protest the use of animals in labs, circuses, the clothing industry, etc.
  • Core Knowledge Libraries Possible Book Substitutions

    Core Knowledge Libraries Possible Book Substitutions

    Core Knowledge Libraries Possible Book Substitutions The Core Knowledge Classroom Libraries contain books that support the major categories of the Core Knowledge Sequence. Occasionally a book becomes unavailable and another book is substituted. The books and annotations listed here are possible substitutions for books listed in the Teacher’s Guides. Updated: November 2007 Table of Contents I. PreK 2 II. Kindergarten 6 III. Grade 1 11 IV. Grade 2 16 V. Grade 3 21 VI. Grade 4 27 VII. Grade 5 32 VIII. Grades 6–8 37 Core Knowledge Libraries: Possible Book Substitutions (Updated: November 2007) 1 PreK FAMILY Buzz by Janet S. Wong, illustrated by Margaret Chodos-Irvine Core Knowledge Domain: Language Arts/English Buzz! Everything sounds like a busy bee, from Daddy’s razor, to the lawn mower outside, to the blender Mommy’s using in the kitchen. A morning routine is transformed into a noisy buzz-fest for the curious little boy in this story. Extension Activity: Print Referencing/Phonological Awareness When you read the book’s title, model saying buzz to help children become aware of the sounds associated with the letters b and z. Track the print as you read the story, pointing out the special print used for the word buzz. Invite children to “buzz” each time you point to that word in dark type. Follow up by discussing more words that include the sounds /b/ and /z/. Peter’s Chair written and illustrated by Ezra Jack Keats Core Knowledge Domain: Language Arts/English An enduring classic, this story taps into a very common event—an older child learning to share with a new sibling.
  • Rolston on Animals, Ethics, and the Factory Farm

    Rolston on Animals, Ethics, and the Factory Farm

    [Expositions 6.1 (2012) 29–40] Expositions (online) ISSN: 1747–5376 Unnaturally Cruel: Rolston on Animals, Ethics, and the Factory Farm CHRISTIAN DIEHM University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point In 2010, over nine billion animals were killed in the United States for human consumption. This included nearly 1 million calves, 2.5 million sheep and lambs, 34 million cattle, 110 million hogs, 242 million turkeys, and well over 8.7 billion chickens (USDA 2011a; 2011b). Though hundreds of slaughterhouses actively contributed to these totals, more than half of the cattle just mentioned were killed at just fourteen plants. A slightly greater percentage of hogs was killed at only twelve (USDA 2011a). Chickens were processed in a total of three hundred and ten federally inspected facilities (USDA 2011b), which means that if every facility operated at the same capacity, each would have slaughtered over fifty-three birds per minute (nearly one per second) in every minute of every day, adding up to more than twenty-eight million apiece over the course of twelve months.1 Incredible as these figures may seem, 2010 was an average year for agricultural animals. Indeed, for nearly a decade now the total number of birds and mammals killed annually in the US has come in at or above the nine billion mark, and such enormous totals are possible only by virtue of the existence of an equally enormous network of industrialized agricultural suppliers. These high-volume farming operations – dubbed “factory farms” by the general public, or “Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)” by state and federal agencies – are defined by the ways in which they restrict animals’ movements and behaviors, locate more and more bodies in less and less space, and increasingly mechanize many aspects of traditional husbandry.
  • MAC1 Abstracts – Oral Presentations

    MAC1 Abstracts – Oral Presentations

    Oral Presentation Abstracts OP001 Rights, Interests and Moral Standing: a critical examination of dialogue between Regan and Frey. Rebekah Humphreys Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom This paper aims to assess R. G. Frey’s analysis of Leonard Nelson’s argument (that links interests to rights). Frey argues that claims that animals have rights or interests have not been established. Frey’s contentions that animals have not been shown to have rights nor interests will be discussed in turn, but the main focus will be on Frey’s claim that animals have not been shown to have interests. One way Frey analyses this latter claim is by considering H. J. McCloskey’s denial of the claim and Tom Regan’s criticism of this denial. While Frey’s position on animal interests does not depend on McCloskey’s views, he believes that a consideration of McCloskey’s views will reveal that Nelson’s argument (linking interests to rights) has not been established as sound. My discussion (of Frey’s scrutiny of Nelson’s argument) will centre only on the dialogue between Regan and Frey in respect of McCloskey’s argument. OP002 Can Special Relations Ground the Privileged Moral Status of Humans Over Animals? Robert Jones California State University, Chico, United States Much contemporary philosophical work regarding the moral considerability of nonhuman animals involves the search for some set of characteristics or properties that nonhuman animals possess sufficient for their robust membership in the sphere of things morally considerable. The most common strategy has been to identify some set of properties intrinsic to the animals themselves.
  • Contextualizing Ancient Greek Blood Sports

    Contextualizing Ancient Greek Blood Sports

    Contextualizing Ancient Greek Blood Sports While research on Roman spectacles of bestial violence (e.g. venationes, damnatio ad bestias) has had success in elucidating the cultural and universal meanings of these events, less attention has been paid to acts of communal violence against animals within the ancient Greek world. There is ample evidence for the existence of quail flipping, partridge fighting, bull fighting, cockfighting, and other acts such as bull leaping and animal baiting, to show that the Greeks found value in these blood sports. Although past scholars have addressed issues such as the symbolism of cocks and cockfighting (Csapso 1993) and the potential psychology and sociology underlying the events (Shelton 2011; Geertz 1971 on Balinese cockfighting), few have attempted to analyze these various games and contests within the overarching scheme of Greek athletics. While victories in chariot racing at Olympia could confer honor onto a polis (one may recall Alcibiades boasting of such a deed during the debate about the Sicilian expedition, Thucydides, 6.16), the outcome of the smaller blood sports brought about honors inherently limited to closed circles of individuals. Further, the heightened violence of these games necessitates an analysis in regards to their social functions and meanings. While it is accepted that blood sports among the Greeks could serve as markers of status and masculinity (Kyle 2007), further research is needed to explain why these events could serve such a function and also how the honors obtained differed from those acquired through the games and athletics of the Pan-Hellenic sanctuaries. Given the richness of evidence in both the literary and material record, the Greek predilection for cockfighting is a natural place to begin an inquiry into Greek blood sports.
  • The Sexual Politics of Meat by Carol J. Adams

    The Sexual Politics of Meat by Carol J. Adams

    THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF MEAT A FEMINISTVEGETARIAN CRITICAL THEORY Praise for The Sexual Politics of Meat and Carol J. Adams “A clearheaded scholar joins the ideas of two movements—vegetari- anism and feminism—and turns them into a single coherent and moral theory. Her argument is rational and persuasive. New ground—whole acres of it—is broken by Adams.” —Colman McCarthy, Washington Post Book World “Th e Sexual Politics of Meat examines the historical, gender, race, and class implications of meat culture, and makes the links between the prac tice of butchering/eating animals and the maintenance of male domi nance. Read this powerful new book and you may well become a vegetarian.” —Ms. “Adams’s work will almost surely become a ‘bible’ for feminist and pro gressive animal rights activists. Depiction of animal exploita- tion as one manifestation of a brutal patriarchal culture has been explored in two [of her] books, Th e Sexual Politics of Meat and Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals. Adams argues that factory farming is part of a whole culture of oppression and insti- tutionalized violence. Th e treatment of animals as objects is parallel to and associated with patriarchal society’s objectifi cation of women, blacks, and other minorities in order to routinely exploit them. Adams excels in constructing unexpected juxtapositions by using the language of one kind of relationship to illuminate another. Employing poetic rather than rhetorical techniques, Adams makes powerful connec- tions that encourage readers to draw their own conclusions.” —Choice “A dynamic contribution toward creating a feminist/animal rights theory.” —Animals’ Agenda “A cohesive, passionate case linking meat-eating to the oppression of animals and women .
  • An Inquiry Into Animal Rights Vegan Activists' Perception and Practice of Persuasion

    An Inquiry Into Animal Rights Vegan Activists' Perception and Practice of Persuasion

    An Inquiry into Animal Rights Vegan Activists’ Perception and Practice of Persuasion by Angela Gunther B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2006 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the School of Communication ! Angela Gunther 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Angela Gunther Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: An Inquiry into Animal Rights Vegan Activists’ Perception and Practice of Persuasion Examining Committee: Chair: Kathi Cross Gary McCarron Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Robert Anderson Supervisor Professor Michael Kenny External Examiner Professor, Anthropology SFU Date Defended/Approved: June 28, 2012 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract This thesis interrogates the persuasive practices of Animal Rights Vegan Activists (ARVAs) in order to determine why and how ARVAs fail to convince people to become and stay veg*n, and what they might do to succeed. While ARVAs and ARVAism are the focus of this inquiry, the approaches, concepts and theories used are broadly applicable and therefore this investigation is potentially useful for any activist or group of activists wishing to interrogate and improve their persuasive practices. Keywords: Persuasion; Communication for Social Change; Animal Rights; Veg*nism; Activism iv Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii! Partial Copyright Licence .................................................................................................
  • Bioethical Questions of Animals in Sport1

    Bioethical Questions of Animals in Sport1

    Preliminary communication UDK: 17:798/799 636.046:17 Bruno Ćurko (Croatia) Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split [email protected] BIOETHICAL QUESTIONS OF ANIMALS IN SPORT1 Abstract Animals are a part of sport industries, from the so-called traditions such as fox hunting and bullfighting, horse and dog racing, to the cruel examples of hare coursing, rodeo, and orangutan boxing (Thailand), to cock and dog fights. These are prominent examples of animal exploitation serving our human entertainment. In my presentation, I will try to identify some of the essential questions considering animal use in sports. Some of these questions are: Can we justify animal exploitation in the name of tradition? Can we take into consideration the well-being of sport animals before, during, and after their competitive career? How much could and should the imminent risk of animal stress, injuries, and fatalities prevent us from their exploitation in sports? If animals are ready to obey demands we set upon them, should we abuse them for our entertainment and sport? Keywords: animals, sports industry, cultural tradition, bioethics, entertainment 1 This paper is an elaborated adaptation of a lecture titled “Bioethical Questions of Animals in Sport”, presented at the conference “3rd Osijek days of bioethics” - Faculty of Education, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 11–12 November 2019. Pannoniana, vol. IV, no. I (2020): 143-153 Introduction When we think about animals in sport, we usually think about activities where people use animals in some competitions such as horse races, dog races, and other similar ones. But first, we need to research the definition of sport as it is.
  • The Politics of Bulls and Bullfights in Contemporary Spain

    The Politics of Bulls and Bullfights in Contemporary Spain

    SOCIAL THOUGHT & COMMENTARY Torophies and Torphobes: The Politics of Bulls and Bullfights in Contemporary Spain Stanley Brandes University of California, Berkeley Abstract Although the bullfight as a public spectacle extends throughout southwestern Europe and much of Latin America, it attains greatest political, cultural, and symbolic salience in Spain. Yet within Spain today, the bullfight has come under serious attack, from at least three sources: (1) Catalan nationalists, (2) Spaniards who identify with the new Europe, and (3) increasingly vocal animal rights advocates. This article explores the current debate—cultural, political, and ethical—on bulls and bullfighting within the Spanish state, and explores the sources of recent controversy on this issue. [Keywords: Spain, bullfighting, Catalonia, animal rights, public spectacle, nationalism, European Union] 779 Torophies and Torphobes: The Politics of Bulls and Bullfights in Contemporary Spain s is well known, the bullfight as a public spectacle extends through- A out southwestern Europe (e.g., Campbell 1932, Colomb and Thorel 2005, Saumade 1994), particularly southern France, Portugal, and Spain. It is in Spain alone, however, that this custom has attained notable polit- ical, cultural, and symbolic salience. For many Spaniards, the bull is a quasi-sacred creature (Pérez Álvarez 2004), the bullfight a display of exceptional artistry. Tourists consider bullfights virtually synonymous with Spain and flock to these events as a source of exotic entertainment. My impression, in fact, is that bullfighting is even more closely associated with Spanish national identity than baseball is to that of the United States. Garry Marvin puts the matter well when he writes that the cultur- al significance of the bullfight is “suggested by its general popular image as something quintessentially Spanish, by the considerable attention paid to it within Spain, and because of its status as an elaborate and spectacu- lar ritual drama which is staged as an essential part of many important celebrations” (Marvin 1988:xv).
  • Volume 21, No. 2 Fall 2010 ______

    Volume 21, No. 2 Fall 2010 ______

    INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS NEWSLETTER _____________________________________________________ Volume 21, No. 2 Fall 2010 _____________________________________________________ GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS ISEE Membership: ISEE membership dues are now due annually by Earth Day—22 April—of each year. Please pay your 2010-2011 dues now if you have not already done so. You can either use the form on the last page of this Newsletter to mail a check to ISEE Treasurer Marion Hourdequin, or you can use PayPal with a credit card from the membership page of the ISEE website at: <http://www.cep.unt.edu/iseememb.html>. “Old World and New World Perspectives on Environmental Philosophy,” Eighth Annual Meeting of the International Society for Environmental Ethics (ISEE), Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 14-17 June 2011: Please see the full call for abstracts and conference details in the section CONFERENCES AND CALLS below. Abstracts are due by 6 December 2010. ISEE Newsletter Going Exclusively Electronic: Starting with the Spring 2011 issue (Volume 22, no. 1), hardcopies of the ISEE Newsletter will no longer be produced and mailed to ISEE members via snail mail. ISEE members will continue to receive the Newsletter electronically as a pdf and, of course, can print their own hardcopies. New ISEE Newsletter Editor: Starting with the Spring 2011 issue, the new ISEE Newsletter Editor will be William Grove-Fanning. Please submit all ISEE Newsletter items to him at: <[email protected]>. Welcome William! ISEE Newsletter Issues: There was no 2010 Spring/Summer issue of the ISEE Newsletter. Because of the ISEE Newsletter Editor transition from Mark Woods to William Grove-Fanning, there will be no Winter 2011 issue of the ISEE Newsletter.
  • Canadian Standards of Care in Animal Shelters: Supporting ASV Guidelines Facilitated and Published by the Canadian Advisory Council on National Shelter Standards

    Canadian Standards of Care in Animal Shelters: Supporting ASV Guidelines Facilitated and Published by the Canadian Advisory Council on National Shelter Standards

    Canadian Standards of Care in Animal Shelters: Supporting ASV Guidelines Facilitated and published by the Canadian Advisory Council on National Shelter Standards Authors: Dr. Esther Attard, Kathy Duncan, Tanya Firmage, Sandra Flemming, Kelly Mullaly, Dr. Patricia Pryor, Dr. Magdalena Smrdelj, Barbara Cartwright, Toolika Rastogi Nous reconnaissons l’appui financier du We acknowledge the financial support of Nous reconnaissons l’appui financier de l’Association gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise the Government of Canada through the québécoise des SPA et SPCA pour la traduction de ce du ministère du Patrimoine canadien Pro- Department of Canadian Heritage Official document en français. grammes d’appui aux langues officielles. Languages Support Programs. We acknowledge the financial support of the Association québécoise des SPA et SPCA for the French translation of this document. Canadian Standards of Care in Animal Shelters: Supporting ASV Guidelines Facilitated and published by the Canadian Advisory Council on National Shelter Standards ASV Guidelines high euthanasia rates to a more diverse scope of Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters activities, ranging from animal control to long-term (hereafter referred to as Guidelines), published in palliative care facilities and everything in between. 2010 by the Association of Shelter Veterinarians Similarly, the term “shelter” is used for humane (hereafter referred to as ASV), has provided the global societies and Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty animal welfare community with a comprehensive to Animals (SPCA), as well as for organized rescue tool that helps organizations align their activities with groups, including home-based, long-term rescue or recommended practices on all aspects of care.
  • UPC Winter/Spring 2003-2004 Poultry Press

    UPC Winter/Spring 2003-2004 Poultry Press

    Winter Spring 2003 - 2004 Volume 13, Number 4 PoultryPromoting the compassionate and respectful Press treatment of domestic fowl "A Killing Floor Chronicle: A down-and- out former poultry worker's online mem- oirs of his gruesome job have electrified animal-rights activists worldwide" by Stephanie Simon, Los Angeles Times, Dec. 8, 2003 "He came forward from a world PoultryPress.) "Each time they did, hun- that's completely locked away out of dreds of e-mails poured in, thanking him sight. Very few people have the courage." for, as one writer put it, 'being a voice for - UPC President Karen Davis, quoted in the animals.' "A Killing Floor Chronicle." "Amazed, emboldened, Butler began to think of himself as more than an or 5 years Virgil Butler killed assembly-line killer. He gave up his fried 80,000 birds per shift on a 9-man ham and pork rinds in favor of a vegan Fteam in a Tyson chicken diet." slaughter plant in And he started a Arkansas until website recounting Tyson fired his experience him in at Tyson: the 2002. birds' hor- rific United Poultry Two slaughter, Concerns months broken later, bones, P.O. Box 150 Butler electric Machipongo, VA shocks, 23405-0150 described bruises, and (757) 678-7875 slaughter- FAX: (757) 678-5070 house abuses — being boiled "just a part of a regu- alive in scald tanks; Visit Our Web Site: lar night's work" — at a Photo By: Lesley P. Nobles co-workers ripping off the www.upc-online.org news conference sponsored by PETA. heads of live chickens, stomping them Only one reporter came, and no one wrote to death and blowing them up with dry- it up.