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A Weekis Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures

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A Weekis Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures A WEEKIS JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Annum. per Vol. LII.-No. [NEW SERIES.] 5.] NEW YORK, JANUARY 31, 1885. [$3.20[POSTAGE PREPAID.] , THE MUTUFACTURE OF AGGLOMERATED FUEL· upper moulding piston and the lower piston. The direct utilization of refuse coal in the The lower, piston that empties the moulds is production of heat is a problem which still actuated by a second pair of working beams un- awaits a solution, but the indirect utilization of derneath the mould tables. When a com pres- sion is being effected through the descent of the it has for a long time been' an accomplished fact, and the manufacture that it has given rise working ,beams and moulding pistons over the table, there comes a period when the upper part to now constitutes a prosperous industry whose present state in France we propose to make of the brick ceases to descend, through the re- known. The idea of converting refuse coal '...,to sistance that is offered by the lower piston, and also because of the friction that the coal experi- bricks is due to Mr. Marsais, an engineer, an,. it wa� from the Chaleassiere Works, which are at ences against the sides of the mould. At this present constructing all the materiel necessary instant the lower surface, being less pressed for the manufacture of agglomerated fuel, that than the upper, a reaction occurs, and the lower came the first truly practical press, devised by surface becomes a fixedpoint, and the lower pis- Messrs. Revollier & Marsais. This press, which ton acts in its turn until the pressure has be- was in the first place hydraulic, has been em- come the same on both sides. This mechanism ployed in a certain number of large industria! recalls that of a nut-cracker, and it could not be establishments� It has since been improved by simpler than it is. Mr. Couffinhal, "'fill has become exclusively me- In order to obtain"a, good product, it is indis- chanical. pensable'that the increase in the compressing The manufacture of coal bricks is, in princi - stress shall be suspended when the resistance pIe, exceedingly simple, It consists in forming reaches a given limit through the quality of a paste with coal dross and pitch, passing it the coal to be treated. '1'0 effectthis, it became through a pug mill in order to mix it thoroughly, necessary to give the parts of the machine a and then compressing it strongly in a hydraulic sort of elasticity. So the action of the levers or mechanical press, which solidifies the ag- 'is not transmitted directly to the compressing glomerate and gives it a form convenient for plates, but through the illtermedium of a hy- handling and storage. draulic cylinder that permits of making the We shall first examine the double compres- .pressure upon the bricks regular. This cylin- sion machine (Fig. 1), and afterward have a few der, which 'is affixed firmly to the frame, car- words to say regarding the manufacture of the ries two valves, one of which opens inwardly paste. and the other outwardly. If, during the com- The machine is set in motion by a horizontal .pression, the moulding cylinder meets with a shaft-either the driving shaft of any motor resistance greater than the proportional sup- whateveror anintermediate one. This first shaft. port that the water in the cylinder (retained by 'througli'the�intermedium of a pinion, actuates a spring valve) can give it, the valve rises, the gear wheels keyed at the end of two shafts that water escapes, and the working beam continues FOR are placed symmetrically with respect to the Fig. I.-PRESSING MACHINE ARTIFICIAL FUEL. its motion without any increase in the pres- principal axis of the machine. These shafts are, , sure exerted upon the brick. When the dead provided at the other extremities with cranks that to a horizontal cross-head that transmits alternate up I center of the crank is passed, the entire system' de­ actuate two vertical connecting rods that may be seen and down motions to two working beams, which are scends through its own weight, and the water that . in front in Fig. 2 These connecting rods are attached I situated above the mould table, and which actuate the has escaped through the valve is sucked up and I fills lig. 2.-THE MANl1FACTl1J1! OPA.ltTIFICIA� J11EL.--DltYING, GltINDIli<J, AND PltESSIWG. © 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [JANUARY 31, 1885. the cylinder again in passing through the second valve IMPROVED METHODS. arranged for the purpose. SO wedded are workmen, generally, to familiar A hydraulic gauge, placed at the side of the cylinder, methods that even a demonstration of a better way of permits of regulating the pressure by acting upon the �titutifit �mttitan. doing a job is not always convincing. A sub-contract­ ESTABLISHED 1845. spring of the exhaust valve. The compression is ef­ or in a machine shop took certain parts of the work fected within three distinct periods: in the first, the on machine tools to do by the job. He was a stickler upper compressor acts alone; in the second, the lower MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. for old methods, and did not "take stock" in the kind­ one rises until the pressure is equal upon both surfaces; PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT ly meant suggestions of the superintendent, who was in the third, when the limit of pressure is reached, the disposed to aid him. At last, however, he yielded so far No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. piston continues its motion in the hydraulic cylinder as to allow the superintendent to "fit up " for one job, until the dead center of the crank is passed. with the understanding that if the output did not O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEAOH. The moulds are emptied upon a tilting table or end­ promise to pay, the contractor should bear no expense. less belt, or even directly upon the floor in cases where TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The job was the finishing of "ball nuts," so called, nuts . $3 carts can be driven into the works. One copy, one year, postageincluded ........... ... ......... ....... .. to be turned up by hand, and consisting of a central One copy, six months, postage included 20 The table carries from 12 to 14 moulds, which are so ................................. 1 60 boss for the thread and two short arms ending in balls. CIubs.-One extra copy of T E SCIENTH'IC AMERICAN will be supplied arranged as to give the bricks a form such that their H The contractor's Inethod w as to center each end, drill gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 eachi additional copies at height and breadth are half their length. They can same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. centers, and turn and finish each ball in the lathe. then be piled up crosswise, so that four of them form a Remit by postal order. Address Then the nut was chucked, and the central cylindrical MUNN & CO., Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. perfect cube and waste no space. There are four styles 3111 portion was drilled and tapped. A threaded arbor was of double compression presses that yield bricks of 1, 2, 'I.'he Scientific A.merlcan Supplement then fitted and mounted on centers, and properly 5, and 10 kilogrammes, and manufacture, respectively, is a distinct paper from the SCIENTI>'IC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT dogged on the table of a crank planer or pillar shaper; is issued weekly. Every number contains octavo pages, uniform in size 18, 50, 90, and 150)ons of bricks per day. 16 and so the two sides of the nut and the anns were with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription for S LEMENT This system of double compression presents numerous UPP , dressed by the reciprocating motion of the cutter. The $5.00 year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10cents. Sold by advantages, the most newsdealersa throughout the country. arbor was then swung in a lathe, and the ends important of which is the greater ..II of the Rates.-The SCIENTIFIC degree Combined A�lERICAN and SD'PPI,EMENT cylindrical threaded of homogeneousness, and consequently greater will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of Both portion and the edges of the 3,l;.Ins solidity, obtained. In the old machines, the density of papers to one address or differentaddresses as desired.seven dollars. squared up. It will be seen that this was a round- the bricks, as a consequence of the friction of the coal The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. about way to complete a simple job; indeed, the ma- Address MUNN & CO., Broadway, corner Franklin Street,New York. against the moulds, continued to diminish from the 361 01' chine work on the crank planer was slower than hand surface in contact with the compressing cylinder to the Scientific American E xport Edition. filing wouldhave been. one most distant from it. 'With double compression, The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid peri- The superintendent improved on these methods very the least dense part is found in the center; the edges odical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred sensibly. He chucked the piece, drilled the center large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) Most of the plates are entire and sharp, and waste is, through this fact, and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- h ole, and t apped it. Before removing it froln th e CAN, with its splendid engravings ana l nf rmat on 2.) m- notaNy diminished.
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