A Weekis Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures

A WEEKIS JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Annum. per Vol. LII.-No. [NEW SERIES.] 5.] NEW YORK, JANUARY 31, 1885. [$3.20[POSTAGE PREPAID.] , THE MUTUFACTURE OF AGGLOMERATED FUEL· upper moulding piston and the lower piston. The direct utilization of refuse coal in the The lower, piston that empties the moulds is production of heat is a problem which still actuated by a second pair of working beams un- awaits a solution, but the indirect utilization of derneath the mould tables. When a com pression is being effected through the descent of the it has for a long time been' an accomplished fact, and the manufacture that it has given rise working ,beams and moulding pistons over the table, there comes a period when the upper part to now constitutes a prosperous industry whose present state in France we propose to make of the brick ceases to descend, through the re- known. The idea of converting refuse coal '...,to sistance that is offered by the lower piston, and also because of the friction that the coal experi- bricks is due to Mr. Marsais, an engineer, an,. it wa� from the Chaleassiere Works, which are at ences against the sides of the mould. At this present constructing all the materiel necessary instant the lower surface, being less pressed for the manufacture of agglomerated fuel, that than the upper, a reaction occurs, and the lower came the first truly practical press, devised by surface becomes a fixedpoint, and the lower pis- Messrs. Revollier & Marsais. This press, which ton acts in its turn until the pressure has be- was in the first place hydraulic, has been em- come the same on both sides. This mechanism ployed in a certain number of large industria! recalls that of a nut-cracker, and it could not be establishments� It has since been improved by simpler than it is. Mr. Couffinhal, "'fill has become exclusively me- In order to obtain"a, good product, it is indis- chanical. pensable'that the increase in the compressing The manufacture of coal bricks is, in princi - stress shall be suspended when the resistance pIe, exceedingly simple, It consists in forming reaches a given limit through the quality of a paste with coal dross and pitch, passing it the coal to be treated. '1'0 effectthis, it became through a pug mill in order to mix it thoroughly, necessary to give the parts of the machine a and then compressing it strongly in a hydraulic sort of elasticity. So the action of the levers or mechanical press, which solidifies the ag- 'is not transmitted directly to the compressing glomerate and gives it a form convenient for plates, but through the illtermedium of a hy- handling and storage. draulic cylinder that permits of making the We shall first examine the double compres- .pressure upon the bricks regular. This cylin- sion machine (Fig. 1), and afterward have a few der, which 'is affixed firmly to the frame, car- words to say regarding the manufacture of the ries two valves, one of which opens inwardly paste. and the other outwardly. If, during the com-

The machine is set in motion by a horizontal .pression, the moulding cylinder meets with a shaft-either the driving shaft of any motor resistance greater than the proportional sup- whateveror anintermediate one. This first shaft. port that the water in the cylinder (retained by 'througli'the�intermedium of a pinion, actuates a spring valve) can give it, the valve rises, the gear wheels keyed at the end of two shafts that water escapes, and the working beam continues FOR are placed symmetrically with respect to the Fig. I.-PRESSING MACHINE ARTIFICIAL FUEL. its motion without any increase in the pres- principal axis of the machine. These shafts are, , sure exerted upon the brick. When the dead provided at the other extremities with cranks that to a horizontal cross-head that transmits alternate up I center of the crank is passed, the entire system' de actuate two vertical connecting rods that may be seen and down motions to two working beams, which are scends through its own weight, and the water that . . in front in Fig. 2 These connecting rods are attached I situated above the mould table, and which actuate the has escaped through the valve is sucked up and I fills

lig. 2.-THE MANl1FACTl1J1! OPA.ltTIFICIA� J11EL.--DltYING, GltINDIli

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [JANUARY 31, 1885. the cylinder again in passing through the second valve IMPROVED METHODS. arranged for the purpose. SO wedded are workmen, generally, to familiar A hydraulic gauge, placed at the side of the cylinder, methods that even a demonstration of a better way of permits of regulating the pressure by acting upon the �titutifit �mttitan. doing a job is not always convincing. A sub-contract ESTABLISHED 1845. spring of the exhaust valve. The compression is ef or in a machine shop took certain parts of the work fected within three distinct periods: in the first, the on machine tools to do by the job. He was a stickler upper compressor acts alone; in the second, the lower MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. for old methods, and did not "take stock" in the kind one rises until the pressure is equal upon both surfaces; PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT ly meant suggestions of the superintendent, who was in the third, when the limit of pressure is reached, the disposed to aid him. At last, however, he yielded so far No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. piston continues its motion in the hydraulic cylinder as to allow the superintendent to "fit up " for one job, until the dead center of the crank is passed. with the understanding that if the output did not O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEAOH. The moulds are emptied upon a tilting table or end promise to pay, the contractor should bear no expense. less belt, or even directly upon the floor in cases where TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The job was the finishing of "ball nuts," so called, nuts

. . $3 carts can be driven into the works. One copy, one year, postageincluded ...... to be turned up by hand, and consisting of a central One copy, six months, postage included 20 The table carries from 12 to 14 moulds, which are so ...... 1 60 boss for the thread and two short arms ending in balls. CIubs.-One extra copy of T E SCIENTH'IC AMERICAN will be supplied arranged as to give the bricks a form such that their H The contractor's Inethod w as to center each end, drill gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 eachi additional copies at height and breadth are half their length. They can same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. centers, and turn and finish each ball in the lathe. then be piled up crosswise, so that four of them form a Remit by postal order. Address Then the nut was chucked, and the central cylindrical MUNN & CO., Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. perfect cube and waste no space. There are four styles 3111 portion was drilled and tapped. A threaded arbor was of double compression presses that yield bricks of 1, 2, 'I.'he Scientific A.merlcan Supplement then fitted and mounted on centers, and properly

5, and 10 kilogrammes, and manufacture, respectively, is a distinct paper from the SCIENTI>'IC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT dogged on the table of a crank planer or pillar shaper; is issued weekly. Every number contains octavo pages, uniform in size 18, 50, 90, and 150)ons of bricks per day. 16 and so the two sides of the nut and the anns were with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription for S LEMENT This system of double compression presents numerous UPP , dressed by the reciprocating motion of the cutter. The $5.00 year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10cents. Sold by advantages, the most newsdealersa throughout the country. arbor was then swung in a lathe, and the ends important of which is the greater ..II of the Rates.-The SCIENTIFIC degree Combined A�lERICAN and SD'PPI,EMENT cylindrical threaded of homogeneousness, and consequently greater will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of Both portion and the edges of the 3,l;.Ins solidity, obtained. In the old machines, the density of papers to one address or differentaddresses as desired.seven dollars. squared up. It will be seen that this was a round- the bricks, as a consequence of the friction of the coal The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. about way to complete a simple job; indeed, the ma- Address MUNN & CO., Broadway, corner Franklin Street,New York. against the moulds, continued to diminish from the 361 01' chine work on the crank planer was slower than hand surface in contact with the compressing cylinder to the Scientific American E xport Edition. filing wouldhave been. one most distant from it. 'With double compression, The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid peri- The superintendent improved on these methods very the least dense part is found in the center; the edges odical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred sensibly. He chucked the piece, drilled the center large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) Most of the plates are entire and sharp, and waste is, through this fact, and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- h ole, and t apped it. Before removing it froln th e

CAN, with its splendid engravings ana l nf rmat on 2.) m- notaNy diminished. •.hl �· n; ·l ; ( c ch k h urn f tcthe central �� =Jn � 0ses. uC }!lC u J �, IHb:r," >-,�. ..!o2!f � � � mercial, trade, and manufacturing announcement��s �of� le��lding�;� �ho�u��portion�� fl �'�te(�'�� edges h arms. � � The paste for manufacturing the bricks was formerly Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the and the �of�� t�ll11e �h

volving cast iron platform whose motion is dependent Contents. in a peculiar way. On the two ends of a polishing upon that of the agglomerating machine. This plat spindle were mounted hollowed out emery wheels with form is surrounded with masonry, which is inclosed (Illnstrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) rests in front. The piece was held, first one end or within an iron plate jacket, and which supports a ball, and then the other, inside the concavity, and Air, compressed,in Birmingham,III!'-65 Inventions, engineering ...... 73 spherical dome that is traversed in its center by a Inventions, index of., ... , ...... 75 slowly turned. '1'he ball was cleaned, scoured, and Inventions, miscellaneous...... 73 ea�s' ag'o: . 66 cylinder that carries an axle provided with paddles. ii��{�hP::1Belt fastener,f::* :f{ells'* .... :: ...... ::::: �::. � Level, spirit, 'ryler's* shaped in the wheel of coarse emery on one end of Boots and shoes, rubber,.. how J-.lights, electric,for dwellings.... , ...... 67 made Methods. improved .... 68 It is into this cylinder. that is emptied the mixture to ...... 68 ...... '" ... 64 the spindle, and then was finished and polished in the Bread, meal, whole...... 70 Milldams...... 70 Business and personal ...... , 73 Notes and queries ...... 73. i5 the other end. In all this work there be prepared. A lateral fireplace, with two opposite . . 74, finerwheel at Chlorine as a disinfectant ...... 67 Observatory, Lick, progress of.... 66 Clocks and watches. cleaning .... ,. 67 Opportunities for inventors in the has been no centering, no lathe turning, no slow plan doors, permits of obtaining the heat necessary for the Draught of boiler furnaces provision and grocery trade ..... , .. 68 ... 69 of handling elimination of the water, for heating the coal, and for Dropping and striking up, ...... Pump, quadruple, improved*.... ,. 67 ing on the pillar shapeI', and the amount y e 64 Railway improvement, prugress in ti9 the ��r! � fi�:t�:� :r�way: Railway, Mersey, the...... was greatly reduced from the old method. But melting the pitch. The flames, after licking the upper ...... 69 Engines� � in collision, four. , ' , ::: :: � Shaft, revolutions of, mode of ...... 67 result: a saving of two surface of the mixture, heat the dome (which reflects Explosion, boiler, singular ascertaining*...... , ...... 70 crucial test was the economic Fair, World's, at New Orleans...... 6'9 Ship, war, new Turkish". .... 72 ...... 68 thirds of the time, and even more, for five completed there), pass beneath the sole, opposite the fireplace, Fish, canning, on the ...... 66 Shirt bosom, detachable· ...... 68 pieces were turned out within the time required by the and from thence, through a flue, to the chimney. In �� l��a�ed: manuf:of*:: : : J� �r i n � �g�h:i':o�:!�'improved*:Silliman, Prof. Benjamin ...... ::'.::: � the circumference of the furnace jacket there are six �:]ta� ��fi� ��aTtt g :; �:ty :' a , 69 old method to complete thr4c'e pieces. The contractor Gela.tine,� uses of ...... : ..� ...... :e.... �71 �f:� :�ie;?� �g�r:� first four of these serve for the intro . was convinced, and bought the plant. apertures. The and weeder, combined* , .. 67 Tub, butter, McAdam's* ...... Guard � 1 �1�fJ��l��, ... 66� Hints for thosewhoint'd to build, Wagner, Prof. William...... 65 This single specimen of improvement in methods duction of scrapers that turn over the material, and Incident of the late Philadelphia 69 Wasp, mason, and its nest*...... 71 Exhibition Weight power machine"...... 70 mix it up, so as to permit it to become heated uniformly ...... 65 might be supplemented by instances in the recollec Inventions, agricultural .. '" ••..•• 73 and to present all its parts to the 'flames and the sole. tion, if not in the practice, of many mechanics. It Opposite the fifth aperture there are two bars, one pays to use wit and judgment, as well as skill and fixedand the other movable, .which, through the aid handy manipulation, in the conduct of work. of hinged partitions that may be inclined more or less, TABLE OF CONTENTS OF

gradually carry the material from the center to the cir THE SOIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, DROPPING AND STRIKING UP. cumference, while at the same time turning it over and stirring it up just as the scrapers do. Another object There has been great improvement on the old style ma of this arrangement is to regulate.the thickness of the N'<>.474, chinesfor·ffiltting-and"lmading tacks and nails a� layer, and, consequently, the time during which the For the Week Endin" January 31, 1885. ing rivets; the heading machine has lJeeIia(fapted to mixture remains upon the sole. forging purposes with great advantage. But the limit of Price 10 For Another scraper, maneuvered by means of a rod ex cents. sale by all newsdealers. the machine is not great; a requisite to accurate work, PAGE terior to the furnace, acts upon the material in the cen CHEMISTRY AND Solid Form, 7 60 unless with the result of great strain to the machine, 1. METALLURGY.-MineraIAcids in 5 ter, moves it to the zone of action of the preceding ones, The Iufra-red EmisBion Spectra of Metallic Vapors.-By H. BEC- and its final disabling, is that the amount of material 7560 and regulates the delivery. The sixth aperture serves QUEREL ...... fed in for working should be accurately measured. All Lead: its Properties and Uses.-By ALEX. MURRAy...... 7561 for the exit of the properly heated paste. W. the blows of the heading machine are absolute as to ENGINEERING, MECHANICS, ETC.·-New Forms of Swedish as a whole, is built upon masonry that II. force and exact as to distance; they are made by means The furnace, Hearthand Welding Furnaces.-By G. A. FORSBERG ...... 7561 contains an opening for the passage of the shaft and for Gabert's Revolving Excavator.-4.figures ... , ...... 7564- of a crank or an eccentric acting directly on the ham Railroad Building in the Tropics: Pontoon. across Lake the sole. Bridge mer, or by similar means acting on a knuckle or " tog the gearings that actuate Amatitlan on the Line of the Guatemala CentralRailway.- 5figures, 7565 The revolving sole furnace operates continuously, as A Project for a Suspended Railway.-5 figures...... 7566 gle " joint; in either case there is no provision for yield. Experiments on the Use of High Explosives for does the agglomerating press. The coal is well dried Some Recent ing in the event of a superabundance of material to War Purposes.-By Prof. C. E. MUNROE...... 7566 essential condition for obtaining a good work upon ; the material must give, or " get," or the ma therein, an, TECHNOLOGY.-The Theory of Blast Furnace Slag Refining.- m. product; and the temperature to which it is submitted By A. D. ELBERS...... 7561 chine must stop or break. So it is necessary that the and increases its agglutinative proper Sand Soap and Transparent Soap...... 7561 feed of the heading machine shall be exact as well as softens it a little Manufacture of Candles.-The oldest candle works.-Modern a considerable saving in The accurate; it must not "bite offmore thanit can chew. " ties, this being followed by .. . improvements.-Methods andapparatus.-ll figures...... 7562 pitch. IV. PHYSICS, ELECTRICITY, ETC.-New Physical Papers by SIR Bu.t the drop has plenty of leeway, limited only by ...... 7567 The engraving that gives a general view permits one WM. THOMSON ...... the accommodation of the dies, and they are made so Calorimetric Voltameters and Amperemeters.-4 figures...... 7568 to obtain an exact idea of the mode of manufacture. as to allow plenty of room for sprues, or overplUS of . V. ARCHITECTURE.-Brighton College.-An engraving...... 7560 The refuse and pitch, coming in on the right, pass metal. T he force of the blow of the drop is graduated

of Nimrod .. .. . 7572 through the breaking and proportioning apparatus, and VI. ARCH1EOLOGY.-AssyrianScience.-The Land ... by the weight of the hammer and the distance through Maya Alphabet.-Comparison with the Egyptian alphabet.- The which it falls, the latter element being changed at will. to the . .. and buckets . . ... the coal is then carried by chain engravings ...... 7572 a . .. dried, and the pitch to an end The limit of the blow is simply the resistance of the sole of the furnace, to be ETC.-The of the Ramie Plant VII. HORTICULTURE, Cultivation falling less screw, where it mixes with the dry and heated coal. in the United States.-By M. JAGERHUllER...... 7573 material to be worked to the impact of the The mixture thus begun in the endless screw becomes The Potato Disease.-Several figures...... 757� weight. This force varies in effectby the condition of more intimate in the pug mill stationedabove the press. VIII. MEDICINE, HYGIENE, ETC.-A New Apparatus for Trans- the material; if soft and plastic, at nearly a white heat, fusion, with Remarks on the Intra-vascular of Blood and the latter, are piled up, Injection it yields as readily as soft putty; if only dull red, it re- The bricks, upon coming from Other Fluids.-By Dr. JoS. C. HUTCHINSON.-lfigure...... 7568 . or are loaded on carts and carried away.-La Nature. Mental Contagion in Inebriety: a Psychological Study.-By Dr. sists impact, and works :hard. So, also, the quality of T. D. the material adapts itself to the blow of the drop . • 4.1� CROTHERS...... 7569 The Property of Alcohol hi h Allures the Neurotic to Drink .. .. 7570 w From the above it is easy to see that the drop has a IN small blasts, 1 pound of powder will loosen about Pasteur's Work.�Researcheso relating to wine, beer,charbon, and . . . of powder will loosen fowl cholera ...... 7570 much larger range of useful work before it than the 4� tons; in large blasts, 1 pound . .. . 564 machine; the latter may work faster and be can bore, with a bit 1 inch I.A NEOUS.-The M cope.-111gure ...... 7 heading about 2% tons. One man IX. MISCEL icro-Photos . .. . . The Prison of Louvain.-The only prison in Europe in which the be in diameter, from 50 inches to 100 inches per day of 18 more exact in its first results; but the drop can system of absolute isolation is enforced ...... 7 1 in 400 inches per day in 57 adapted to a much more varied list of articles. At all hours granite, or 300 ineneato The British Nile Expedition.-Towing· whale boats through the 1 . . . .. ndCataract.-An enw-aving...... events, the headmg mttchme can never usurp Its place. limestone. Seco ...... 757

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 3I, I885.] Ititutifit �tutritau. An Incident oC the Late Philadelphia Exhibition. It is taken from the "drying table " to the thing that might improve their pecuniary interests A rather good practical joke was played on one of "screeners," a series of tables with narrow openings be cannot be got together in Birmingham, it is very diffi the exhibitors of the Philadelphia Electrical Exhibition tween them, the tables being set at a slight angle. If cult to imagine where such an assembly could be col by a representative of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, who the shot is round and perfect, it rolls rapidly along lected. JUdging from the report of the proceedings, was making some sketches for publication. While this these tables, skipping the openings, until it reaches a the scheme was thoroughly examined from every point gentleman was putting the fini.shing touches on one of box at the extreme end, into which it falls. If it is im of view, and unanimously approved of on grounds of his drawings, his attention was directed to a crowd of perfect, it cannot roll fast, and falls into the openings, economy, safety, and cleanliness. All that now remains, sightseers, who were collected about one of the hand under which boxes are placed. therefore, is for the company to get to work and prove electrical machines where shocks were administered to The shot then goes to the " separators," which are a that they can earn a dividend. This they are confident the curious. Three or four would join hands, and after series of drawers, not unlike a bureau, which rocks of being able to secure; and if their anticipations should the" end men " had taken the poles of the battery in backward and forward by machinery. The shot is be realized, there is no possible reason why the conse their hands, the operator would rotate the wheel and poured into the upper drawer, which has an iron bot quential public benefitswhich they promise to the town

administer shocks of gradually increasing severity. tom perforated with holes of a certain size. The second should not be forthcoming. It is a most interesting ex Occasionally curiosity would be excited in the breast drawer has holes of a sml111er size, and so on down to periment, and will attract a great deal of attention of some innocent, and as soon as he had given himself the lowest drawer, the bottom of each drawer being from other manufacturing communities. up to the influence, the operator would generate a high perforated with holes of a size smaller than those in the In New York and some other cities we distribute hot current, taking advantage of his inability to let go of drawer above it. The backward and forward motion steam from a central station, the circulating pipes ex the handles, and would very soon have him dancing to throws the shot from side to side, letting all the shot tending in the aggregate for many miles underground. any tune he was inclined to whistle. the size of the holes or smaller pass through into the There is no reason why compressed air should not be '.rhis sport was very amusing to the spectators, and second drawer, while all larger than the holes remain so conveyed, and thus furnish power to run elevators especially so to the showman. Our artist, after watch- in the drawer. The same is repeated down to the low and engines, large and small. each drawer contains a smaller size ing several experiments of the nature described, becarne est drawer, so that .. 41'" filled with sympathy, and determined, if possible, to of shot th.an the one immediately above it. Fireless TramW"ay Engines. The shot is put into turn the ridicule to the other side of the table. The next process is "polishing." The system of tramway haulage by firelesslocomo continually revol ve, He soon provided himself with a piece of copper wire, irregular shaped iron hoxes, which tives has been tried on a very considerable scale in Ba black lead is which he passed down his sleeves under his coat, and When the box is nearl.y full, powdered tavia, and has given so much satisfaction that it is con the box throws the which he made of such length as to terminate in the put in. The irregular motion of templated to extend it. The Batavia Steam Tramway lead is so ground palms of his hands. Thus equipped he strolled leisurely shot froUl side to side, and the black Company, says Enginee1'ing, owns a line divided into to the center of interest, where he found a new subject intorit that it cannot be rubbed off. And it is this that two portions: the first, from Batavia to Kramat, hav dancing a Highland fling without any special invitation gives it the beautiful shiny appearance. ing a length of 8 kilometers (5 miles) laid with a double from anybody. As soon as the unfortunate had been - • 1 I .. track of Demerbe grooved rails, and the second from Bolton Flagging. released, our friend stepped before the instrument, and, Kramat to Muster Cornelis, having a length of 4� . town of muttering something about his being very fond of elec- Sixteen miles east of Hartford, Conn , in the kilometers of single track of Vignolles rails. The first trlcity, took hold of the handles, taking good care, how- Bolton, is a quarry of remarkable stone, not duplicated piece is ahuost level, with the exception of short in ever, that the ends of the wires should be brought in in its qualities by any other in this country. The stone clines of 1 in 32 over bridges; there are two long curves close contact with the poles in each hand. Thus pre- is a micaceous slate, but is so thoroughly filled with and anum bel' of short ones of 30 meters radius. The pared, he bade the tormenter begin. The wheel began mica that the slaty matrix is barely discernible by the second section has a continuous gradient of 1 in 450. slowly to revolve, and a good current was very soon in- eye. '1'he best qualities of this stone are not affectedby The haulage is effected by 21 fireless Lamm Francq dicated, but our hero stood it like a Spartan, and moisture and frosts, are not corroded by acids nor locomotives and five stationary boilers, the whole of bend perceptibly showed no signs of discomposure. The greater the cur- stained by oils, and a slab of it will which were manufactured by the Hohenzollern Loco rent, the more he seemed to like it. The spectators before it breaks. As a pavement, its durable quality is motive Works, Dusseldorf. Two of the boilers are busy street could hardly believe their eyes, and the operator's also remarkable; there are flags of it on a situated at Batavia, and three at Kramat, but one only amazement and anger could only findvent on the poor in Hartford that have been trodden for more than fifty is in work at each station at a time, the remainder be wheel, now flying at its fullest speed and generating a years, and are in good condition now. This stone is in ing in reserve. current str()ng enough to kill any man. An occasional great demand for floors and tables for chemical fac They are worked 12 hours a day, and fill an engine voluntary shake of the arms on the part of Mr. Artist tories and laboratories, for hospitals, and in pu.blic every 1� minutes during about three hours in the day, further increased the deception. Finally the latter re- buildings where constant cleanliness is a requisite. and every 10 minutes at other times. An engine charg is one quested to be released, whereupon l\-1r. Showman The area of these flags is limited; very seldom ed to a pressure of 12 atmospheres (180 lb. per sq. inch) stopped the wheel and accused him of holding insulators quarried with a superfices of two hundred square feet. will draw two or three passenger cars from Batavia to quarries are the mountains known locally as irLh:is-hand,.which he quickly disproved by opening his The III Kramat, and from Kramat to Cornelis, up and down the eastern bound palms and raising his arms, which latter act served to the " Bolton Range," and forming again to Kramat. Part of the line was opened in July, River valley. They are at an ele pull the wire out of sight under his sleeve. . He then ary of the Connecticut 1883, and from the last annual report it appears that of the Connec turned on his heel, and as he approached the gaping vation of about 1,000 feet above the level the cost of haulage amounted last year to 23 cents per crowd was received with that absence of elbowing ticut River, and are of considerable antiquity, having kilometer (7·4d. per mile), composed of the �following which might characterize the reception of an uninvited been worked continuously for more than sixty years. In items: visitor from the nethermost world. 1820, flags of this stone were sent to Washington, Phila- Cents. delphia, Baltimore, and to New Orleans. At the first, ... 41' .. Driving engines... •..• . ••••••.••••.• ••• •••• •••••• •••. • . •.. . 4'7 HoW" Shot are Hade. Heating boilers...... the quarrying was largely done by means of gunpow- 2'3 Coals Every person who has walked about the lower part del'; but this destroyed more than was gotten out in a ...... •.•• , •.. .•••• ••••• ••••• • ••• • •••••. .•••• •••• .. 14'0 Packing, lubricating, •• •..•. .•...... only etc...... 2'0 of this city, says the New York TTibune, must have no- marketable condition. Now gunpowder is used to Total...... ticed a high round tower, as high as the roadway of remove the superincumbent rock to make the ledge .. 28'0 (5 cents equal penny.) the Bridge, which rears itself high above the surround- bare; all the slabs are taken out by the use of crowbar 1 ing buildings and has small windows at differentplaces. and wedge. The ledge has been traced for more than six More recently the cost of haulage has been only 17 This tower is in Center Street near Worth Street, and miles, but much of it is valueless because of the cost of cents per kilo (5·24d. per mile), the price of coal being belongs to the Colwell Lead Company. There are sev- gettiIJ.g..Qutthe stone, the layers being at an angle, so 2l. per ton. The consumption of fuel was at first 6 eral of these towers in this city. They are places built that the surfac�_be�ma.ched in one place at a kilogrammes per kilometer (21'3 lb. per mile), but re especially for the casting and manufacture of shot. The depth of less than six feet, but within one hundred feet cently it has fallen to two-thirds of that amount. Re tower rises to a height of feet, and is fifty feet in surface distance it will be sixty feet below the soil. The pairs of boilers and engines have cost 2 cents per kilo 176 'I diameter at the base. It diminishes in diameter as it rock is split into slabs only where natural divisions oc meter, and have consisted chiefly in returning the ascends, being about thirty feet across at the top. It cur; some slabs may be only half an inch thick, while wheel tires and renewing the felt on the boilers. Since is divided into several stories. A circular stairway others are five inches, and as they are they must re the road has been completed, the receipts per month made of iron extends to the summit, giving access to main, for no chiseling can effect another division. In have amounted to 22,800 florins, and the total expendi the several stories. Great height is essential for cast- deed, the only means of dressing the stone is by ham ture to 12,800 florins, leaving a net monthly profit of ing, as the lead must cool in the descent, and thus as- mering, the edges being dressed in this way; the 10,000 florins (800l.). The fare is 2�d. for a four mile sume a spherical shape. If hot, it would flatten when surfaces remain in their natural state, smooth and run, or any part of it. The engines give every satis it strikes the water into which it falls. glistening. These natural divisions may be traced by faction. They are in native hands, and run constantly, The first method is making what is called " temper. " the eye, sometimes entirely around a block, and where with little attention and no breakdowns. Two more This is a mixture of arsenic and lead. The mixture is the minute crack appears, rows of thin iron wedges are have been ord�red, and will be shipped from Amster melted in large kettles, and is constantly skimmed and inserted and gently fbrced in by hammers until one dam this month. I t is believed that with a better road stirred. It is cast in bars, the same as lead. When the lamina can be lifted from the rest like the well-baked the expenses might be reduced to 50 per cent. temper is made it is carried to the top floor, where upper crust of a pie. ... 41'" there are kettles and a furnace for melting it. The .. ,.. .. ProCessor William Wagner. temper is mixed with the lead, as pure lead would as Compressed Air in Birmingham. The founder of the Wagner Free Institute of Science sume various shapes in casting; but when mixed with A very remarkable kind of public meeting was lately in Philadelphia died at his home in the latter city Jan. the temper in the proportion of three tons of lead to held in Birmingham-a meeting which s eems at first 17, at the great age of 96 years. He was an apprentice one ton of temper, it takes the shape of globules when glance to be without precedent. It was called by the of Stephen Girard, but in 1835 retired from business it is cast. promoters of the Birmingham Compressed Air Power with an ample fortune, and turned his attention to The casting pans are large colanders, round pans with Company, who have obtained an act of Parliament for scientific subjects, founding the institution which has holes perforated in the bottom. The casting is all done the distribution, for manufacturing purposes, over a since borne his name. In October last we called atten on the top floor, and the colander is suspended over an considerable area of the town of Birmingham, of air tion to the work that Prof. Wagner was doing for the opening in the floor, which goes through the entire strongly compressed at a central station. The Town promotion of the education of young people, and at height of the building to the ground, where there is a Council have accorded their moral support to the that time it was thought that his gifts to the institute well of water. The lead is melted in large kettles, and scheme, after receiving favorable reports from Sir F. J. had amounted to $600,000, while his will now leaves all is dipped out and poured into the colander with ladles Bramwell and Mr. Henry J. T. Piercy; and the object his property thereto. Prof. ·Wagner retained his facul which have long handles. It oozes through the holes of calling the recent meeting was, says the JouTnal of ties to the last, his death not being attributed to any in the bottom of the colander, and falls through the L ght ng, to explain fully the nature and extent of (Jas i i special disease, but,t. o the gradual wearing out of the opening to the ground floor into the well. The shot the proposed undertaking to such of the inhabitants vital powers. is taken out of the well by small buckets fastened to an of the borough as might be interested in the scheme, .... I .. endles� belt, which runs oyer a wheel, which carries it either as future consumers or as investors. RECENT excavations at Worms, Germany, bronght to from the well up to a long hot metal table. Here the The meeting seems to have been very successful in light about 1,300 feet of Roman pavement and a large shot is constantly stirred by men with long rakes, and every way. Several experts spoke simply and practi- l).umber 'of objects of great interest, including some the heat rapidly dispels the moisture, aJ'ld the shot cally in support of the scheme; and if an intelligent which afforda hint to manufactUrers, namely, pieces soon becomes perfectly dry. audience of power u� rs-thoroughly alive to every-I for playing a game such as draughts, made of glass.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 66 , titufifit �tutritatt. [JANUARY 31, I8�5. :BUTTER BURGLAR ALARM. TUB. the characteristic color with tincture of iodine or a The pail is made of tinned sheet iron provided on the precipitate with alcohol. The liquid was afterward The engraving represents an improved burglar alarm outside with a covering of wood pulp or building paper, defecated by means of lime, which was subsequently re- which rings a bell and fires a cap or cartridge when the held on by bending the top and bottom edges of the moved by carbonic anhydride, and the sirup was then I alarm is released; the device can be connected with metal over the edges of the covering sheet. The metal decolorized and left to crystallize. The crystallized any desired number of doors, windows, etc. On the bottom is placed a short distance above the lower edge, product upon analysis yielded 88'38 of saccharose, 1 outside of the box, A, are two bells, between which is a so as to permit the cool air to pass beneath. The joints per cent of glucose, 3'67 per cent of ash, and 6'95 per hammer arranged to be operated by a clock work in the of the paper may be covered by one or more metal cent of water; it was, therefore, far from being pure box. On the inner end of the hammer is an arm hav strips, B, secured by rivets. Ears are riveted to the cane sugar. At present it has not been decided whether ing a hook in its free end, which receives a hook pro strips to hold the bail. The cover is formed with a the reaction consists in the dehydration of glucose, the jecting from a hammer rod, B, which moves vertically flange, D, which is so bent as to fit on the upper edge union of a molecule of dextrine with one of glucose, or in guides on the inner sides of the box. The rod is the hydration of dextrine. pressed downward by a spiral spring, C. On the bot-

.. , • , .. tom of the box and below the rod is placed a firing Progress oC the Lick Observatory. block to receive the caps, the inside of the box being The trustees of the Lick fund have already provided reached through the door, E. The upper end of the one of the most complete observatories in the world, rod passes through a slot in the top of box. Pivoted although the great 36-inch refractor, which is to be its on top of the box is an elbow lever, D, which is con leading feature, is not yet built. The observatory is on nected by wires and intermediate elbow levers with one Mount Hamilton, about 4, 250 feet above sea level, and end of a lever pivoted to the wall near the window, so has a meridian circle which Prof. Holden thinks one of I that the outer end of the lever can be tripped by an arm the most perfect of its class. The flint diskfor the great on the sash. equatorial was completed long ago, but it has as yet The alarm is set by pulling the rod upward, when it I been impossible to obtain a crown disk. After nineteen will be held by a pin projecting from its upper end rest I, unsuccessful attempts, two have been rec0ntly cast in ing on top of the box at one end of the slot. A cap Paris, and Mr. Clark, of the firm of AlVan Clark & is placed on the block, and the arm of the clock work Sons, visited Europe recently for the purpose of ex- is engaged with the hook on the rod. If the window amining them, but reports that both of them were is opened, the wires connected with the elbow lever, defective. If these glasses had been perfect, it would have taken eighteen months to have ground and fin ished them. Already the observatory possesses a 12- inch equatorial, a 4-inch transit, a comet seeker, a vertical circle, and a 6-inch equatorial. There are five I I clocks connected by a complete e!€\e-tpj·feQ.L-l;:jlBJteIll..-.__ -+ McADAM'S BUTTER TUB. Thomas E. Fraser, superintendent of the observa tory, states that the 36-inch glass, when finished, will be by far the most powerful one in the world, bringing of the tub. Ice can be placed in the cover to keep the the moon within thirty miles of the earth, whereas butter fresh and cool. A sheet of building paper, E, is eighty miles is the limit of existing telescopes. riveted to the upper surface of the lid. The bent part Superintendent Fraser states that since records of of the flange of the cover is formed with a series of slots, the temperature have been kept on Mount Hamilton, through which metal tongues, C, are passed and then winters have been growing colder. The lowest point bent down to the outside to hold the cover on; the reached during 1881 was 19° above zero; the next year, I tongues are riveted or otherwise secured to the tUb. 17'; the next, 15°; and last season, 13'. Thus far this The sheets of paper form a very perfect non-conductor of season the lowest temperature has been 22°. heat, and protect the contents of the pail from atmo spheric influences. .,., . IMPROVED SHUT ER WORKER. Further particulars can be obtained by addressing T the inventor, Mr. James McAdam, of Postville, Iowa. The shutter worker, by means of which the shutter may be readily opened or closed, and locked in either • fe, . :BELT FASTENER. position, is applied to the inside face of the lower rail The fastening is made of wire, which for about half of the shutter. The rocking spring cateh is of any ap its length is oent into a series of zigzags the angles of proved construction, and is formed with reverse spurs which are bent upward at right angles, forming loops, at its opposite ends for engagement with fixed staples the number of which on each side being equal to the to hold the blind both when closed and opened. '.rIus catch is placed near the opening edge of the shutter, thereby relieving the latter of strain on its hinges, and

keeping it more securely closed in a high wind. The device for working the catch eonsists of two rods, the SIMS SHORKES' BURGLAR ALARM. longer of which extends nearly the full width of the & shutter, and is connected at its forward end with the catch; the other end is provided with a handle and also D, will be pulled, thereby pushing the rod from the with an inner laterally-projecting lip. The other rod edge on which its pin rests. The spring will foree .the is pivoted near the hinge edge of the lower rail, and its rod down to explode the cap, and the clock work being free end is pivoted to the long rod in advanooof its lip, released will operate the hammer to sound the bells. Further particulars regarding this invention can be which occupies a position over the short rod between its two pivots. That end of the short rod secured to obtained from the inventors, Messrs. J. C. Sims and F. the shutter is pivoted in a position slightly above the R. Shorkes, P. O. Box 255, Maynard, Mass.

KELLS' :BELT FASTENER. horizontal plane in which the catch moves, and the .. ,., .. rods are so arranged that when lowered the long one ----�-O:nih� -Ca:;;.-nin� oC Fish, Et!l� ------will drop below the end pivot and below the level of An esteemed correspondent, writing from British number of holes in each end of the belt. The holes are the catch, until stopped by the lip resting on the short Columbia, says: made at such a distance from the ends of the belt that rod, so that when the shutter is ClOsed it will be held Noticing your reply to a correspondent about when they are brought together the holes will be at the locked by the dip of the rods. The catch can be easily eanned goods, I (this morning) opened several cans of same distance apart as the rows of loops in the wire. operated by ;raising or lowering the handle, and in In using the fastening, the ends of the belt are brought salmon that were processed in July of 1879, 1880, and together, and the ends of the wire are passed through 1881, and on comparing them with last season's cans the holes in such a direction as to bring the zigzags on found it impossible to detect the slightest difference. I the inner side of . the belt. The ends 'Of the wire are hold that if a can is once perfeetly sealed, the contents then passed through the loops successively, forming a will remain unaltered as long as the metal casing re second series of zigzags upon the outside of the belt, and mains intact. A can will keep if every portion of the are twisted together, as shown in the engraving. In contents has been subjeeted to a temperature of 2120 use, the fastening beds itself in the belt so as to leave Fah. , whether the air is expelled or not, as my experi the surface smooth. The fastener is easily applied, and ments have conclusively proved. reliable in use. -When I first . began the business, I was taught that This invention has been patented by Mr. Thomas the air unless expelled would cause the contents to de Kells, of 119 Freeman Street. Greenpoint, Brooklyn, teriorate, and that was the reason the cans were N. Y. vented. I soon found that it was a mistake. The venting is Sugar Made Potatoes Electricity. done for the purpose of testing for leaks. A tight can C.·OID by Although glucose can be easily prepared from various has a sound that cannot be mistaken for a leaky one. amylaceous SUbstances, all attempts to artificially pro If your correspondent boils his fish, flesh, or fowl duce saccharose or cane sugar have hitherto been un with the vents open, he will have dry cans for his pains. successful, but it is now announced that the synthesis The vents must be closed when cooking, and opened, of saccharose has just been accomplished by Messrs. in the case of meats, after boiling one hour, then closed Aubert and Giraud, and it is naturally anticipated that hot, and returned to kettle, and boil three hours for fish the discovery may eventually be of vast importance to and less for meat without bone. Fruit is vented, and closed when finished. S. H. the sugar industry. The process consisted essentially .� . DROWN'S IMPROVED SHUTTER WORKER. in submitting amylaceous matter derived from the po ... ,II '" tato, after it has been converted into glucose in the WE notieed in a recent issue that a London scientist usual manner, to the action of an electric current equal opening and closing the blind there will be no necessity was trying to produce cats without tails. The Phila t9 about 75 volts. The electrodes were immersed in to but very slightly open the window, and never any delphia Ledger suggests that the experimenter will be the solution, and the current reversed from time to necessity to lean out of the window. a greater benefactor by producing the tails without the The reaction terminated in about two homs, a,nd This invention has ti�e. been patented by Mr. Robert 1. cat. The writer had evidently heard a discussion oD, indicated by the liquid no 'h�.t).nish was longer giving Brown, of 35 West)30th Street, New York city. bis back yard fence, the ni/iht before.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 31, 1885.J JCi tufifit !tuttitau. SPIRIT LEVEL. COMBINED GUARD AND WEEDER. steam cylinders are inverted, 14 inches in diameter, the Secured on the level, bar over the spirit tube is a stroke is 10 inches, and the two engines are connected The accompanying cuts (Fig. 1 is a plan view of the guard plate, on which is held a slide that extends partly to the crank shaft at a right angle, so that the pump device as applied to the right and left hand beams of a or entirely over the spirit tube, which it approaches may be instantly started from any position. The cultivator, and Fig. 2 is a side elevation) show a com very closely. The width of the slide is equal to the water cylinders are each 8 inches in diameter, and are bined guard and weeder, lately patented by Mr. Oscar length of the bubble, or the slide can be formed with a capable of delivering 224 tons of water per hour. The E1ce, of Parker, Dakota, the object of which is to pro slot equal to the bubble. The slide can be so adjusted working parts are all unusually easy of access, and an tect small plants from clods thrown by the forward that the ends of the slot will coincide with the ends of idea of the compactness of the pump may be gained shovels, and to destroy weeds and grass that may be the bubble when the level is perfectly horizontal, thus when it is stated that the floor space occupied is only 6 growing near. Attached to the beams, A, of an ordi facilitating the taking of true levels. If two inclined feet by 5 feet 6 inches.-Textile Manufacturer. nary cultivator are the forward standards, B, and the surfaces are to be arranged precisely parallel, the level forward shovels, C. The forward end of the plate, D,

Chlorine as a DlsinCectant;. � An investigation reported upon by Dr. Klein is the application of chlorine as an air disinfectant, especially in respect to swine disease. It has been shown that 1 this disease is highly infectious, and that the infection 7 I is easily conveyed by the air, which is the usual man , ner of the communication of the disease. It was there fore considered by Dr. Klein to be specially suited for ascertaining experimentally the gaseous substance by which it could best combated. It is known that a healthy pig placed in the same stable with a diseased one is sure to take the disease, though the animals are , carefully kept apart from each other. Dr. Klein there I fore experimented as to the extent to which this atmo I spheric communicability obtained in an atmosphere impregnated with as much chlorine as the animals could endure without evincing discomfort. It was found that a healthy animal could with safety be placed in the same compartment with a diseased pig, even for so long a time as six hours, for five successive days, provided the air in the compartment was main ("!'\'" \ \ " , ., \, tained well fumigated with chlorine gas, two good TYLER'S SPIRIT. LEVEL. fumigations up to a marked pungency in the six hours ELCE'S COMBINED GUARD AND WEEDER. being required. It was also found that one good fumi gation with chlorine neutralized effectually the virus is placed on one of them, and the slide so adjusted that which is about 8 inches high and of any suitable length, in a compartment from which a diseased pig had been it will be over the bubble. The slide remains in this is straight, and has its lower edge rounded, as shown in removed, so that another animal could be placed in it position, and the second surface can be adjusted until Fig. 2. To its lower edge is riveted a narrow steel plate, without danger of infection. the bubble is below the slide. The uses to which sur E, the forward part of the lower edge of which is round veyors . and civil engineers can apply this instrument _ ..... ed, and its lower forward part is inclined inward toward will be apparent. Four Engines in Collision. the plants. The middle part, G, of the plate is verti This invention has been patented by Mr. B. F. Tyler, Two heavy freight trains on the Nickel Plate road, cal, · and its rear part has an outwardly projecting hori- of Bridgeton, N, J. each drawn by two engines, collided near Grand Cross 7:Ontal flange, as shown in Fig. 1. ing on Jan, 20, badly damaging the four engines; and When the cultivator is drawn forward, the inclined IMPROVED QUADRUPLE PUMP. killing an engineer named Charles Ellis. The loss is part of the plate, E, runs close to the pl�nts, from We have lately examined a very powerful pump made $20,000. which the weeds are pushed back, while the flange cuts by Messrs. Goodbrand & Holland, of the off the roots of the weeds. The curved rear Southall Street Works, Manchester, and give parts of the plates push the weeds below the herewith a perspective view of it. This pump forward shovels, forming a low ridge, which has several novel features which tend to in- the rear shovels (not shown in'the drawings) crease its efficiency and durability, in both level down. The weeder is drawn by the of which respects very satisfactory evidence bar, I, the forward end of which is bolted to was submitted to us. The pump is described the beam, and the rear end to the plate, as quadruple acting, that is to say, it has D. At the extreme lower end of the bar is a two double acting cylinders, as shown in the clamping bolt that passes through a slot in engraving. It is provided with two separate the plate, and by means of which the guard suction pipes, which may draw their water and weeder can be adjusted to work at any from one source or from two sources, as may desired depth in the ground. be desired, the change being rapidly effected ...... while the pump is at work. A very useful Cleaning Clock and Watch Movements. adjunct is found in the provision of air valves A bath can be prepared as follows, which to each end of the water cylinders. The suc- will cleanse the movements of clocks and tion is led to a hollow base plate which watches to perfection: One quart of water, forms the foundation for the pump. The in about one teaspoonful or five grains of ternal arrangement of this suction chamber, liquid ammonia or alkali; into this liquid as we may be allowed to call it, is somewhat should be grated or scraped fine, five grains peculiar. The inlets to the upper and lower of common soap, sides of the pump are in the form of nozzles These proportions can be varied as desired, projecting some aistance into the chamber. if the following remarks are kept in view: Between each pair of nozzles is a kind of in- The articles to be cleaned should be verted flattened dome, carrying the pump plunged into this bath, where they should barrel above, and supported below by a web be allowed to remain at least ten minutes. connecting it to the bottom plitte of the base. Twenty or thirty minutes is better, especial The result of this arrangement is the forma- ly for clocks. The articles should be wiped tion of a chamber on the suction side, secur- dry :vhen removed from the bath, or polish ing a steady flow of water, while the com ed up with a brush dipped in some polishing paratively contracted ways prevent oscilla- powder. The articles ought then to look tion of water from one pump to the other. like new; if this is not the case, they should All the water passages have large areas, and be placed again in the bath, to which a smallt especial care has been taken to avoid air quantity of alkali must be added, as it may traps. The valves are of the circular, grid have lost some of its strength in the bath. type, the ways being arranged at an angle in Remm·k.-The alkali has the great advan such a manner as to give a whirling motion tage of not attacking the pieces of steel; to the water. when pure, it leaves the temper in all its Two purposes are effected by this simple purity. If the quantity of alkali is increased, contrivance: first, a larger volume of water the copper will become black, but the steel is delivered in a given time than when the will not sufferin the slightest. When pure, usual straight ways are used; and second, if used very quickly, the alkali will clean in the rubber valve cover is slightly advanced stantaneously gold and silver watch cases, a

or turned at each beat, and therefore pre brush dipped iJ 1 polishing powd er being used sents a fresh surface at every stroke, and to dry the article and brighten the polish.

wears more uniformly, and for a greater This bath can be corked and set aside for length of time, Another advantage result future use, as it keeps very well. If it loses ing from the use of this modified form of its strength all that is necessary is to add valve is that the pump may be run at greater more alkali.

speed than when the ordinary brass valves ••e are used; 250 feet per minute being the ordi A PIANOFORTE railroad car is being built nary rate of working. The delivery pipe, as in Birmingham, England, for the London will be seen, has seveu outlets, the central one and Northwestern Railway. "Appliances being prepared as a main discharge. As will be provided by which the sound of the in pumps of this description usual , the col carriage wheels will be deadened, so as to umns air chambers. of the music." are utilized as The IMPROVED Q,UADRUPLE PUMP. preserve the harmony

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 68 J'titufifit �tutritau. [jANUARY 31, 1885. How Rubber Boots and Shoes are l1lade.* DETACHABLE SHIRT BOSOm:. obvious advantages over any manipulation of ash pit or Did you ever see any crude rubber, and have you The accompanying cuts represent an invention pa furnace doors. Any one who has had charge of boilers any idea how it is gathered and worked? There are tented by Mr. George W. Lee, of Ridgewood, N. Y., fitted up in this manner can readily appreciate the twenty 01' thirty varieties of crude rubber, varying which relates to that class of bosoms which are worn on truth of tpis statement. greatly in quality, and of all these the best is known as woolen or other shirts, or over ordinary dress shirts in There is, also, in our opinion, decidedly less loss of Para, a South American product, obtained in Brazil, case the bosom fixed in the shirt is soiled. The bosom heat by infiltration of ail'through cracks in the setting about 1,800 miles above the mouth of the Amazon. It is made of muslin, or other material, and is secured on walls when the draught is governed by a damper in is called Para from the city of that name .from which a backing provided at its top with two wings, forming flue than there is when the doors are used for same it is shipped to foreign parts. The gum is gathered by a cape at its upper corners. A neck band is secured to ]'lurpose; for, when a�hpit doors are tightly closed, the tapping the rubber trees, as we tap maple trees for sap the upper end of the bosom and along the inner edges draught of the chimney will draw air in through every for maple sugar. The sap is gathered into a large pot of the wings or cape. In the lower corner of one wing crack and crevice in the walls, and this air entering the into which the native dips a flat wooden paddle, to is a buttonhole, and on the other wing is a button. In furnace at all points has a cooling tendency which tt is which gum adheres. He withdraws the paddle and wearing the bosoms, the wings, of uniform or nearly most desirable to avoid. If the ashpit doors are open holds it in a smoke made by burning palm nuts, which uniform depth, where attached to the neck band and ed, however, any leakage past the damper will readily dries and cures the fihn of rubber on the paddle. He forming a pendent cape hugging the sides and back of be supplied by ail' passing through the fire, which is then dips again, and smokes again, repeating the pro the neck but not extending out to the shoulders, are always the way ail' should go into a boiler furnace. cess until he has on the paddle a bunch of gum weigh adjusted to their place in such a way that their ends The damper should always be so fitted and adapted ing several pounds. Then he splits the ball or roll to come together on the back directly below the neck. to the boiler that, when it is tightly closed as far as it get the paddle out, and it is ready for market. The front collar button or stud is passed through the can be by the apparatus provided for operating it, it These native are not models of honesty, however, as shirt, the buttonhoLl in the neck-band of the bosom, will allow sufficient draught to just keep the fires go these chunks of gum frequently contain palm nuts, and through the holes in the ends of the independent ing, and carry off any coal gas which may be generated rubber nuts, pieces of iron, 01' are freely mixed with collar to be attached. The rear collar butto;) is passed in the furnace. sand to add weight, which often causes the manufac through the hole in the band of the shirt, through the The foregoing relates morA particularly to boilers turer great trouble. The public, or a large share of holes in the ends of the neck-band, and through the used for power purposes, and those plants of such size the public, have an idea that crude rubber gum comes rear buttonhole in the collar. The button on one wing as to require the constant supervision of an engineer or something like tamarac, and that it is melted and cast of the bosom is passed through the hole in the other fireman. With many of the small house heating boilers into whatever form is desired, but this is not true. A wing, thus holding the ends of the wings at the lower where the draught is automatically regulated, ·it is rubber shoe factory is not a foundry ; it comes nearer corners, the upper corners being held together by the deemed expedient by most steam fitters to regulate the being a printing office. rear collar button. The lower attached cape formed draught by the ashpit door. For boilers of this type, These chunks of rubber are sliced into steaks, you by the wings, by hugging the sides and back of the this is undoubtedly a good plan in many cases; with might say, by sharp knives revolving rapidly and kept neck only, gives an excellent fit, and the bosom is not the attention this class of boilers receives, there is pro constantly wetted. When one of these knives strikes liable to be shifted or the independent collar to be dis bably less danger of filling up a house with coal gas. an iron spike, there is apt to be "music in the air. " placed. The Locomotive. and acci The operators are on the lookout, however, When made as shown in Fig. 1, the wings are united dents are so thoroughly guarded against that they are Ballooning a Hundred Years Agoo very rare. These steaks are then put into a chopping The 7th of January marked the centennial of the machine, where they are made into an articlfl closely first aerial voyage-on record-ever made across the resembling boarding house hash, only that this hash is English Channel; and it was made by an American, the straight goods, except that it needs cleaning. The not an Englishman, Dr. John Jeffries, of Boston. He small pieces thus formed are then put through a ma was a successful surgeon in London, and was scientifi chine which makes mince meat of them, and at the cally interested in ail' voyaging. He paid a hundred same time washes out all the dirt and sand. This (not guineas for a balloon trip from London, to Kent, in the dirt and sand) is now shoveled into a rolling ma 1784, with the French aeronaut Blanchard. This was chine which compresses the mass into rough sheets. so successful that he agreed to pay some $3,500 or more This is the first process. These sheets are then taken for a voyage across the channel. There were no gaso to another building and put into a steam drying room, meters for illuminating gas in those days, so ball oon where they remain about three months to free them h, ing was not an easy matter for long distances-or even from all moisture. short ones. By the drying process they lose from 15 to 30 pel' 3 SHIRT ::::r,�\�\\ Blanchard,�like some other aeronauts since, tried hard cent of their weight. If the least moisture remains in LEE'S DETACHABLE BOSOM. to escape his contract; even a vest lined with lead, sent the rubber when made up into shoes, the heat of vul home by the tailor to the wrong address, and which canization causes its expansion, and consequently at the rear, and the collar band is opened at the front. it was supposed would make their ascent difficult if causes blisters in the stock. The dry gum is then run In this case the bosom is held by means of the front not impossible, fell into Jeffries' hands. Finally they between heavy iron rolls, heated by steam, and called collar button, which is passed through the shirt, got off from Dover at a quarter past one o'clock, " the grinders, by which it is softened to permit the admix through the holes in the neck-band of the bosom, and little hero, " as Jeffries called him, "the little heroic ture of the vulcanizing material. through the two holes of the collar, and by the rear captain," being absolutely driven to start by his scien Rubber in its natural state is unfit for use, and Good button passing through the neck-band of the shirt, tific employer. Jeffries had studied the wind, and year's process of vulcanization by the aid of sulphur is the neck-band of the bosom, and then through the was more decided than the pilots were, who said it necessary to utilize it. This mixing isdone by running outer collar. would not extend (fair) beyond mid-channel. They the ground rubber through still another series of roll "had risen considerably " by half past one, and could ers, which press the rubber and sulphur together in one Draught oC Boiler Furnaces. count thirty-seven towns and villages, with " a formi 80ft, fine body, which is finallyrun through a calender, The question frequently arises, What is the proper dable view " of the breakers on Goodwin Sands. The between great steel cylinders ; the mass is pressed out way to regulate the draught of a steam boiler furnace same formidable view of the waves continued to en into long smooth sheets of any desired width 01' thick by opening and closing the ashpit and furnace doors, liven the proceedings. '.rhey seem to have seesawed ness. Then comes the printing process. These sheets or by means of a damper in the flue leading from boil most of the way, throwing "overbasket " in their rise are fed through steel cylinders on the face of which is er to chimney? and fall, first, their ballast, then b60ks, and even the engraved the pattern for sole, heel, and upper desired There is some difference of opinion and practice re brandy bottle. to be proauced, and these impressions are as clearly garding this matter, which probably arises from dif They finally landed about twelve miles from the sea, printed on the rubber as this type impression is on this ferences 01' peculiarities in the constructive details of in the wood of Guines, and not so fa! from Calais but paper. various boiler plants, which might make it desirable 01' that they reached there (after frequent hospitalities Then the sheets -go to the cutters, who cut out the even necessary to regulate one way in one case and the by the at one o'clock that night. Dr. Jeffries different parts and send them to their respective de other way in another case. way) was made quite hero at the French Court, and was on partments. The lasting is done similarly to that of Our own preference is decidedly in favor of regulat 11 the best of terms appar mtlywith Dr. Franklin, at Pas other shoes, except that the parts are all put together ing the draught by means of a damper placed in the i sy, and Mr. Jon. Williams; with Com. Paul Jones, Mrs. by rubber cement, and, before removal from the last, uptake 01' pipe leading from the front end of the boiler, Bingham, "a very genteel American, from Philadel they are placed in the vulcanizing ovens, where they smoke box, or front connection to the main flue. This phia, and Mr. Bingham. " His journal., which is given are subjected to a degree of heat that transforms the uptake should be made of wrought iron, and riveted in the Magazine of American History for January, is various parts into a homogeneous mass in the shape of securely to the boiler shell, and the damper should be second only to Sterne's in its charming and naive ac a boot 01' shoe with a seam, nail, 01'peg. Then, if a dull fitted as close to its lower end 01' the tube openings as count of the France of that period. He " thanks God " flnish is desired, the last is removed, and the goods are possible, and be provided with a convenient hand at for his safe return by sea to Dovel', the end of February. ready for market. Otherwise they are varnished to tachment whereby it may be . set at any desired point Considering that eighty-six years later M. Naya, in give the bright finish, and dried, when they are ready. and secured there. that same Paris, could not guarantee any more than . I.). There is much less liability of burning out the grates Electric Lights Co r D-wellings. Blanchard where his balloons should land, when in a boiler furnace when the draught is regulated by a sent out from the besieged city during the Franco-Ger Several different systems of electric lighting are in damper than there is when it is regulated by the ash man war, and that to-day, in the Jeffries Centennial, vogue in French private houses, but, says La Nature, pit door. For, let the ashpit door be closed tightly, balloon voyaging is no more manageable than it was they are all somewhat costly. One of the best systems and all circulation of air in the ashpit is stopped ; there then for precision or utility, there is room yet for in is that of Gaston Menier, in which 150 Swan lamps are is nothing to prevent the heat from the layer of incan vention, and capital too, to be expended in ail' voyag used, supplied by a series of 22 accumulators. These descent fuel being transmitted downward and over ing inventions. nominally yield from 40 to 50 amperes, which are suf heating the grates, and overheating means warping, ficient to supply 60 lamps at a time-a number more twisting, and cracking of the bars, and we have known • I • , .. than sufficient for any ordinary purpose. The accumu them to be melted from this cause. I Ne-w Turkish War Ship. lators are charged each day by a continuous current When, on the contrary, the ashpit doors are fully \ Preparations have been made for launching the iron Gramme machine, regulated by resistances introduced open, there is nothing to prevent the free circulation of clad frigate which has been nearly seven years on the into the circuit. The machine is driven by a 5 horse ail'througho ut the pit, and the bars are kept cool. We stocks at Constantinople. Length amidships, 292 feet; power " otto " gas engine. With a little practice, the recommend omitting altogether doors to the ashpit, extreme breadth, 55 feet ; depth of hold, 39 feet; tonnage, servant who has charge of the lighting can, it is said, and making the opening through front nearly the full 4,167; nominal horse power, 800; armor, 6 inches, 7 estimate the consumption pretty accurately, and re width of the grate, and making a water cavity or inches, and 9 inches, extending 5 feet below the water charge the accumulators; allowing an excess of 10 or 12 trough at least 6 inches deep in the bottom of the ash- line and 15 feet above it ; armament, ten 8 inch Krupps, pel' cent for loss-possible errors. When it is necessary pit. This should be kept full of water, as it has a great placed in a central battery arranged for both fore and to use all the lamps, the direct supply from the machine effect upon the temperature below the grates. aft as well as broadside firing. The ship is to carry, in is added to that of the accumulators. For ease and certainty of regulation, damper placed addition, two inch Krupps on the upper deck a.s a 6 or<1i above, r pivot '" .. Cincinnatus," inChicajjo Slwe anet [,ea/MrReview. in the uptake, as described possesses great and na y guns.

train. As it nears the signal you see the red disk fall, them out, and don't attempt to change them half a Singular Boller Explosion. or the vane of lattice bars revolve, in time for the en- dozen times, because if you do the result will be un To the Editor of the Scientific American : gineerto note its action. He sees it change, and knows satisfactory. at once not only that the track ahead is clear, but that On Sunday, the 11th of January, one of the two boil- till he has passed the next signal head, this faithful ProC. Benja�nln SUlIlllan. ers of the steam screw tug M. Dougherty exploded, signal the passage of a following train. completely wrecking the boat, killing two of her crew, will forbid Prof. Silliman, of Yale College, died at his residence You wait and as the train disappears, and soon and injuring three others. The boat was steaming up watch in New Haven, Jan. 14, in the 69th year of his age. the moves or the lattice bars revolve back the Monongahela near Elizabeth, twenty miles above red disk He had been ill since Oct. 6, and his death was caused to their former position, a d you know that t e by heart disease, which induced dropsy and uroomic here. She carried two boilers, 14 feet by 30 inches each, . � . tram has safely pas ed the SIgnal ahead. But thIS� IS poisoning. with three 9 inch and two 8 inch lap-welded flues. � . nOt all. If the contm uty of he track be roken by During the last forty years the name of Prof. Silli They were allowed 175 pounds of steam. It is well eS- . � � ? a tablished that there were two full gauges of water and 1 ra�lremoved for repaIrs, or If some stra�mg cow has man has acquired a steadily growing prominence in the but 16() pounds of steam at the time of the explosion. l�m do"';n on the track for a conte�platlVe chew, the several departments of chelllistry, geology, and mine sIgnal glVes warnll, g of th obs ructIOn, an to ll the ralogy. His father was the first to occupy the chair of The shell was of first quality steel. The peculiarity of . � . ? . measure f ItS fidelIty, If Itself moperat� lve, �It d�lspla s Chemistry at Yale College, which he filled from 1802 to this explosion was that the larboard boiler exploded, ? . � the warnmg sIgn 1 o danger. Yet another purpose IS 1853, and was then succeeded by the son. Th e Ameri throwing the starboard boiler upon the left bank of the � . serv d by electrIC sIgnals� . At level cr ssmgs and at can Jo 'urnal of Science and Arts, more generally river and high up on a neighboring hillside beyond, � . . � statIOns a gong IS made to nng when a tram approaches Silliman's Jo urnal, where the exploded boiler fell. The starboard boiler is known as was founded by the within a certain distance, and the continuous ringing elder Prof. Silliman in 1818, and the son at an early age sound. T. C . N . Pittsburg, January 16, 1885. says clearly and unmistakably, "Train coming, clear became a contributor to the publication, which was the track." afterward conducted by the son, together with Prof.

Opportunities Co r Inventors in the Provision and But the most perfect of signals can only call atten- Dana. In 1842 Prof. Silliman began to receive private Grocery Trade. tion to some fact, and so long as the element of human pupils from Yale in analytical chemistry and mineralo On every side we find that within the last few years vigilance is required to note them, so long shall we re gy, and later to take advanced students in physics improvements have been making rapid strides in every main liable to accidents arising from human infirmi and chemistry, an enterprise which proved the germ branch of trade we can think of excepting for grocers. ties. from which has grown the present Sheffield Scientific The butcher and marketman uses to-day the same The English system of connecting and interlocking School of that college. tools and nearly the same methods in vogue a hundred switches and their signals, in such a manner that one In 1846 Prof. Silliman published his "First Princi years ago. True, there is but little room to improve man controls the action of many without moving from ples of Chemistry " which became a standard text the knife, cleaver, or steel, but something is surely his box, and by which the setting of a switch for a cer book at once, and of which over 50,000 copies have needed to lessen the labor and time of sawing, not only tain movement of a train holds all others till that move been sold. In 1849 he was elected to t,he chair of Medi in the store or market, but also in the large packing ment is completed, has already been adopted at some cal Chemistry and Toxicology in the Medical Depart houses. We have stood and looked at the band saw of our larger stations, and seems likely to be gradually ment of the Louisville University, which at that time doing all manner of difficult scroll work, and wonder- adopted with the inevitable increase of traffic.-Rail was one of the most flourishing institutions in the a Re ie ed why some of the manufacturers have never tried to w y v w. United States. He held this professorship for five introduce them among the packers and marketmen. ------...1 ...... '... ------years, until 1854, when he resigned to take charge of The patterns already on the market would, we are Hints Cor Those Who Intend to Build. the instruction in chemistry in the Academical and sure, answer the purpose with one exception, that of Any one who has built a house will be likely to re Medical departments of Yale, a position which had cognize his own experience in the following article been made vacant by the resignation of his father, the the saw slipping on the driving drum 01' wheel, on account of the grease from the meat, but we should not from the Builder and Woodworker: The ordinary man, instruction in geology and mineralogy having been as think this much of an obstacle to overcome. The the writer justly continues, has very little knowledge signed to Prof. Dana. He resigned hit< position in the amount of lost time in doing the work by hand is enor- of the amount of labor required to get out complete Academical Department in 1870, but continued to serve mous. The blades would have to be tempered harder working drawings for a good-sized building. Now, the the college in the Medical Department. In 1853 he had than for woodwork; the general features of-the machine intending builder contemplates building in the spring, charge of the chemical, mineralogical, and geological de could remain as at present. The circular or jig saw say April 01' the beginning of May. What does he do? In partments of the world's fail' in the Crystal Pa:ace in would not answer, for reasons that may be apparent to stead of going to an architect during the winter months, New York, and in connection with Charles R. Goodrich any one acquainted with the action of the bone under when work is slack, and giving him his ideas, so that he edited, the following year, " The World of Science, the saw while in the meat. '.rhe one item of sawing may have time to work them out and develop them, Art, and Industry " and " The Progress of Science and ham houghs is a big onealone, to say nothing of sawing he waits until a week or two before he is ready to build. Mechanism," in which the chief results of the great ex beef bones to remove the marrow, shoulder, shank, and Then the intending builder rushes off to an architect, hibition were recorded. In 1858 he published his " First round bones. In the retail markets, sawing the bone and wants plans submitted to him at once. But every Principles of Natural Philosophy and Physics," a sec in steaks is about the slowest ap.d hardest work a man house must be treated by itself and separately, and the ond edition of which was issued in 1861. has to do. A sawing machine to run by hand, if a I architect, like the physician, diagnoses the case, and He was one of the 50 original members named in the good one, would be a boon. takes measures accordingly. First he takes a survey of act of Congress of 1863 incorporating the National Again, can't some one get up a cheap motive power the ground; notices if there areany irregularities or pe Academy of Sciences, and served the Government dur other than steam to run the grocery coffee mill? Even culiarities that may have to be overcome in a scientific ing the war 011 some important commissions. Hemade a spring motor that could be wound up quickly, so as manner. Then he prepares sketches, plans, and sub three visits to California-in 1864, in 1867, and 1872- to make from one hundred to one hundred and fifty mits them to his client. Nine times out of ten some occupying his time with professional work in the mines, revolutions of the mill, would be worth something if it modification 01' alteration is desired-an alteration and mineralogical and geological explorations. In 1868 could be wound up with a few turns of a crank handle, may be trivial in itself, but which may necessitate con he presented his private cabine'" of minerals to Cornell start, and left to run while the grocer was ge�ting some siderable careful thought and study. University, where it is labeled with his name. He other article for the cn stomer. One who has never With the sketch plans will be an appropriate esti made important additions to the mineralogical collec been in the business cannot know how valuable every mate, which will generally come within a few hundred tions of Yale, and the metallurgical cabinet of the Yale minute is to a man with a store full of customers. You dollars of the actual estimate. Of course everybody Scientific School is the result of his explorations and can't grind the coffee ahead, as no one will have it as a wants a $15,000 house for $10,000, but this is such a trifle labor. Am rican Mark that every well educated architect is used to this pleas- Prof. Silliman had been the State Chemist of Con rule, even were i:t advisable.- e etman. 4 4 • � .. ing trait, and would be disappointed if his client did necticut since 1869, and in this capacity was frequently Progress in Railway Illlprovelll ents. not develop it. The alterations in the sketch plans called to the witness stand as an expert in' murder and Railway invtmtions secure adoption very slowly. having been made, the architect must get out a full set other trials, and he was also employed as an expert in Looking back over the years, we remember that long of working and detail drawings, showing with the numerous patent cases calling for an exceptionally after the Miller platform had proved itself invaluable, I greatest accuracy every important piece of construction good acquaintance with chemistry and physics. He and was largely in use, one of our greatest trunk liues and furnishing detail, very often full size of carving, or printed, in addition to his more ambitious works, a still coupled its cars with link and pin, and endeavored ornamental work or special features. These drawings great number of memoirs on scientific and practical to render the transmit of passengers from car to car less have then to be traced, the tracings being used by the subjects and many addresses and opinions which are dangerous and unpleasant by keeping a short plank contractors, and the originals remaining in the archi valuable as contributions to scientific history. He was across the ever varying gulf between the swaying tect's office, and becoming a part of the contract. All one of the trustees of the Peabody Museum of Natural cal's. this takes time, but the builder is anxious to see his History, and was a member of numerous scientific so The ail'brakes . too were looked on by many of the house under way, and wants matters rushed. When cieties on both sides of the Atlantic. older Eastern roads as a new fangled Western deviceof the drawings have all been prepared, contractors are .�.. .. doubtful utility, and, till appalling accidents compel- invited to estimate on the work and furnish their bids, The Mersey Railway. led, few of the New England railroads had condescend which of course is aga�n a matter of time. But at last The whole length of the tunnel under the river l\fer to adopt them; and to-day those selfsame roads find a the lowest estimate has been accepted, the contract sey, which is 1,300 yards from quay to quay, is now hundred reasons why they should not adopt a uniform signed, and the ground broken for the foundations. arched in, and the greater part of the land approaches system of signals which has met the approval of a large The troubles and tribulations of the architect are by are finished, so that the laying of the permanent way majority of the railroads of the country. no means ended. will shortly commence. The total length of the line Talk of insular prejudice! Why, ten years ago nearly As the work progresses and begins to show its shape, will be 4� miles, independent of some extensions now all our railroad men scouted the idea of track signals the owner takes friends to see his new acquisition. Mr. being proposed. It runs from the London and North other than a red flag or a ball hoisted on a pole. The A. suggests that the house, will be a gem, but it ought western and the Great Western joint lines at Birken complicated system used in England might do for John to have a smoking room. Then Mr. B. visits the house head to the Central Station at Liverpool, the courslo) Bull, they said, but it would never be used here. To- and likes it ever so much, but there ought to be a little being chiefly under the public streets in the land por day our principal railroads have not only adopted . private room for its owner. Architect again consulted, tion. The underground parts of the stations at Green those very signals, but have even improved on the I and in some way or other a room is squeezed in. But lane, Tranmere, and Hamilton Square, Birkenhead, English block system. N ow we have signals at short these suggestions from the male side of the house are as with that at James Street, Liverpool, are in a forward distances apart which indicate to the engineer with nothing compared with the orders, hints, and sugges state. The hydraulic machinery for lifting train loads unerring certainty whether the track is clear to the tions furnished by the presiding member of the fairer sex. of passengers, tb.e machinery for mechanical ventila next signal ahead, and which he is otherwise forbidden Ladies, as a rule, seem to think that houses will stretch tion, and the locomotives and carriages are in course to pass. These signals are worked by the power of like so much India rubber, and that it is as easy to add of manufacture. It is expected that the railway will electricity, called into action by the passage of the train a room here, or a picturesque bower there, as it is to cost half the mileage rate of the Metropolitan Railway, itself, and depending on no human agency. purchase the extra half yard for a dress, which every and that the main line of three miles will be opened Their automatic action is most interesting to watch. dressmaker finds her patron fails to provide. The about June next. The engineers are Messrs. J. Brun You may be standing near one, no train within sight or moral of all this is that when you make up your mind lees and C. Douglas Fox; the contractors are Major about Isaac hearing. Presently you hear the distant rUlllole or to build a house, take, plenty of time it ; having and Messrs. John Waddell and SOIlB.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Jtitufifit �mtritau. [JANUAltY 31, 1885. Ga. Tar a. a Health Preservative. Milldam men from their unlimited fleld of observation have to •• The /Serious outbreak of cholera with which say. It is for this reason we direct attention to a France A decision by the United States Supreme Court, in a has recently been visited has caused inquiry to be made topic which must soon be very widely discussed among case which was carried from New Hampshire, has just as to the extent to which persons engaged in particular all sections of the comrnunity.-Lancet. been rendered, which will interest all men who have manufacturing operations enjoy immunity from or are anything to do with water power in general, or with rendered more susceptible to the attacks of epidemic A SIMPLE MODE OF ASCERTAINING THE REVOLUTIONS milldams in particular. Many of the States have laws disease. It has been known almost ever since the estab OF A SHAFT. which authorize persons to maintain milldams on lishment of gas works that the exhalations arising in To the Editor of the Scientific.A merican : streams which are not navigable, the dam being erected the various processes of gas manufacture, although, Noticing a revolution counter in one of your recent upon property owned by the persons, upon condition perhaps; not specially pleasing to the olfactory organs, numbers, I send you an automatic record of 582 revolu- that they shall pay to the owners of the land which are not detrimental to health, but are, may be overflowed such damages as on the contrary, highly beneficial in may be assessed. In the case in ques special forms of disease, such as "�hoop tion, the claim was made that the ing cough and croup. Tlie extensive effect of such a law was to deprive the use, in throat ailments, of preparations owners of overflowed land of their pro in which some form of carbolic acid perty and the uses of it without due figures largely is a testimony to the process of law, and hence that the sta value of this derivative of coal tar as a tute was in violation of the Fourteenth therapeutic agent. A recent issue of Amendment to the Federal Constitu the Jo u1"7wl des Us ines a (}az coutain tion. In the opinion rendered J anu ed an article in which particulars are ary 5, by Justice Gray, of the United gi ven respecting certain investigations States Supreme Court, he sustained made by a Dr. Lemaire some years the validity of the New Hampshire ago into the subject of the influence of act, and this may properly be regard coal tar and its derivatives upon the ed as a test case, and very probably it health of the workmen employed in will result in upholding the milldam the preparation of these substances. laws in other States.

His inquiries were made chiefly in con ••• nection with the employes of the Paris M. JABLOCHKOFF announces another Gas Company. He found that those battery of great scientific interest. A whose duties did not necessitate a pro small rod of sodium weighing about 8 longed stay in the parts of the works grammes is squeezed into contact with where tar was to be found were liable an amalgamated copper wire, and flat to all kinds of ailments, and formed a tened. It is wrapped in tissue paper SIMPLE OF ASCERTAINING OF SHAFT. considerable proportion of the num MODE THE REVOLUTIONS A and then damped with three wooden ber on the sick list; while among the pegs against a plate of very porous workmen specially occupied with tar, only three were tions per minute made by a process less generally carbon. This completes the element. The moisture sick in the course of seven years. This rflsult is all the known than it should be. of the air settles on the oxidized surface of the sodium. more striking when the number of workmen in the A lead pencil is tied to the end of a shaft so as to re It works without any other liquid. The E. M. F. is service of the company at the period referred to is con volve in a circle of convenient size. A piece of paper is 2'5 volts, but the resistance is as great as 25 ohms. sidered. There were altogether 20,553 men, of whom lightly held against the end of the pencil, which, if the 764 were engaged in some occupation connected with paper is held still, traces a circle upon it; but if the WEIGHT POWER MACHINE. tar. paper is moved backward and forward, the pencil The engraving represents a machine for utilizing Dr. Lemaire also cites the case of the Bayonne traces a series of loops intersecting each other. It is weights as a power for lifting water or for other pur Gas ....Vorks, where the workmen had not only not been easy to count them, and thus to determine the number poses. Journaled in brackets on the uprights of the attacked by cholera during its prevalence, but generally of revolutions made while the paper touches the pencil. frame is a shaJt carrying a wheel, on one side of which is enjoyed immunity from skin diseases. M. Bouley. a I inclose a record, which, having been in position formed a grooved pulley over which passes an endless professor at the Veterinary School at Alfort, found, as ten seconds, shows that the velocity was 582 revolu- rope, and a sprocket wheel over which extends a chain long ago as 1860, that gas works employes escaped dur tions per minute. M. C. MEIGS. having a heavyweight at one end. The chain also passes ing cholera epidemics; and the communication of this Washington, D. C., December 20, 1884. over part of a sprocket wheel loosely mounted on its fact to Dr. Lemaire caused him to institute shaft,and provided with a pawl engaging with his inquiries into the subject. a ratchet wheel rigidly mounted on the shaft. ------.. �.�------1 On this shaft is a cog wheel that engages Whole Meal Bread. with a pinion. on the lowest shaft, on which The late exhibition of breadstuffs at Hum is loosely mounted a drum having a spiral phrey's Hall, Knightsbridge, although it was groove in which winds a rope to whose free not so largely attended as was expected, has end is suspended a bucket. The drum has been the means of reviving attention to the a clutch hub to engage with a clutch sleeve subject of whole meal, so strongly advocated that turns with, and slides on, the shaft. A by the Bread Reform League and by its in lever, connected with the sleeve, is pivoted to defatigable honorary secretary, Miss Yates. a cross beam, and has its upper end pivoted If the chemists alone had to decide the ques to a bar sliding transversely ; the lower end tion of the relative values of whole meal and of the lever is so placed that the bucket will ordinary white bread, the public would have act on it. (This construction is shown plainly to wait a long time before it could obtain a in Figs. 2 and 3.) In the bottom of the buck satisfactory reply; for on this point chem et is a valve, opening upward, and on its top ists differ more than doctors. If we inter· edge is a hook arranged so .as to catch on a pret the opinion of the profession of medi wire bail at the end of the spout. A brake cine correct1y, there is a growing disposition shoe is so placed as to bear against the face in favor of the whole meal bread, on practi of the wheel on the upper shaft; the arrange cal rather than on theoretical and chemical ment of the levers for operating this brake grounds. The bread which contains all the is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. constituents of the wheat, except the outer, The weight is raised by turning the upper insoluble, and irritating portion of the seed, shaft by means of the endless rope. The seems, when the appetite for it has been bucket being at the bottom of the well, the obtained, to be more satisfying and digest clutch collars are disengaged and the brake ible than the white and fashionable product lowered to rest upon the pulley, thus pre which is found on most tables, of rich and venting the pulley from revol ving, and stop poor alike. ping the entire machine. ....Vhen the machine It is believed, too, that for children the is to be operated, the lower lever is moved so whole meal is the best for sustaining growth that the clutch collars will engage, and as and for building up the skeleton strongly the same movement releases the brake the and in perfect form. The supply of whole weight descends, the drum revolves, and the meal bread is now much facilitated by the bucket is raised. When it arrives at the top, improvements that have been introduced in the hook catches on the bail and the bucket the decorticated or granulated flour, to is swung to horizontal position, permittiLlg which Lady John J\Iannershas called public the water to flow into the spout. As the attention in her late paper on Wheat Meal bucket swings "!lP, its bail acts on the lower Bread. In the decorticated whole meal the end of the lever, and moves it in a direction .extreme outer coating of the wheat grain is, contrary to that in which it was moved to by a special process of abrading, to the per start the machine; the brake then prevents fection of which Dr. Morfithas rendered able the further descent of the weight. The service, cleverly removed. After the abl'ad bucket descends immediately after it has ing process is completed the whole of the been emptied, a spring, coiled by the un grain is retiuced to a fineflour, in which there winding of the rope, regulating the speed. VANDERCOOK, SMITH BAKER'S WEIGHT POWER MACHINE. is retained all the substances that are nutri & The weight can be so adjusted that by rais tious and digestible. Considering the fact ing it once several buckets of water can be that the whole meal bread, when it is properly manu [The accompanying engraving clearly shows how the raised before it becomes necessary to again wind up the factured, is easily aSsimilated, are lead we to the con pencil is fastened to the shaft and the position in which weight. that it must be more nutritious gent;lrally clusion than tbe paper is held.l This invention has been patented by Messrs. M. Van other bread, starch prf;ldomi.nates. But in which we ...... derooo»:, W. P. Smith, and H. J\f. Baker, and partieu Rot wi!;h to be dogm tic, and do � would prefer, before A VERY good artificial stone is made by using one part lars can be had by addressing Mr. W. P. Smith, of pronouncing a strong opinion, to hear what medical of Portland cement and three parts clean, sharp sand. Manton, Mich.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 31, 1885.] 1titutifit �mtritlU. THE a Uses Gelatine. MASON WASP. the chrysalis state. At this time it il!! sort of rounded 01' There is no one living in a warm country who has worm about two-thirds of an inch in length, of a Gelatine being now in ordinary use in the photo not observed certain little earthen structures of irregu creamy white or rose color, fleshy, nearly torpid, and graphic laboratory, it may not be out of place to point lar form sticking to the beams, wainscoting, and walls completely destitute of legs. The anterior part of its out some of the purposes to which it may be applied, of houses. At first sight, we would readily take these body is inclined forward, and its little round head re otherwise than in the manufacture of sensitive dry little masses for lumps of mud or for heaps of dust sembles a ball of opal from which the mandibles and plates. piled up by chance and left through the negligence of jaws stand out in relief through their reddish tint. The Mr. Woodbury has already published that a thin five servants. This is not the case, however, and if we take larva consists of fourteen segments inclusive of the pel'cent solution of gelatine colored a strong yellow by the pains to examine these bits of earth with some at head. These rings are clearly defined, and are provided a sufficiency of bichromate of potash makes a good ce tention, we shall find that they are nests whose archi on each side with a rounded projection containing an ment for uniting pieces of broken glass. The glass tects belong to the family of mason wasps-hymenop aperture. These are the stigmata, or organs of respira must be warmed, wiped dry, the cement then applied, tera of the tribe Eumenidre. tion. There are ten pairs of them. 'When the larva and the mended glass article then exposed to light for The round apertures formed in the external face of has reached this state of maturity, it lines its cell with several days. He has also published that a strong solu these nests are so many orifices through which the per a preliminary network of silk, and then spins and en tion of gelatine to which a little glycerine and red col fect insects have made their exit. These latter, after velops itself in a yellowish white, silky cocoon, tak oring matter, such as carmine, have been added makes each of them has undergone its mysterious metamor ing care in doing so to leave its dejections in one cor a substitute for wax for covering the corks and upper phoses in a separate cell, finally cast off their chrysalid ner of the cell, and to spin in such a way as to leave part of the necks of bottles. envelop, and, after a long seclusion, come forth to en them outside of the cocoon. If the latter be opened In the form of capsules, gelatine is used by druggists joy life and light. after a few days, ajwasp will be found therein, but it to hold many liquids of a greasy nature-such, for in Let us watch the work of a solitary wasp. The in will be soft and wholly white, and its legs and antenme, stance, as castor oil-so that they may be swallowed sect resembles a large black fly, and its violet and iri folded along the body, will seem, through their trans without the unpleasantness arising from their nauseous descent wings have a most brilliant luster. Its abdo parency, to be so many rods of crystal. The wings, taste. '1'he capsules are made by the aid of a small men, which is separated from its thorax by a very pro folded in all directions and partially covering the legs, egg-shaped, highly polished little knob of iron, having nounced constriction, renders that comparison very just will seerh like stumps. At this stage the mouthpieces a pointed iron stem by which it is held. The knob is that our fathers instituted between these elegant in are spread out on the prothorax, and the whole insect rubbed with a slightly oily cloth, then dipped in the sects and our grandmothers pinched up in their long is bent double. But gradually the eyes become fawn warm gelatinous mixture, after which the pointed stem corsets. '.rhe last rings of the abdomen are red, and colored, then brown, and finally black. The mouth_ is put into a hole in a board, while the gelatine on tho the same is the case with the front, which is knob is cooling and hardening. The gelatinoUJ varied with fawn color. The mandibles of the mixture usually consists of six parts of gela male are curved in the form of a sickle. They tine, twelve parts water, and one sugar. In a remind one of the saber of an Abyssinian short time after dipping, the capsule is cold warrior, and, through their large size, out of all enough to be removed frOIn the mould, which proportion to that of the insect, produce a most is done by cutting the gelatine round the upper curious aspect. part of the stem with a knife, then pulling off This wasp is a stinging hymenopter of the the capsule dexterously with the fingers. division diploptera, and is known to science as At this stage it should be elastic enough to Synagl'is calida, Fab. The female does the pull off without te�tring, and to shrink nearly constructing of the nest. She begins by to its moulded shape directly afterward. A selecting a place along a beam or in the angle syringe with a nozzle bent at right angles to of a window, and, after a careful examination the axis of its cylinder is used to fill it to about of the surroundings, flies away. Soon she is three-fourths its capacity; if more were forced seen returning loaded with a lump of mortar in, the gelatinous envelope might possibly break made of sand that has been moistened with her afterward with changes of temperature. The saliva and kneaded with her mandibles. By hole is closed with a touch of a strong solution means of these latter organs she applies the of gelatine, and the same end of the capsule is lump to the wall, spreads it out and shapes it, then dipped in a weak solution of gelatine to then makes another journey, and thus succeeds give greater security by the thin cap thus ap in accumulating a certain quantity of mortar. plied. The gelatinous solution used for sealing In a few days there is seen a rounded structure the capsules always contains a small proportion of earth, as long as , one's finger, or flat and of gum. The capsules having been allowed to elongated, as shown in the engraving. The dry, a polished appearance is given to them by nest is then perforated with round holes, each rubbing them with a slightly oiled cloth. of which corresponds to a. very regular oval Gelatine is one of the many substances some cell whose sides are carefully smoothed. The times used for the coating of pills, in order that number of these cells is often eonsiderable they may not stick · together in the box, and certain nests sometimes containing more than may not be tasted in the act of swallowing them. twenty. The nest is t�n thirty times larger The solution used for covering them consists of than the architect. The mother lays one egg one part of gelatine to two parts of water. '1'he in each of the cells, and accumulates prey pills are cleared from any dust or powder which around it which, although alive, is incapable of may be on their surface; then each pill is stuck defending itself against the young larva that upon the end of a piece of wire four or five will emerge from the egg and devour it. This inches long, and the lower end of the wire is future food is captured and prepared as follows: thrust into a basin of sand, which acts as a The wasp, having started on a hunt, hovers kind of a pincushion. The pills are next dipped about shrubs until she spies a caterpillar. This one at a time into the warm solution of gelatine; she swoops down upon like a bird of prey, then the other ends of the wires carrying them seizes its neck in her mandibles, and pierces it are replaced in the sand, where they look like with her sting. The caterpillar makes a few an assemblage of large pins standing while convulsive movements, vomits up a green their gelatine-coated knobs are setting and dry liquor, and falls back inanimate, when its ene ing in the air. ,sometimes on removing the my seizes it in its mandibles and carries it to her THE MASON WASP AND ITS NEST. pills from the wires a little tube of gelatine frollJ nest, and disappears with it in one of the cells. the outside of the wire comes off with it ; this This operation is repeated twenty or thirty times, ac pieces take on a color, the different parts of the thorax tube is carefully cut off with scissors. '1' he hole in the cording to the number of eggs to be provided for, the harden and assume their different tints, and finally the gelatine where the wire pierced the pill is then closed mean number being six caterpillars for each. When insect appears with all its colors. The Synagl'is still with a little warm solution of gelatine, applied by this work is terminated, the wasp closes each aperture remains for some time in this nymphal state, but finally meanS of a small brush of camel's hair. in the nest with mortar, and soon afterward dies near. the hour of awakening arrives. It then frees itself One fact about gelatine does not seem to have receiv the structure that she has so laboriously built. from and devours the fine pellicle that invests it, tears ed that attention in photography which it deserves, We shall now soon see emerging from the egg a small, the cocoon, pierces the wall of its cell, and at length namely, its curious power of dissolving phosphate of feeble, blind, white worm, which will at once resolutely sees the light. At first it is dazzled, but gradually it lime-the chief constituent of bones. Furthermore, it attack one of the caterpillars accumulated around it. begins to stretch its wings in the sun and make them always contains a little phosphate of lime, which may The caterpillar, which is of gigantic size as compared vibrate. It stretches out its legs and passes them over or may not by double decomposition introduce a trace with its enemy, will endeavor in vain to defend itself; its mouth, and finally flies off in space, where it has a of phosphate of silver into all gelatine argento-bromide its jaws will move convulsively and its rings will con few days to live.-La • emulsions. The late Dr. W'illiam Gregory, Professor of tract, but it will be unable to escape, and the gnaw Na!�:e; Chemistry at Edinburgh University, says: "The pro ing worm will keep on penetrating deeper into its.body, Sulphur Fires In Cholera EI.ldelllles. perty of gelatinizing depends on the presence of phos tearing its sides and lacerating its entrails. In the autumn of 1872, when sanitary officer� a the phates; for when gelatine is long boiled with water This phenomenon is due to the fact that the cater Sonepore Fair, and during the height of the pilgrim e, alone, or with a little alkali, phosphate of lime is de pillar has been paralyzed, and, although alive, exhibits when the people thronged in thousands to the bathing� posited, and the solution no longer forms a jelly on every appearance of death. The reason of this state ghats, Deputy Surgeon-General Tusonfirstused sulphur cooling." If this be so, the functions of phosphate of of things is known. The wasp stings the caterpillar in fires as;a prophylactic rrieasure againstcholera. These lime in gelatine and in photographic emulsions deserve the middle of the body in such a way as to reach one fires were , made at fifty yards apart, and kept alight more attention than they have hitherto received.- W. of the gang:ions of the chain of nerves. This stinging during the whole time that the fair was at its height. H. Hal'l'ison, Bl'. Jo ur. Photo. brings on a paralYRis due to the action of the poison. Not a single case of cholera occurred; a remarkable cir ...el . It is always at this place that the larva attacks the first cumstance, since cholera had generally broken out at TRANSPARENT show bills may be cemented to glass caterpillar, and, moreover, the mother wasp takes care previous fairs. A similar good result was obtained at windows in the fol;lowing manner: Very finewhite glue to lay the egg nearly on that part of the latter's body Dinapore, where cholera was actually prevailing. In or preferably clean parchment chippings boiled in dis ,vhich is to be devoured first. After the larva has in the pamphlet on this subject which is published by tilled water in glass' or enamel until dissolved, must be creased in size, and its jaws have become stronger, it W. H. Allen & Co., Waterloo Place, Dr. Tuson has ad applied very evenly with a soft hair brush to the face attacks the other caterpillars at random, and often duced certain facts and arguments in support of the con of the bill. Then press i t on the glass, and in a few leaves one-half eaten in order to begin on another. tention that sulphur fires are efficaciousin epidemics of minutes the bill will be firmly fixed. Glass. may be At the end of about a month the larva has reached its cholera. The basis of his explanation of their efficacy fixed to glass in this way, and the cement will bear a full development, stops feeding, and prepares to enter is the germ theory of the disease.-Lancet. good deal of dry heat.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Jeitutifie �mtrieau. [JANUARY 31, 1885. The Worl d's Fair at NeW" Orleans. of which would naturally tend to keep visitors away, Now, among the many unique features of this fair are It is often the fate of those who conduct great public it is satisfactory to know that the managers have not the agricultural and horticultural displays, and for enterprises to be accused of incompetence and censur run into debts which.the actual contracts with exhibit these the climate is peculiarly suited. Favored by the ed for neglect when, had they succeeded, success would ors will not serve to liquidate. This alone will do balmy air, gardens have been laid out in the grounds, have been without applause and diligence without re much to show the financial ability of the managers. wherein the diverse growths of Mexico, Central and ward. Hence it is that the managers of the World's We have the authority of Director-General Burke for South America, .California, and Florida are displayed. Fair, if we may judge from the reports in the popu saying that the:receipts, or rather the credits, were equal Here are to be seen the orange, lemon, and citron, the lar press, are now under the ban of public disap to the current expenses even during the bad welllther, mesquite, maguey, banana, and other fruits; and, now proval. and that now the good weather is arrived the revenues that the deluge has ceased, hundreds of beautiful Special reports leave the city daily for all parts of are .nearly ten times as large, or, in other words, ten flowers, each in its respective section, are being set out. the country, testifying to the incompleteness of the times the amount of the estimated expenses. Within the adjacent buildings there are fine collections buildings, the tardiness of the arrangements, and the The cotton exhibit at the fair is, of course, likely to of grasses, fungi, edible and poisonous,and, what cannot inability of the managers to handle the mass of exhi be on;;> of the most important features if not the chief help but be of great interest to very many people, the bits which daily arrives. These reports are sincere, attraction to foreign visitors; and though it is as yet by gathering at one point from the remotest ends of this and are written by disinterested persons, though for no means complete, good circumstantial evidence is at continent of well preserved collections of insects. These the most part after only a cursory examination into the hand to indicate that it will constitute a thorough ex are divided into several classes: 1. Insects without a facts. That they are unreasonable few will deny who pose of every process in cotton industry, from the pick metamorphosis, changing their skin but not their form, are aware of the obstacles which have unexpectedly ing to the manufacture. Indeed, this fair commemo as spiders, lice, wood lice, and myriapods. 2. Insects

appeared to thwart the efforts of the manager J. rates the centennial of the firstshipment of cotton from with a metamorphosis: a, those moving in all stages of Considering that the majority of the exhibitors were the United States. Since then we have grown to be existence, at firstwingless, then with rudimentary and very late in their demands for space, it is not surpris the chief cotton producer of the world, though not the finallywith entire wings, including the neuroptera, 01' ing that the construction of buildings to receive their largest manufacturer. Those who have gotaccust omed thoptera, and hemiptera; b, motionless in the pupa goods was retarded; and when it is remembered that to lament the rapid advance of India as a cotton pro state, but having limbs, including the hymenoptera,

most of the exhibits, instead of gradually arriving, ducer, and who fear she will finally usurpthe market coleoptera, and lepidoptera; c, ovate pupre, wingless came at the same time, it is by no means remarkable we have come to look upon as our own, would do well and motionless, as the diptera. The agriculturist will that the managers were unable to handle them at once. to come here and examine the labor saving machinery be especially interested in these, because, in the case Weare not surprised when a dog essays to stand on now being exposed in the cotton section. The more of those which are destructive to plant life, the various his hind legs that he does it badly, hut that he does it recent arrivals are the cotton picking machine and the means of preventing their ravages are made to accom at all. When the railroad facilities were, of a sudden, Oldham invention for spinning cotton. These mechan pany the collection. well nigh swamped by thousands of tons of freight, isms are designed to greatly facilitate the work of the In the South Carolina exhibit, large and varied spe considerate people could not fail to admire the busi picker and the spinner, and should they be perfected cimens are shown of the now famous phosphate rock, ness-like means the managers improvised to bring it, for as yet there is still something lacking-their de so ealled. These are grouped together into a huge though tardily, to the grounds. signers will have succeeded in accomplishing what here pyramid, making it easy for the interested and curious

The exhibitors, their agents, or consignees, who were tofore has been regarded as practicable only by those to examine the various nodules, all. of which are of a waiting to receive it, expected that it would be sent out supposed to be suffering from mechanic lunacy. It is grayish hue. It is only since the year 1868 that the from the city at once, an d were, naturally enough, im not too much to say that in this cotton picking machine great value of this substance as a fertilizer has become patient at the necessary delay. Yet what railroad or especially the wildest dreams of the cotton planter are apparent, being now in demand at a rate of 400,000 other corporation of carriers would go to the expense realized. For, as is well known, he can at present tons a year. of quadrupling their facilities to meet a few days' plant foul' times as much cotton as he can pick; and it The modes of treatment, the principal of which is by " rush "? not infrequently happens, so I am told, that he must the use of sulphuric acid, are explained by an attendant.

Looking at the conditions under which the managers leave what would have been hundreds of bales of cot Following is a description of this deposit as given by worked, and what they accomplished notwithstanding ton in the fieldto rot, because of his inability to pick it. Prof. Guerard, mineralogist for the South Carolina the obstacles in their way, it would seem that they have And yet, if the accounts we have read of the first in State exhibit: " The phosphate deposit occurs in beds used more than due. diligence. In a little over thirty troduction of Whitney's cotton gin years ago are not or strata of rough masses of nodules of a size varying days' time the managers handled nearly five thousand gross exaggerations, the cotton picking machine ex from a part of an inch to several feet in diameter, and car loads of exhibits, the major part arriving at New hibited here is not more remarkable nor more cunning is associated with numerous fossil bones and teeth. Orleans within a period of fifteen days. During nearly ly devised. The remains of numerous extinct animals, such as the all this time it rained. To say that the roads were It is because of the well known ingenuity of the mastodon, elephant, megatherium, tapir, deer, horse, " heavy " will but inadequately describe their condition American mechanic and inventor, of which these ma occur associated with the beds. It is found on the bot to those who have had no experience with Southern chines are the expression and exponent, that has led toms of the shallow ereeks and rivers which intersect roads when they are well soaked. '1' 0 make matters many experienced persons to believe that we shall be the coast, and on the lowlands which form a belt of worse, much of this freight was heavy machinery. able in the future to overcome the terrors of that country running parallel to and from ten to fifty miles Notwithstanding this, all of these five thousand cal' bugaboo, "pauper labor," and that the cotton crop of from the seaboard. loads were brought to the grounds, classified, and the future will be capable of an infinite expansion. "The beds are from six to twenty odd inches in thick placed. Of the new spinning machine an authority says: "The ness, and the limit of a workable deposit iR eight feet un Under the direction of the managers, the various de new process of ring spinning, which has superseded the derground and twenty feet underwater. The phospha partments are assuming, day by day, an expression of old mule system, will itself give way to this, which pro tic nodules are known as Ian?!. or river rock according completeness. New objects are assigned without delay ceeds somewhat on the principle of the discarded to the element in which they are found. The average to their respective departments, and to judge from the twister; its main feature, by which it promises to yield of the land deposit is from 600 to 800 tOllS per number and character of the articles already placed, achieve a great diminution in the cost of production, acre; and though sometimes occurring in " pockets," and the rate at which they are arriving, it is not un being that two turns of twists are obtained for every re that is, irregularly, these deposits are remarkably uni reasonable to predict that the Exposition will prove a volution of the spindle. It corrects all the defects of form, many contiguous acres often containing a phos World's Fair as well in fact as in name. ring spinning, including the inequalities of the yarn, phate bearing stratum at an accessible depth. The The plans for an electric railway around the build and renders ' snares ' and 'corkscrews ' which are of river rock having been washed into the rivers from the ings and grounds are now well nigh completed, and the such frequent occurrence where mules are employed, land, has occasionally accumulated in thicker beds than parts are being assembled. This railway is likely to impossible. " the original deposit of land rock. The river rock is prove more of a convenience than a novelty, for there The department of machinery is now very extensive, obtained by dredging, chiefly in the Bull, Stono, and will be nothing new in its construction, the charged rail and if the spaces already bespoken are also filled, there Coosaw rivers; the land rock is dug mainly in the sec system being employed. The electric lighting and is likely to be a very sea of moving shafts and whirring tion of country lying between the Ashley and Stono power companies are rapidly getting their apparatus belts. At present some of the best engines in the world rivers and Rantowle's Creek. Extensive strata of ex into working order. Some of the lights are now aglow, are in motion, as well as some of the least reliable. What cellent quality are also known on the banks of the and that all were not long since in operation is sur is promised for some of these engines by their owners Edisto and between the Edisto and Ashepoo rivers, but prising, since the several plants were in use in the is really astonishing, considering how well informed this deposit has not yet been · worked to any extent. Philadelphia Electrical Exposition. The fact is, the the general public has become in this regard. Why Carolina phosphate is remarkably uniform is composi projectors and promoters of these several systems were these absurd claims are made it is difficult to under tion, containing on an average from fifty-fiveto sixty not altogether satisfied with the pecuniary results of stand; for when it is remembered that an official record one per cent tricalcic phosphate and from five to eleven their efforts at Philadelphia, and some of them were is being made of just what they are capable of doing, per cent of carbonate of lime. Among its other con averse to any further expense in the way of gratuitous they are not likely to deceive even the tyro. stituents are silica, oxide of iron, fluorine, sulphuric exhibition, each being tempted only by the proclaimed '1'hree well known and rival thread manufacturers acid, traces of alumina and magnesia, water, and or intention of some rival to appear at New Orleans. There have each their machinery in place and in operation. ganic matter." is reason to believe, however, that they will be amply It is hard to understand why there should be such In regard to the vexed question whether or no the repaid for the efforts they are now making, because rivalry between them as there would seem to be, for the great fair shall be closed on Sundays, the managers the present exhibition partakes far more than did that production of each is excellent in its way, and their re have decided, and, it would seem, very wisely, that at Philadelphia of an international character, and the spective machinery seems the one to be contrived as those of the exhibitors who choose to show their exhi opportunity of displaying the various systems side by ingeniously as the other. bits may do so, and those who do not so choose may side before the official representatives, especially of A machine for making barbed wire fence, instead of cover them over. The machinery, however, will not Mexico and the South American republics, is too good being placed with the machinery, would have been be started during the Sabbath. to be lost. more properly set agoing in that department of the .. 4_' " The railroad now about to be built from the city Music Hall where the new means of teaching articulate Japanese Dentistry. proper to the fair grounds-about five miles-is so ob speech is to be illustrated, for there would be there no The Japanese dentist does not frighten his patient viously necessitated that it seems strange it was not sensitive ears to be jarred by its clatter and clang. with an array of steel instruments. All of his opera long since projected and in running order. But even The objections that have been urged against New tions in tooth drawing are performed by the thumb this neglect, all things considered, may scarcely be laid Orleans as a locality for a world's fair, though well and forefinger of one hand. The skill necessary to do at the doors of the managers. A railroad is a costly taken when considered from a manufacturing stand this is only acquired after long practice, but once it is construction, and with a treasury only adequate to point, are by no means so obvious when other and obtained the operator . is able to extract a half dozen supply the absolutely necessary expenditures for build indeed the chief aims of the project are looked at. teeth in about thirty se conds without once removing ing and grounds, they could scarcely be taken to task New Orleans, besides being the great cotton seaport, is, his fingers from the patient's mouth. The dentist's for not anticipating in the early days of preparation all things considered, the most convenient point at education cmnmenees with the pulling out of pegs the grand dimensions which subsequent demands for which to collect exhibits from Mexico and Central and which have been pressed into soft wood; it ends with space have made the enterprise assume. South America; and it is perhaps not too much to say the drawing of hard pegs which have been driven into ·Withthe expenses which the managers have been that this fair is looked to to foster and encourage an oak plank with a mallet. A writer in the Un ion compelled to assume, and notwithstanding the bad trade between these several countries and the United Me dicale says that no human jaw can resist the delicate wei\ther i\nd the incompleteness of the exhibits, both States by exhibiting side by side the products of each. but powerful manipulation of the Japanese dentiit.

ENGINEERING INVENTIONS, the flap is inclined from one corner to the trallsverse tion consists in the combination, with a corkscrew, of Brush Electric Arc Lights and Storage Batteries. I center line, and this point extends to the opposite two loose prongs between which the screw is adapted Twenty thousand Arc Lights already sold. Our largest . ne s een pat en t e d frem Atro ary engI . h a b b Y side of the envelope in a line parallel with the longitn- to revolve, and of a sliding ring snrronnding tile prongs machine gives 65 Arc Lights with 45 horse power. Our Messrs. Charles H. Melville and Thomas W. Brown, of dinal edges. and serving to hold their lower ends a greater or less I Storage Battery is the only practical one in the market. Chatta ooga, Tenn. t has a radially operating abut- BTush Electric Co., Cleveland, O. � : ' A Mr - distance apart, according to the size of the head of the . I button has been. patented by . Ed I ment WIth an eccentrIc revolvmg steam actnated hub The Cyclone Steam Flue Cleaner on days' trial to war d Berman, of London, id lesex County, England. bottle. 30 for utilizing steam pressure to maintain steam tight � � . reliable parties. Crescent Mfg. Co. Cleveland, O. It has an apertured head, WIth Its under surface recess- A doublIng spooler has been patented contact of the abutment with the hub and also has an Steam and Power ed, a shank held in the recess, and an ornamental disk by Mr. Leonard V. Richmond, of Sand Lake, N. Y. For Pumping Machinery of Single improved contrivance for an automati variable cut-off. and Duplex Pattern, embraCing boiler feed, � b tween the head and shank, s that a material of a This invention is for facilitating the doubling of yarn fire and low b Phil- � ? . pressure pumps, independent condensing outfits, vae- A sextant has been patented different natnre from that of WhICh the button IS made I npon nprIght and drum spoolers from cops spools and I uum, hydraulic, artesian, and deep well pumps, air com- rIppe Leu b a, a f Rue er d or d , 4, A'Ig I e, CantonY of is held in the button and shows in its face. bobbins by providing a me chanism that " ill s top ' the . . � r:<0' i pressers, address Geo. Blake Mfg. Co Washington covers a novel con- . . .. ' �'. 44 Vand, SWItzerland. ThIS mventIOn A ecelVlng spool automatically shonld one of the threads ' corner Iron for wagon bodIes has been [ St., Boston ; 97 Liberty St., N. Y. Send for catalogue one . ' struction in which there arc two artificial horizons, �reak or one of the spools become empty, thereby eco- .. patented by Mr. Edward Hutchinson,. of New York St t· M' P bl d L and the other for taking depres- tI e Ollers for taking elevations I nOillizing ti e and Preventing waste. ' cit . It is designed to be made of R ussia iron struck � a sP C 'La ;e er ks I ,.. sions, and in which provision is made for the nse of the � I :�� :� �� I u m a novel form to give a firmer hold npon the body, A cur taln pol e knob has been patented : � �;.'�� . �� sextant in the dark or at ni ht. � . t e r a e ma n c- WIth mcr.ased strengt , while I � i� can be made �ighter by �r. David B. Olmstead, of New York city. This in- tn � M A by Mr, . � � �g: � �g,�� ngto,� y. valve gear has een patented , than when made flat m the ordmary way, and IS also ventIOn covers, as an Improved article of mannfacture :: :� ��!::: �:: � �� ie� � " . . Linen Safety Hose, all sizes, for hotels, warehonses, Jamcs A. Stout, of Bellev£ ule, T l. ThIS m entIOn ' I . y applicable for corners of wagon seats. a curtain pole knob cast in metal or metal composition . . and steamboats . Greene Tweed & Co .. Ne w or . covers novel combmat Ons of mechamsms whereby the . . .. ' , Y k l A comb I' ned spring Jack and annunCla- and havmg its exterior surface metal plated, whereby free engineer has to control but two instead of three handles d " How to Keep Boilers Clean." Book sent by tor has been patented by Messrs. Louis Townsend and elaborate designs may be made easily, an snch as can- to give three movements and dispenses with one of the James F. HotchkiSS, 86 John St., New York, ' Robert W. Moore, of Evansville, Ind. This invention not be re r.jily made in stamped, spun, or hammered eccentrics its strap and connecting rod also the link Mills, Engines, and Boilers for all purposes and of consists in the combination of these two featnres on the work. and link lock with its rock shaft and co nections. every description. Send for circulars. Newell Universal b � same frame, to make them both occupy only the space A saw filing machine has been patented . Mill Co 10 Barclay Street , N . Y • A 1 eve 1·In!! ro d as h b een pat en t e dbY �-: . 0 f ?ne, th ereb y savmg hia f the space In the telephone by Mr. H�milton Sherman, of Waverly, Pa.· This in- " eymour, Of W'll e t' s P omt ,N Y.. It IS' . . . . Presses Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J. Mr. R b ert . B l SWItchboard ven t·IOn· cons ISt S m partlcuI ar ' constructIOns of the ma- & 0 . ' made with a friction roller connected with the keeper A trIcycle has been patented by Messrs. chine frame to allow its dismemberment, and of the file For Power & Economy, Alcott's Turbine, Mt. Holly, N.J. that connects the target with the rod that th ta rget s Thomas P Hall nd James B. Hall, of Toronto, Cana- frame guide, with a b �se plate sliding on a gnide bar Steam Boilers, Rotary Bleachers, Wronght Iron Turn the · '. � . . can be easily and accurately adjuste n on the r d, and WIth a ead p ece pIvoted to the base plate, so as to Tables, Plate Iron Work. Tippett & Wood, Easton, Pa. d da·. CombI ed WIth a fra is a shaft � urnaled in its � friction roller being arranged that it; can be �readily � ,:,,� �: � . sO rear, on hICh are the drIvmg wheels;· the shaft and be movable m horIzontal plane, WIth other novel fea- Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of adjusted to bear with any desired force against the rod. ,: wheels bemg revolved by gearing from levers pivoted to tures. mode�esign. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn. A car coupling has been patented by . . . the front of the frame, and there IS prOVIded a novel A shawl strap has been patented by Send for Monthly MachI'nery L,'st M D 'd C B t f R h . r. aYI . ar on, oc eport ' :Mo. ThIS mven- d eVIce ftor s eermg.' Laura A. Beatty, of Galesbnrg, With two bars to the George Place MachI'nery Company, . 0 . Ill, tIOn covers a comumat· t'IOn a f d raw hea d an d coup I'mg ' . A bIn' dIng a ttac h men t for seWIng ma- havmg handles, straps are secured to one bar and pass- 121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York. pin, with levers pivoted to the car on either side of the ed through loops on the other bar, the bars be ng pro- chines has been patented by Mr. Robert Hilgner, of New i If an invention has not been patented in the United conpling pin and forked at their adjacent ends w'th Orleans, La. This invention relates to a former patent- vided with means for holding them together, the shawl, States for more than one year, it may still be patented in other novel eatures of constrnction and arrang m n t f � ed invention of the same inventor; and covers several etc., being held by the straps, the device also holding Canada. COBt for Canadian patent, $40. Various other of parts. � pa obtained. . I o s features of improvement thereon designed to secure parcels firmly, and permitting of readily removing and foreign tents may also be For nstructi n • • • address MUnn & Co., ScrENTrFIC AMERICAN patent better work and a more convenient and complete sys- replacing the shawl. AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. agency, Broadway, New York. tem of adjustment. A trunk has been patented by Messrs. 861 Guild & Garrison's Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn, A A combined truck and ladder has been Oliver R. Meredith, James I. Gallacher, and Charles F. sulky cultivator has been patented N. Y. Steam Pumping Machinery of every description. C. Jones, of Salt Lake City, Utah Ter. This invention by Mr. Edward F. Husk, of Malden, lifo. This iuven patented by Mr. JOlln Lowen, of Titusville, Pa. The Send for catalogue. covers a trunk corner piece provided with a hasp, and a tion covers novel features in a machine on which a ladder, as formed in connection with the trnck, is easily Nickel Platmg.-Sole manufacturers cast nickel an moved when needed in the form of a truck, and then corner piece with a hook lug over which the hasp can be driver may ride while the ma chine straddles a row of odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. Com readily adjusted so as to form a step ladder, a combina4 passed, the first mentioned corner piece being secured growing corn, to plow or cultivate the earth on both plete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson & Van Winkle, on the corner of the trunk body and the other on the sides of the corn, and to cut the corn stalks into short tion which may be quickly reversed, so as to form a Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty, St., New York. cover. pieces aft"r the corn has been gathered. truck on which to convey goods. A fire escape has been patented by Mr. Snpplement Catalogue.-Persons in pursuit of infor- A grain separator and cleaner has been A folding wardrobe and chiffonier has mation of any special engineering, mechanical, or scien- by New Thomas P. Hall, of Toronto, Canada. Combined with patented by Mr. Edward Sherman, of New Pendington, been patented Henrietta L. Mehrer, of Rochelle, tific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the 8e1- a reel or pnlley, on which is wonnd a cable or wire, is a ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEME:'er90nal. Mineral Lands Prospected, An adjustable cultivator shovel has of the samll. size in each drum, there being as many Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423. PottSVille, drums[as there are separate sizes of shot to be"separated, . Pa. See p. 62. been patented by Mr. Myron A. Twitchell, of Kingsley, Th h Iri tio th O D l e argefor ser n head is ne o ar Shipman Steam and it is feasible to set the drums at any desired pitch . Engine.-Small power practical en- Iowa. This invention provides a shovel or tooth for a lznef� or each znsertwnU�der about w.etght words a � to increase or diminish the speed with which the shot J to hne. gines burning kerosene. Shipman Engine Co. Boston. cultivators capable of doing service with all of its fonr Advertisements must received at publication office See page 61. ' pass through. be I sides or four corners forward, or with any side set at early as Thursday 7lwrning to appear in newt issue. as any desired inclination to the line of travel, so the plow A washing machine has been paten ted is adapted to do a great variety of work in both right by Andrew J. Gnffin and Matilda C. Gnffin, of Rnsh Steam Engine, Corliss system, 10 inch cylinder, and left handed plowing. ville, Ind. A wash boiler of two or more sections has 24 stroke, used only a short time, for sale. Keuftel & Esser, A independent drums or wash wheels journaled therein, combined cotton chopper and culti New York. with a clutch mechanism for engaging and holding the vator has been patented by Mr. Lemuel Z. Grigsby, of Exp erimental Ma chinery shafts together, so the wheels may be operated separate Perfected, Machinery Pat Minden, La. The frame carries a cylinder with central terns, I.ight Forgings, etc. Tolhurst Machine Works, ly or together, and two batches of different kinds of annular groove, with adjustable knives on its face and Troy, N. Y. HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. clothes may be washed together. can concavcs in its ends, operating levers connected at Nallles and Add ress ml!8t accompany all letters, Swift's Patent Coffee Roasters and Mills, 30 sizes. their rear ends by a crossbar pivoted to a crank carry A composing stick for type setters has ?r no att�ntIOn WIll be paid thereto. This is for our Lane Bros., makers, Box 276, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ing the chopping hoe and its standard, whereby stalks, InformatIOn, and not for publication. been patented by Mr. William Hendrickson, of Brook ReC rences to former Bermuda ScientificCollections. Naturalist, Box 3359, � articles or answers should vines, etc" at the sides of the plants will be cu t np, the lyn, N. Y. It is made with a recessed knee, with lever giVe date of paper N. Y. and paISe or number of question. soil mellowed, and the plants brought to a stand by the clamps having their inner arms overlapped and their Inquiries not answered m reasonable time shonld Patent Shutter Worker for sale or on royalty. be repeated ; correspondents will bear in mind that passage of the machine along the rows. onter arms bent to overlap the under side of the bot A See engraving, page 66 of this number. Address R. I. some answers require not a little research , and tom of the stick, and made to clasp the bottom by a th�ngh ?fe endeavor to reply to all, either by lette� ••• Brown, 35 W. 13Oth St., New York city, hand screw, so the knee can be readily adjnsted in any or m thIS department, each must take his tnrn MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. Patent Elevators with Automatic Hatch Covers. Cir Special Int'orlllation requests on matte�s of deBired position. personal culars free, Tubbs & Humphreys, Drawer 1637, Cohoes, rather than general interest, and requests for Prolllpt Ans-.vers by Letter, should be A culinary vessel has been patented by The manufacture of wire coated articles N. Y. aocompanied with remittance of $1 to $5, according Mr. Thomas G. Beaham, of Zanesville, O. This inven forms the subject of a patent issued to Mr. Emil Kel Snyder Engine Company, 12 Cortlandt St., N. Y. to the subject, as we cannot be expected to perform tion covers a special construction of an earthenware such service without remuneration. lermann, of Cincinnati, O. This invention consists in "Little Giant " Engines, 1 to 6 H. P. Also Boat Engines, vessel supported by Scientific Alllerican Supplements referred a metal base in such a manner that coating the ends of wires in the form of bulbs, by re Propeller Wheels, etc. Send stamp for page list. 28 to may be had at the office. Price cents each both can contract and expand independently. 10 peated dipping in an adhesive substance, and covering Wanted.-A first-class man to snperintend a Sash, Minerals sent for exanlination should be distinctly marked or labeled. A hitching strap has been patented by the same with a granular or flocculent material, in or Blind, and Door Factory ; outfitted with all late and im Mr. Samuel Birdsall, of Snsquehanna, Pa. This inv:' der to give an ornamental appearance to vases, baskets, proved machinery ; working about one hundred hands. tion covers a coupling device of novel construct�on for and similar articles. Must be sober, a good manager, and estimater on job (1) E. J. C.-In the reports for 1883, 10- attachment of the brace strap. and is an improvement work. To the right man a good salary and permanent co:"otives upon the following railroads and branches A rope socket has been patented by Mr. on a former patented invention of the same inventor. employment will be given. Or I will sell a half interest were for- John H. Banser, of North Clarendon, Pa. It is a clamp in·the above well established business. Address, with full D., L., and Western ...... 43 An album clasp has been patented by ing socket of novel construction, affording increased particuJars as to age, habits, qualifications, and recom Pennsylvania ...... , , ...." ...... 1105 6 Mr. Ernst P. Hinkel, Qf Offenbach-on-the-Main, Ger facility for coupling and uncoupling of the rope by mendation, R. F. Learned, Natchez, Miss. N. Y. Central ...... 632 many. This invention covers a novel device of grooved which the drill used in boring oil and other wells is Wrought Iron Bridges, Roofs, Girders, and Structnral N. Y., L .• E., and. .. Western...... 564 disk and slide to render the clasp extensible, so that it raised and lowered, the screwing or unscrewing of cer Iron Work. Hudson Bridge Works, Box 41 1, Hudson, N.Y. Baltimore and Ohio ...... " ...... can be lengthened and adjusted according to the thick 571 tain parts serving to secure or release the hold of the Scientific Works by Huxley, Tyndall, Spencer, etc., Denver and Rio Grande...... 222 ness of the album. socket upon the rope. J. very cheap. Fitzgerald, 20 Lafayette Place, New York. Northern Pacific...... An envelope has been patented by Mr. A 230 corkscrew has been patented by Mr. Whistles, Injectors, Damper Regnlators ; gnaranteed. The Pennsylvania Railroad. . bae. tbe. beavie�t.. l'assellger George W. o a edge of Bartholomy Wilhelm, of Appleton, Wis. inven- . Crane, of T pek , Kiln, The free This Special 0 •0. D. prices. A. G. Brooks, 26l N. ild St., l'hUa. locomotivea.

J. S. ask!! how cosmetique is made, excess to any soluble potassium salt. 3. In what �um· would be very expensive and troublesome; better pur- right. I think it Is all caused by electricity; can you tell (2) I SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN colored black, and perfumed. I want it to be pretty ber or numbers of the does It de chase a steam engine and dynamo electric machine. me of anything that would be of benefit. or would help SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN hard, and so that it will not wipe off of the hair easy. scribe electrotyping? A. See Possibly you ht use secondary batteries, and charge me ? A. This difficulty, we think, has been remedied oy SUPPLEMENT, mTg Please give me the component parts of it. A. The fol- No. 310. them with a voltaic battery. Crocodile skins are not others, by making the air damp in the room, which may lowing are recipes for white cosmetiqnes : (11) G. D.-In order to render glue in- used in this country: The alligator skins from the na- be done by introducing a little steam iet in or around 1. Benzoinated suet ...... 1 pound. tive swamps and lagoons of Florida and Louisiana fur- the machine to keep the air moist, but not to wet anY' . . . soluble in water even hot water' it is only necessary nish supplies for several tanners. thmg. The moisture tends to dissipate the electricity. White wax ...... 1 when dissolvin the glne for use to add a little potas- Jasmine � pomatum...... 8 ounces. sium bichromate, to the water and to expose the glned O. O. . (29) D. W.-It is supposed that in (38) M. E. asks for a formula for a Tuberose pomatum...... 8 part to light. The proportIOn of potassinm bichromate applying creosote and paraffine for the preservation of blackboard paint. The formula that I am using does Otto of roses ...... drachm...... l will vary with circnmstances; but for most purposes buildings, the creosote acts as an antiseptic to any not give satisfaction. The chalk rubs into the board �felt at a gentle heat, and cast into monlds. about one-fiftieth of the amount of glue nsed will suf- fungoid growth in the pores of the stone, preventing instead of erasing, as it should. A. One ot the best pre Snet ...... pound. 2. . . . . 1 fice. �In other words, glue containing potassinm bi- both decay and growth of organic matter, . . . . the propor- parations for this purpose consists of 1 gallon 95 per Paraffin ...... 8 onnces. . chromate, when exposed to the light, becomes insolu- tion of creosote varying according to the conditions. cent alcohol, 1 pound shellac, 8 ounces best ivory black, White wax ...... 2 ble...... w 5 ounces fiuest flour emery, 4 ounces ultramarine blue. Oil of bergamot.. . 1 (30) A. and many others.-It ill ...... V.�. Make a perfect solution of the shellac in the alcohol be (12) • . .- . eTh cores of your mag- " "cassia ...... % drachm. A EL l not be satisfactory to attempt to make liquid shoe pol- fore adding the other articles. To apply the slating . . . nets should be as soft as possible. The size of wire with ish solely from a formula which any chemist cau fur- " "lavender ...... 1 should be have the surface smo"'th... and perfectly free from grease ', To make black or brown cosmetiques, the appropriate which they wound depends upon the kind of nish. There areJPany details in the manufacture which well shake the bottle containing the preparation, and you pro pigment, finelyground in the smallest possible quantity current pose to use ; if it is a quantity curreut, a simple knowleage of the original ingredients throws no pour ont a small quantity only into the dish, and apply of oil, IS added to the melted grease just before it is No. 14 will be right ; but if it is an intensity current, light upon, and these details can only be worked up to a it with a new fiat varnish brush as rapidly as possible. poured into the moulds. Lampblack or ivory black is you should use a smaller wire, say No. 16 or No. 18. practical success by careful study and intelligent appli- Keep the bottle woll corked, and shake it up each time used for the first, and burnt umber for the second color. 2. Shellac is a bettcr insulator than sealing wax. The cation. One of the largest manufacturers of shoe dress- before pouring out the liquid. depth of winding magnets should not exceed the diame ing in the United States lost thousands of dollars some (3) A E. M. writes: 1. How is it that . ter of the core. All of the cores may be wonnd in the three years ago by pntting out an article, notwithstand- (39) J. S. O'B. asks for a receipt for a sunrise and sunset do not occur on the same day at (1) same direction. ing his long experience in the business, which he faiff,d good strong cement or glue for wood. A. You will find equal distances from 6 o'clock? I always had a general SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLElIIENT, (13) to make " all right," though the chemic formula in No. 158, a num idea that the first took place jnst as much before 6 A.M. M. E. H.-The porous cell ' of the a]. seemed perfect. ber of recipes for cements. Among these there are sev- as the second did after 6 P.M., and vice versa, till actual regular Leclanche battery is charged with grannlated eral snited to your wants. 2. Also awaterproof varnish. observation and subsequent reference to an almanac con black oxide of manganese. Makers of similar batteries (31) A. P.-To render aniline inks in- A."ILet 4 ounces of India rubber in small pieces soften vinced me of my error. A. The sun does Dot always sometimes employ a mixture of equal parts of black deUble on paper, it ,yill be necessary to coat the repro- in 8 ounces uil of turpentine, then .add2 pounds of boiled keep time with the clock or mean time. This is caused oxide of manganese and granulated carbon, and others duction with'Le preparation. An excellent compound oil, and boil for two hours over a.ow fire. When dis mainly by the elliptic orbit of the earth, alfll appar use the carbon alone, but the manganese produces the consists of collodion dissolved to the consistency used solved add 6 pounds of boiled linseed oil and 1 pound ent time is faster or slower than the true time, as you best results. Porous cells are made of unglazed pot by photographers with two per cent of stearine added. of litharge, and boil until an even liquid is obtaine". tery. will see indicated in the almanac. 2. Would this fact The following ink is recommended for marking linen : Apply warm. 3. What liquids are till' be$t-.non-conduc influence the accuracy of a N. and S. line found by bi Triturate 1 '75 drachms aniline black with drops (14) O. G.-CS. (disulphide of carbon) is 240 tors of electricity? A. Water and solutions of neutr.J secting the angle between the shadows cast a pole strong hydrochloric acid and drachms strong alcohol. by a liquid, insoluble in water and will not mix; will mix 42 salts have the lowest conductivity. The mixture is diluted with a hot solution of 2'5 drachms when the sun is at equal heights above the horizon with alcohol. Cannot be deodorized. It is its strong gum arabic in drllchms water. We would recom- (40) An Honest Workman writes, asking before and after noon ? And, if so, can this be reme odor that gives it its power as an insecticide. 170 died ? A. The shadow of a north and south line is in IUond experimenting'i'in the above formula with the va- information concerning the coloring of eabint't''photos. (15) B. W. S.-One of the best means fluenced by as much as the difference in time indicated of rious colors used by you. It is impossible to furnish A. In outline, it consists simply of first carefully sepa guarding against burglars that we know of is the ordi positive information on such matters without firs" rating the photograph from the by the almanac, which should be allowed for ; or ob any cardboard.JilafT't serve and mark the shadows as much earlier as the sun nary well-known electric bnrglar alarm. engaging the services of an expert dyer to experiment ing the face of the print with tragacanft � is fast, or later than the snn is slow. The bisection of (16) R B. C.-Several writing tele on the matter. Rosin and salt are added to soap mix- picture is next attached to the glass, and then made tures in order to prodnce a harder C/ll!11pound. transparent by immersing in the transparent compound, the shadows will then give the true meridian. 3. I used graphs have been patented, but none of them are now in whichmust b ep rchased. F inally the picture is painted, a small quantity of a solution of chloride of iron for practical use. You will find several of them described (32) H. R. W.-It is possible to supply n purifying turbid water, but obtained no result. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN P and last of all backed, etc. in back numbers of our and Su 2.5 incandescent lamps by means of a battery; the nnm- iron gathered into flake-like particles of a rnsty color. PLEMENT. ber of cells required will depend upon the size or resist- (41) J. W. L. writes: My Canada balsam Why was this? A. Iron perchloride and sodium car ance of the lamp. When the lamps fail, nothing re- has become oxidated on the top, and when melted on bonate, in the proportion of parts by weight of the (17) T. B.-We believe that the usual 10 mains of them that Is of any value. Light produced by the side has innumerable air bnbbles in it, which are former salt and of the latter to a quantity of water gas pressure is equivalent to a colnmn of water two 26% incandescent lamps fed by batteries is much more ex- next to impossible to remove. Is benzole the best equal to parts, is the best compound for purify inches high, but much depends on the various heights 20,000 pensive than gas, and very unreliable and troublesome. '.iqnid to reduce it with? A. �:Mhe Canada balsam is too of service and supply and extent of the mains. ing water. The salts alluded to are best previously dis hi ,*redU�e

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 31, JANUARY 1�5.1 75 J (50) . E. M. says: Will you please let (65) A. C.-Over 50 years ago both (75) A. O.-The only device that we can find it objectionable on account of the unpleasant odor me know in your next issue, whst ia the cheapest arti- Britannia ware and good crockery were made in the suggest to ignite by a blow Is a bit of phosphorus arismg from the carbon, and want tc know In what cle thst will remove the smeil of coal oil from clothing? United Stares. It is our opinion thst the mannfacture wrapped up in a piece of paper. This, if struck by a other way a cement can be prepared? A. Rubber Is A. Evaporate the oil by placing the clothing for a su1ll- of these goods was started during the war of 1812. The hsmmer, will, under proper conditions, spring into likewise so luble In benzol, in ('ther, in naphtha, etc. SOIENTIFIO AMERICAN, cient tiine before an open coal fire. The higher the heat composition of Britannia ware hss not chsnged to our fiame. The hsndling of phosphorus Is exceedingly See also answers to query 2, tne better, taking care not to inilame the goods. knowledge, except for the better, th. being now, dangerous, so thst we hesitate to advise its nse. A July 14, 1883. C.ommon glue with about five per cent (51) A. L . J.-A turbine exactly suited as of old, several grades or qualities. The first glass Doelreiner's lamp, which by the action of dilute sul glycerine Is likewise used. made in this country is said to hsve been at Jamestown, phuric acid on zinc generates a hydrogen gas, which, if a to your snpply and height of fall is said to give the (85) M. I. writes from Texas: This coun Va., in 1615. current be directed on a bIt of platinum sponge, pro. largest percentage of power. try for miles is covered with a mineral commonly called duces light, would, we think, be more suitable to your (66) H. F. M.-Rubber goods are vulcan lignite, it resembles coal very much, but it is very soft (52) J. Y. S.-The impinging of feed wants. Ized at a temperature ranging from 250° .to 300° Fahr. and when laid in the air it crumbles up into very water npon the fine or tube head snbjects it to·changes B If yon use a steam vulcanizing chsmber with direct . W. S. writes: Several gentlemen small pieces, and when put in the fire It burns, but of temperatnre, and conseqnently, by local expansion (76) steam, give 25 to 85 pounds preSsure in the vulcanizer. and myself hsve hsd a dispute on hydraulics relative to seems ' to give very little heat. It is found in places and contraction, disturbs the joint. We recommend the but, in order to insure its proper working, the steam the workings of a p ump, and have decided to leave the about 3 or 4 feet below the ground. and is only about 12 feed pipe placed so as to terminate near the surface of should be much higher in the boiler; and the pressure decision to you. These parties claimed to hsve seen a inches thick, while in other places it is about 3 feet the water, preferably at the side near the center of the adj in the vulcanizer by a safety valve. . pump thst would work any depth, a hundred feet if ne- thick. Is the presence of lignite any indication thst tube space. � 67) S . T. writes: I wish to use soluble cessary, with a cylinder only twenty-five feet from the there is any stone coal deeper in the ground, and, if so, • • . ( . (53) J A. R as"-Al5 a good plan for refin- pump, provided there are valves every twenty feet in which would be the cheapest plan of probing for it ? :wi glass �s a mineral glue. Wha� ca� I mix th it to ing ordinary " refined solder," or half and half so the pipe below the cylinder. Now, they admit, accordiug A. It is presumed that throughout Texas the geologi , make It more sticky and agglutmatlve? Which is best it will mak e d a goo smooth wi ped')oi n t E. very ow . to the teachings of hydraulics, that a pump will not cal strata containing coal lie beneath the surface, and f or eth purpose il·lca te 0 f s.od a, or Sl·Ii cate 0f p ta ssa ? and then the metal gets coarse , the joints look ugh ;, � lift theoretically more thsn thirty -two feet, and practi- from the occasional outcroppings that have been foun d A. Soluble glass IS of value as a glue only when It com- nd sweat. Tile metal ge s coarse from the absorp- cally about twenty-eight. and yet they make that claim it is inferred thst a very extensive deposit of coal lies � �. . � . bines with lime, thereby forming an insoluble calcium tlOn of lead m wipm the Jomts. the sulphur� and the ouly explanation they can give is that, as you throughout the State. The superficial presence of iig � . �� siltl:late. The sodium silicate is the cheaper, and there- away, and add more tm until the quality IS restored. create a vacuum from one valve to the other, the nite does not, however, suggest the existence of coal be fore more commonly llSed. The di1l'erence in solubility water from the lower next section will fill thst vacuum, neath. Digging and boring are the only methods of de (54) W. A. A. 'asks where magnetic sand is slight, the potassium silicate being the more soluble. and so on down to the bst one. A. We hsve seen the tennining its existence. can be obtained, and the prices, if it be an article of An excellent description of this substance is given in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, same statement in the papers, but the thing is a fallacy. commerce, also where loadstone can be obtained. A. No. 317. F. T. D.-Gun barrels to be blued What is to sustain the column of water, when the valves (86) Magnetic san.d is not � commercial article, and probably are first thoroughly polished, and then packed in char 6 ) F. S. W. asks what materl' als are open? Water canbe lifted from no greater depth with, ( 8 coal in a cast iron box which is sealed air tight. The can 0 nl y be �rocured locally. It is foun� along the St. used and how are they used in a Babcock fire extin- than without these valves; their ouly e1l'ect would be to Lawrence River. Loadstone comes pnncipally from . ' . .. .' . . . . case is then heated till just belo w red heat, and after gm her. A. The prmClpal hqmd sed ls a olutlOn of reduce the shock when the valves close. even if they Arkansas and can be purchssed of mineral de aI ers. � � . � wards gradually cooled. sodium carbonate; when the extmgmsher IS brought were made to work by hsving the supply of sufficient A B.-We know of no formula for (55) P. B. I\-Britannia metal consists into active service, a smaller receptacle containing sul- head, l)r within, say, 20 or 27 feet the height of pump. (87) . of 1 part tin, 2 parts antimony, 1 part bismuth. Your phuric acid is o ened, so that these two solutions gene- 1 a gravity grade except the limiting one 0 f least trac . � , ,,('l'7) A. S. L. asks: . What will best spelter or zinc will not run well in iron moulds. Use rate carbomc aCld gas when they melt. tion as approaching a level, and the point of safety in eanse brass chandeliers soiled by fiies? A. Oxalic mOulding sand. Or for lron moulds, mix with N }1 the application of brakes. The practice covers all tinUlltil (69) H. . writes: Our �ards and acid�and whiting, mixe? and applied wet with a brush, the required fiuidityis found. angles between a dead level for short distances after a fioors (Soldier's Home), Washingtou, D. C., have b and brushed 'again when dry with a soft plate brush, to descent, and one to twenty for short grades. The C. C.-Raw hide is JlilIije into stained with Vandyke brown and waxed; they are� ve polish with dry whiting. 2. What will take the stain (56)' p. steepest gradient knowu thst is worked with brakes for IIlA�ently thick for spindle bearings, by soak- six years old ; near the doors where the treal has from a marble mantel caused by water in which flowers ·0. any distance Is a branch to the mines near Leadville, lng in water until soft, and then moulding with pressure been heavy the boards are worn and the stain ii worn have been standing? A. 2 parts sodium carbonate, 1 of which has grades of over 400 feet to the mile. We drying. away, but by continually waxing the wood is so im- pumice stone, and 1 of finely powdered chalk. Mix into � recommend you to obtain some standard engineering pregnated thst I cannot make these places dark again. a fine paste with water. Rub this over the marble, and � H. W. C.-There is nothing but gal- works. (57) Is there anything that will go through the wax and sink the stains will be removed, then wash with soap and vanlzing that will prevent pump chsins and iron pipe into the woQd and stalu the boards again ? I hsve water. 3. What is the best varnish for black straw hats, (88) D. Bros.-Supposin� that your imparting the disagreeable taste of iron rust to water. tried Vandyke brown and vinegar put on hot, but it and how made? A. Best black sealing wax:, Ii ounce; compound engine is running at 100 revolutions. an d Any painting or bronzing is impracticable. only washes the wax from the surface and will not soak rectified alcohol, 2 ounces; powder the sealing wax, that you hsve an exhaust pressure of about 5 p ounds • . , (58) D. C. B. asks (1) if the production into the wood. A. We would recommend you to wash and put it in with the alcohol into a bottle; digest them Each cylinder is developing about 80 horse power, or 60 of barytes is now equal or more than the demand. A. the locality with turpentine until as much wax as possi- in a sand bath or near the fire till the wax is dissolved; horse power for th e compound engine. The nominal The production of crude barytes in 1882 is estimated to ble has been dissolved away, then apply a mixture of lay on warm with a fine soft hair brush before the fire horse power is supposed to designate the size of an en gine at some recHived standard of pressure and speed, have been 20,000 tons, and " the production could be turpe� and asPalt.lJium. �you will find, w ill or in the sun. 4. Is the earth attracted by a body how while the indicated horse power is variable according to largely increased to meet an augtnented demand." 2. darken tne wood w� harmony. with that previously ever large falling through its atmosphere ? A. The at Also where it is mainly produced? A. In 1880 according stained. . traction between any two bodies is directly proportional pressure and speed, and may, in your case, be any horse to the census returns : how ink to the product of their masses, and inversely propor· power from 80 to 80. You cannot pulverize bones in a (70) H. S. asks "'0 ribbons for . steam digester to any advantage. A mill is universally Connecticut produced ...... 6, 000 for the type writer, and th .naterials for the colors or tional to the square of their distances asunder. used. Maine ...... 2,200 dyes. A. An ink for the type writer ribbons can be H. J. M. H. asks if in the slide valve Missouri ; ...... 4, 425 (78) made as follows : of an engine the lock nuts on the valve rod want to (89) H. R C. asks: 1. Is there en,p, 'Ugh Pennsylvania ...... 1 .500 Aniline black or violet . ....4 ...... � oz. hold the valve perfectly firm, or should there be some of assaying to make it prOfitable as a business? A. Tennessee ...... 465 Pure alcohol . ... : ...... 15 " play for the valve between the nuts ? What is the best There are many persons, especially in the West, wh ose Virgiuia ...... 4 ,575 Concentrate� gl cerine ...... 15 " only source of income is from their assaying. 2. What � . work on engineering? A. They should not, yet should 8. If in your judgment an increased production of . l DIssolve the anihne m the alcoho and add the glycerme. not be rigidly tight. Usually leave the nuts so close to prices are charged? A. The prices vary according to 10,000 tons would find· a ready market at nearly the ( 1) · S. & E . C. H. ask!!.for recipes for the bearit:gs that there shall be no loose play of the competition and number of assays. The price in New present price? A. We cannot express an opinion on 7 making the so-called " patent rubber composition." A. valve lug. See "Roper's Engineer's :Jiandy Book," York is generally $5.00. 3. How long would· it require this point. A New Haven firm imported during 1882, The following will,w<>bablyprove satisfactory: $3.50. for one conversant with chemical manipulations to learn 4,000 tons of Gamian barytes.' We would recommend Cooper s best glne ...... 8 � Ibs. A. M. C. writes: We wish to pro- it, ifhis whole time were devoted to the study? A. Three you to first canvas the market. : (79) E¥"a SIrUp ...... 2 gals. tect our bnildings against fire by building a reservoir to six months. 4. What prices do chemists charge for J. E. (59) B.-Fusible alloy melting at Gly'cerin ...... 1 pint. on the hillside, and bring the' water down in a pipe to analyzing substances. inch as articles of food, water, 212°, tin 3, lead 5, bismuth 8. Fusible alloy melting at Venice tur entine ...... 2 oz' ete. ? A. From $10.00 upward according to the number p : . . hydrants, etc. At what height shall we have to place of ingredients to be determmed. Write to Professor C. .2030, tin 1, lead 1, bismuth 4. Steep the glue m r�n water untIl phant and dram it the reservoir, and whst size pipe shall we have to use F. Chandler, of New York, for his price list. This will A. D.-Black crocus is not known well. Then melt it over a moderate fire, but dO , not to throw a stream of water one inch in diameter fifty (60) give you specific information on this point. " cook it." This will take 15 to 25 minutes. Next put feet high? For efficient service the reservoir sho:Ud be in the market. Crocus is a crude kind of ronge and is in the syrnp, and boil for three-quarters of an hour, stir- 100 feet ground fioor of much darker thsn rouge. Both are made by calcining above the the building 4 inch ring it occ�ionally and skimm ng 0 impurit�es rising v from reservoir to and coppems or sulphste of iron. The crocns not being so � 11' ser ice pipe through b�ildings to the sruft;ce. Add the glycerme and turpentme a few 1i ch s " inch , outside hyd highly oxidized as rouge gives it a shsrper cut as a pol- with 2 in ho e and nozzles rants INDEX OF INVENTION S minutes before remo�ng from the fire, and pour slowly. to be well protected from frost, and provided with 231( ishing powder. For Which Letters Patent of" the Slightly reduce or increase the glue as the weather be- hose with " nozzles. (61) W. S. P.-The corrosion of water comes colder or warmer. United States were Granted '�o: L. R-We have never heard of a gauge glasses takes place tv .l. ''''''' -G ..F A. asks' How may eight (80) / (1) most favorable circumstances, but in some parts of the case of resuscitation from drowning after t�e individu 1 te oun e d��k be wate roofed and colored a dead � or - January 13, 1885, U States water has an excessively corroding ; � � hsd been hours under water, �ut an conceIve of POSSI nited the grass color suitable for hunting coats or snits? A. For � ces ded matlOn, ch power over what are called the Scotch glasses, which ble instan of suspen am sn as has some- AND EACH BEARING THAT D ATE. waterproo , use soI t"1O 0f bbrn ' er m cooIt ar b en- . fiug � � n. . times led to people being buried alive • and that led to are made 0'"-"elp or the ash of sea weed and sand. The a small quantity of . . zol, and suspend m this nuxture [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.] glass contains much potash, which is qnickly attacked the SUPPOSitIon that one had been d�ad for hours. The burnt umber (in proportion to produce the desired . . n s t by water thst is slightly acid. and at the temperature and longest quoted msta�ce of ImmerSIO and ubsequen shsde). In applying to the duck stir it up thoroughly. . reco ery is wenty mmutes, and then It was supposed Alarm. See Low water ala m p nre at ch you re steaming your oiler, .• ." � r . ress whl a · b viz 90 2. Will chilled shot wear the choke of a D amascus 7 been as Alarm lock for tills, Vollrath & McCready ...... 310,62 the llll�erslOn had not complete, from one to to 110 pounds pressure, becomes a solvent of silicate of barrel shot gnn worse than soft shot? A. No. 3. By 10,M9 two mmutes almost always causes death. Amalgamating ores, apparatus for, M. P. Boss (r). potash. A very small quantity of soda in your feed whst process aro chilled shot made? A. The chilled . Anchor, P. Protheroe ...... 310,61! wat er, a half ounce t 0 h a h ogs ead or I ess, w ill pro babl y (81) ••G k as s the We ht f the T shot are produced by adding a greater amount o f tin to A (1) lg 0 Annunciator and spring jack, combined, L. own- properties. 310,750 neutralize its corroding the composition with which the shot are coated thsn is heaviest locomotives, including tender, in use ? A. A send ...... Annunciator, . .. . . 310,601 (62) W. H. S. asks: 1. W hat would be the case with soft shot. 4. How much lighter in weight ".consolidation " of the Atchison, Pacific and Santa Fe speaking tube, R. May ...... Arm chair and W. Vogel...... 310.626 A. As far as we are able to Railroad, weighing 115,000 pounds. 2. Wonld it re- writing desk, C. correct exposure of a dry plate at 9 A.M., on an object are chilled thsn soft shot? Osborn Auger, post A. C...... r ...... 310,608 quire greater or less power to draw a wagon over a plane hole, lighted by bright sunlight in December, when the cor- ascertain there is not any difference. 5. What is the W. .. 310,77 Axle box and skein, J,. & Blme!...... 8 bore gtmS? of glass than over a plane of iron or any substance ? at noon would be 10 seconds, all . other diameter of 10, 12, and 16 ' r T ' Haberk . . 310,820 rect exposure Axlebox IId Ca , ; H om ...... No. 10 equals ...... i f of an inch. A. The hardest and most perfect track hss the least lubrlcat J Wall 310,7 ...0< conditions being the same? A. About one'fourth A . . . Axle or, car, S.. ace...... frictlOn. Glass IS too brIttle for a track. Steel is the longer or twelve to thirteen seconds. 2. Would the ex- No. 12 " . . . ' ...... \U "" " Bag. See Mltll bag. most perfect track in use. J. W...... 310,807 posure, under the same conditions, be the same at 3 No. 16 " .. , ...... it " " Baluster, Ferer ...... Thayer 2 P r (82) E. C. N. writes: 1. Given two grind- ; Barbed strips, die for maklug, A. P...... 310,62 P.M. as at 9 A.M., and if not what would be the differ- t 3) W. A. . w ites: 1. Give me a sim- as the (7 c r ing cylinders or rollers, one seven inches diameter and Battery. See Galvanic battery. ence ? A. Fifteen seconds would be correct, light oleoma garine from butter? A. pIe re eipt for telling Bell, bicycle. R. G. Sh ute ...... 310,620 in the afternoon is not as strong as in morning. The ten inches face, the other ten inches diameter by seven ' There is no very satisfltctory test by the use of which Bicycle, J. L. yost ...... n0,858 noon December sun is as powerful as the June sun at inches face, the sbaft of each rnnuing at the same . . 310,825 . butter can be distingtlished from the genuine article. . Blower for lire grates, S. C. Houghton ...... U I 0 ,c I koc P . m. . 8 . IG·ve enI 0gt h f exposure, ame c - sp e.. d 0 th h ey cac �eq�ire eth same power, an d heac for operating S X s qn Determinations of the melting points of the two .articles � ", . Blowers. mechanism fan, HoIDnan ditions, at noon in J e. A. One to two seconds. e rmd the same quantIty the e tIme? The above & Weber ...... 310.681 UlI /TIl . are sometimes employed. Microscopic examination is g In BIIJll apples. A. At the same sp d furnace, W. St ph n- time of exposure varies greatly, according to thi'sensi- said thst fresh genuine to be used for grinding ee BOiier and straw burning e e frequently resorted to. It is .... 8 7W the brilliancy of the lens, and the shaft the roller of larger diameter requires the son ...... 10, tiveness of the plate, has been melted appears under the micro- of butter which m .. . 310,812 the atmosphere. A thick hazy atmosphere re- most power and does the most work. 2. How can Bollers, machine for calking, H. P. Folso ..... state of scope composed of ovoid grannIes, and contains no crys. bolt. ti e than one wh ch is clear and crisp. a molasses sirup be converted into good vinegar, or can Bolt. See Flour quires more m i tals. The artificial product contains cryst ls. Artificial & W ...... 310,787 season Bolt. Buckley ineland , , a better use be made of it? The heat of the past S. W. -Venus as morning star is butter does not melt at once like genuiue butter to a Boot and shoe heels, machine for na!llug on, L. (6 ) render it u for or- 3 firs has soured it just enough to nfit ...... 310,562 sometimes alluded to as the star of Bethlehem. The clear oil, but fuses gradually, a whitish sauce being t Cote ...... can be. made from the sour in dinary "u se. A. Vinegar C. Nichols .... 310,710 general opinion among astronomers is that the star of formed. 2. Tell me if there is anything you can put . . Boring doors for locks. guide for, F. g wat yeast, and exposure gloss, as oil soon molasses by add m er and Bosom, detachable, G. W. Lee ...... 310,691 Bethlehem was one of the variable stars that hsve been white lead to give it a permanent o air b lea ing ont the bungs. Bottle cover. W. H. Redington ...... 310,615 n to great briliiancy for a sh ort time and loses its gloss? Will oil and varnish answer for out- t y v seen to expa d .. . . . 310 756 (83) A. D. asks where he can find some- Bottle stopper, H. C. Walter ...... ; then disappear. A few such hsve been seen dflring the side work? A. Old heavy oil is the only thing that can . See A le bo . M slc box. Paper box. thing more about vaseline or cosmoline. A. The inann- Box x x n of the Christian The ·bright morning star be used to ·produce the gloss. Varnish is sometimes . 795 centuries Era. Bracelet, Coddiug & Atwood ...... 310, si le. When the lighter . . now seen is Venns. used, but will not stand. facture of vaselme is uuite mp Wallach (r) ...... 10,562 . . Bracelet clasp, S. Ize engme r'�qmd s, gases, et c., f th e pet ro I eum 01 '1 hsve be en d·IS· Bracket. See Shingling bracket. T. D. M.-If ball and-cartridge are G. W. R. as k s: Wh at· S � . . ( 4) (74) IS. placed m a . 747 6 1 n n tIlled over, the remalmng 'pro�uct, thew, rid Thacher ...... 310, re to move in oppsite!ilirections, they will, on exposure and boiler will be required for a boat 5 feet lo g a d 5 . B ge truss, E t e l a re H ...... 3 588 i large open Iron boile . whlch I? suspended �ve� hot fi BuCkle, H. oward ...... 10. of e cartridge, partake of a velocity due to their rela- feet wide, a paddle wheel boat? Also, how thick the . � th t IS ltered ...... 310.632 ! in the open ror until deodonzed, . when. I fi Buckle, key, S. M. Adkins tive weights for a short distance. If the cartridge is shell of boiler and head should be, and how many i through bone black at such a temperature as to keep it Button attaching mach ne, R. Gilmore ...... 310.578 will hold and what power engine it J. confined so as not to move, the ball will be projected pounds ofil team it setting p h ...... 310,83 0 i a liquid s tste. This is all there is to it. Further de- Button Instrument, E. Kem s all . t would be? A is a very �re thing to see a paddle n with considerable force. but not In any � equal o It I Cable or electric railway yoke or frame, etc., acquired from practical experience. C. name. We think an enmne tails must be the force as projec� from a barrel. Its direction will wheel boat so 'small as you B llock ...... 310,558 .. . n ...... • s·tr"'k 0 e T •• F H • . writes'• Cart you ooive a We ·know of no regIIlar manufac- 8 mches diameter of cyhnder 1.nd 5 or 6 mc. h es (84) e' Car coupling, C. Barton ...... a10,563, be very unce�tain. D. 310 88 Boiler s ould recipe for dlssolvlng crude rnbber, so as to make a p lng. J. at r . . . . . ,7 tnters of gtm cotton i:!l the Unlted States. We ·under- would suit. About 2 Yo horse power. h .. Car cou l K. �yw e ...... a a : . 6OO' fter fixing the paste or cement suc!). as pnnters'and stationers nse in C upling, . W. MCC nn ...... 310, stand thst it was started here. but was not found su ita.- hsve abont 80 feet heating surfaoe. A r c o M ...... car . . to making paper tabs? We are nsing a preparation made coupllug, w. v. Perry ...... 310,720 ble for general use, and hss been superseded by other dimensions of the boller, apply ihe steambc)at in- ...... of iron required. by dissolving rubber in blsulphuret of carbon, but we Car coupling, J. A. Ross ...... 310,72(t blih explosives, as nitroglycerine, dynamite, etc. spectors for the thickness

...... 310,8M . 310,643 ...... 31 , 5 Car coupling, S. Schroyer ...... Hitching strap, S. Birdsall ...... Shoe, W. E. Rose ...... 0 '12 • Car, sleeping, ...... , ...... 310.809 ...... 310,667 ...... 310,764 ver 1 em e W. W. Fessler ...... HOisting apparatus, D. Gilchrist . . . .. Shoemaker's work table, A. M. Bollinger . . . / --Sb� f.$ nf.$ . . 310,556 .. .. ------Car starter, C. B. Broadwell ...... & ...... 10,551 1 guard, ...... 310,587 . HOisting bucket, Newell Ladd (r) ...... Shovel step or H. Elliott ...... ! G...... ' ...... K. Car wheel, J. Lafontaine ...... 310,688 . . 310,811 i e Pa�e. eReh inl"el'tifJu ...... Holder. See Embroidery bolder. Lathe tool Shrimps, preserving, Yee Fo ...... I Ins d ,.,.')c entM n line. . .. e. eneh i1l"'f:� l'tioll ...... Jiue. Car wheel, Leavitt ...... 310,597 ...... 310,566 l":lU" & Canfield ...... holder. Sash holder. Ticket holder. Shutter worker, J. A. Dyblie ...... j Bach: $l . UO R . 310,701 (Abont Car wheels, manufacture of, E. B. Meat ... • .• ...... 310,791 eight words to a line.) yard Hook. See Rein hook. Sifter, flour, W. N. Campbell ...... Cars, grain d & .• 310.600 ...... 310,808 . . . 310,863 Engra�ing8 may head adver tisements at the oor for freight., Mason Walker, Jr Horse detacher, T. M. Ferguson ...... Siphon, J. Lo ...... Bame rate � per easurem;ent. of H . . 310,672 . 310 81 m as the letter P1'e8S, Adver· Carding machine f0f the manufacture mottled Hose coupling, S. R. acldey ...... Spark and cind'''''' arrester H. Haberkorn .. .. . ' 9 hne, by ' 'I.'. . t!sements m'UBt be recezved at office as rovings, Dyson & Cookson ...•...... •••..• 310,803 . ... . 310, 834 Spark " 310 565 puolzcatzO'I'l early H ose coup mg,I· S . L'Ig htb urne, J r...... extmgmsher, I. Deyell...... , Thursday morning apvear next issue. , ...... 310,516 10,722 as to in Carpets, etc., composition of matter for cleaning, Hub, vehicle, Giles Link ..... Spooler, ...... 3 & doubling, L. V. Richmond ...... --=- ======' ======...... 310,829 . 310.853 J. J. Hymer, ...... Hydrant, W. Ryle ...... Spring. See Velocipede saddle spring. . .. 310,770 Carrier. See Hay carrier. Hydraulic motor, N. Yagn ...... Spring jack and annunciator, combined, Town- CET THE BEST AND CHEAPEST. J. 310,607 310,761 Carrying device for melons, etc., hand, Old ..... lncandescents, ...... 310,749 manufacture of, E. Weston . .. . send & Moore ...... 310,650 0 Cartridge, H. F. Clark, ...... Indicator. See Movement inrucator. Stair pad, H. W. Mather (1')...... 1 ,550 for ...... '" 310,711 ...... 310,654 Cartridge for compressed air, W. T. Chamber- Iron, pile sheet. D. B. Oliver . .. . . Steam muffler, C. H. De Witt ...... lain...... 310,648 lrQning table and clothes holder. combined, M. ' Stopper. See Bell stopper. . . . 310,792 Cartridge shells, implement for capping and un- Chilcoat ...... Store service apparatus switch, E. L. Giles ...... 310,815 G. 310,588 capping, W. Hadley ...... Isatins and substituted isatins, manufacture of, Store service tracks, turn-out for, W. H. & F. L. 310,832 ...... J...... 310,604 ...... 310,765 Cash carrier elevator, W. S. Lamson . . .. . P. Meyer ...... Wiggin ...... J. CC>6� ...... 310,764 310,552 Cash railway switch, W. H. & Jj" L. Wiggin .. Journal bearing, C. E. Barrett ...... 310,647 ...... Stove, T. Burkhard ...... (Cincinnati, Ohio, U. S. A.) Chair. See Arm chair. H...... 310,827 . .... 310,623 a Importers Journal box compOSition, J. Hungate Stove, Turn er & Capewell ...... sive Agents nd for the United States, ...... 310,688 ::f[t:fi� Channel flap layer, O. Gilmore ...... Key. See Watch key. Stove, heating, S. H. La Rue ...... 310,596 Chopper. See Cotton chopper. CELEBR A'rED Kiln. See LimePutty kiln. Strap. See Hitching strap. Shawl strap. Clamp. See DUmb waiter clamp. Knife. See knife. Straps with ringEt, etc., device for connecting, PERIN BAND SAW BLADES, J...... 310,606 ...... 310,719 Clasp. See Bracelet. clasp. Corset clasp. Knife, Nagel...... Parmelee & Swift wap'ante!I �up�riorto nIl others in quality. finish, ...... 310,618 310,861 unItol·mn:,· . of t«'oll.er. and Collar, horse, Rothham & Schmidt ...... Knife grinding machine, Hyde & Vallentine ...... Stump tractor, H. L...... 310,644 g'f'nera J dU1'ability. ex Boyle ...... One outwears three ordinary saws...... • 310,729 . l'erin �nw Compass, mariner's. Scotland & Cordon Ladder, step, ...... 310,814 ...... 310,767 S. A. Gardner ...... Stump ext ractor, J. B. Wilson ...... " 310,575 . ..•...... •...... 310,635 . . . . 310,1'32 Condensing engine, 11 . A. Gale Lamp, P. Babcock, Jr ...... Suspender end, J. B. Sharp ...... It will pay you to 1'ead the fo llow- Conduit ...... 310,773 Lamp, McCarty ...... 310,837 pipe, T. BaCllleister ...... electric arc, N...... Switch. See Cash railway switch. Store service - We ojfe r (for a limited period) ...•.•....•....•.••...... 310,657 310,736 ing : Cooker, steam, H. A. Eaton Lamp, electric arc, S. II. Short ...... •....•...... apparatus switch. � � ...... 31G,766 310,630 aSPE CLAL Corkscrew, B. Wilhelm ...... IJamp, electric arc, L. G. Woolley ...... • Table. Sec Shoemaker's work table. BABGAL� 310,798 310,781 , Corset, M. Cohn ...•..•...... ••...... •...... Lamp regulator, electric arc, H. R. Boissier ...... Tag fastener, H. W. Brewster ...... 310t785 . . A $15 GUN M. . . 310,797 310,728 . Corset clasp, J. Cohn ...... Lamp, street, H. G. Schuette ...... G...... 310,587 Telegraph, printing, M. Hathaway .. . . FOR 60 DAYS . . . 310,636 & 310,685 Cotton chopper and cultivator. G. M. Badger . .. Lamps, clockwork for mechanical, Cook Pome-· Telegraph, quadruplex, W. Jones ...... Ii" . Coupling. See Car ('oupling. Hose coupling. roy ...... 310,651 ...... Telegraphy, overcoming static disturbances in, Ii'. $12...... 310,730 . . 310,783 J . . . . Crate for fruit, etc., I. B. Seeley . . . Lamps, cut-out for electric arc, H. R. BOissier .. W. ones ...... 310,684 310,706 and . Crock rims, machine for making, H. E. MerrilL ... IJanterns flags, holder for Signal, F. W. Cool- Telephone, H. E. Waite ...... 310,751

& .. . 310,69.1) ...... 310,652 . . . Crucible furnace crane, Mallasee Nimick .. ... baugh ...... Thrasher spreader, W. Gould ...... 310,761 Company's G. .. SeThellli-HammerleS8 American Arms Gun & .. . . 310,723 Cru�her. See Rock crusher. Last, shoemaker's iron, Robertson Tobin .. . . Thrashing machine band cutter and feeder com- raving is al� (0/ is the eng EXAO'r reprcscntation) �nest 310,63 . which the r l G...... 9 Lathe ...... 310,739 . 310,679 Single Breeeh oa e the Wor d there is IlO ot1wr SinJ[le Culinary vessel, T. Beaham ...... tool holder, J. M. Smith ...... bined, R. Harding ...... in skiving G. 310,742 Gun made that L w illd compare it. j Cultivator, R. H. Ewing ...... '" ...... 810,80r; Leather machine, E. Stockwell...... Ticket holder, ...... 310,610 with EYERY l\tiO])F.RN IM W. Patterson ...... PROVEMENT. finest Stub Twist barrel, CITOlO: and . EnRI'D...... 310,586 Leveling rod, ...... 310,731 310,862 warranted to s h oot dose · Imported I)istol Grip Cultivator, J. Harman ...... R. B. Seymour ...... Tire for wheels, elastic, Leigh & McDowell ...•.... Checkered tock . . iHO,847 . . . . 310,759 S Automatic Shell Rf'hounding Lock, Patent Culti vutor, R. Peirce ...... IJ ime kiln, A. B. Weeks ...... Jones ...... 310,593 , Extractor, .J. . . Tobacco booking machine, W . .. . Fore-end, dead nickel frame, Double Bolt, . 310,856 TOP-SNAIJ ACTION, . Lock. See Alarm lOck...... 310,851 12-gauge, 2� inc barrcl; w{'ip;ht, to 2lhs. Pushing Cultivator shovel, adjustab 'e, M. A. Twitchell .. Tool, combination, T. E. Ridde!...... Qr 7 71 310,821 exhaust J. 310,768, down the :JO_on theh side cocks the gun, t e beitlg & ...... 310,769 Cultivator spring hoe, Hench Dromgold . .. Locomotive nozzle, Wotapek . . . rt.ifi ...... 310,849 l�r h h harnmn Tooth, a cial, J. A. Priest ...... inside, th.us combining the safety of a a er adion with t e ...... , ...... 310,828 G...... 310,786 310,574- mm Cultivator, sulky, E. F. Husk . . Low water blarm, H. Brooks ...... Top, spinning, C. H. Fry, Jr ...... handiness of a hammerless gun. The ruanufa cturers' price his . 310,557 t c r t Curtain fixture, spring balance, W. N. Buckley . . . Lubrjcator. See Axle lubricator. Torpedo for danger signals upon railways, T. G. i;.�:s ib�� i;e��d!hZ� c��hf"��m�:- ...... 310,712 Stevenson ...... 310,741 . Curtain pole Imob, D. B. Olmstead . . . . Lubricator, S...... Palmer . � ...... 310,718 f';:give Cree, a compl ete set ofReloadi nO' ols. This gun uses J...... To w�t��d�::�1n G. 310,658 ...... 310,670 either brass or paper, 12-gaug-e, centre-fire shells. Head Curta.in roller, window, Eddy ...... Mail bag, Gould ...... y G...... 310,717 'V. A .T. . Torpedo railwa signal, T. Palmer . . . . . fo llowing Cro m the lll anuCacturf:'-rs : . . , ...... 310,571 the Cutter head, T. Fitzsimmons . . Measuring and inspecting machine, cloth, C. C. Transplanter, J. B. Johnson ..••...... • 310,592 January 2 . BOSTON. 4 1885...... 310,609 ...... 310,757 . . . . . 310,886 may conce1'n: We guarantee the Cylinder engine, 08C; .lating, W. J. Partridge . Webber ...... Treadle, C. H. Kingsbury ...... Hamm7'0 whomerlert};i��g�r�:;�� ...... 310,844 Motor. See Hydraulic motor. Door check, E. Niggli...... Trough. See Feed trough. as we positively s all not sellthis gun , af'tf:'r days, 310,752 . . . fSlip, 80 Door check, A. B. Walker ...... Movement indicator, H. T. Field ...... 310,860 . . . . 310,836 r less than our regularh Cata10gue price. We have sold hun...... Truck and ladder, combined, J. C. Lowen ...... o e e e ...... 310,301 J...... 310,645 et al.. . . 310,704 4 Double tree, J. T. Dougine . . . Music box, A. Bradshaw ...... Trunk, O. R. Meredith ...... J� ku��ac;:te� 1� tat :'l� . . 310,850 Mnsical 310,590 h Draught equalizer, J. Putnam ...... instruments, hea.d of stringed, A. Hyde . . & ...... 310,693 ��t�:::af�tisf��t�]�, :�g Tug, harne, Lindsey Goddard ...... !T�A:[;i�g �W:.S�n&(jJ�! iliU!!:doi7�!i:krS��:��· ...... 310,842 .... Drafting the arm size of garments, apparatus for, Muzzle, animal. F. M. Moore ...... Hale ...... 310,673 Tuning hammer, li'. W� ...... Boston, Mass. Mention this pape1'. G...... 310,666 Goddu ...... 310,816 ...... I'Jl1r S. Gates ...... Nailing machine, L...... Tuning implement, Hale .•• ...... ll'l0,674 ...... 310,600 F:'w . ,';" Drill. See Seed drill. Neckwear retainer L. Eschner ...... Unloading and elevating apparatus, M. J. Necktie, fastening, J. S. Ripley ...... 310,617 310,699 Drums or barrel bodies, machinery for drying, G. McNelly ...... WATCHMAN'S IMPROVED ...... 310,690 Russell ...... 310,619 " ...... W. I.araway. . .. Ore furnace, E. F...... Valve gear, J. A. Stout.. ... 310,743 yarn, 310,621 Drying fabriCS, etc., machine for, J. Jeffer- Pad. See Stair pad. Vehicle, two-wheeled, J. G. 'CkS ...... 31 54 ...... 310,683 distributer Walkup ...... 0,7 TIME DETECLOCK TOR son et al ...... Paint , L...... Vehicle, two-wheeled, Taliaferro & Mitchell ...... 310,746 WITH SAFETY ATTACHMENT. ' Paint, lime Adams & Polk ...... 310,550 1875, 1876, Dumb-ben for electrical exercising apparatus, , ...... Vehicle, two-wheeled, .T. Wesely ...... 310,760 Patented . . 310,733 . . 1877. 188U, 1881, 188�. electrode, J. H. Shaw ...... Pan. See Frying pan. Vehicle wheel. J. H. Bissell ...... 310,779 . 599 This Instrument ...... 310,687 Paper box. Lybrand ...... 310, 310,585 13 Dumb-waiter clamp, D. D. La Baw ...... L. . Vehicle wheel, 'V. H. H ....ding ...... Is supplied with & Paper pulp or stock and obtaining by-products Benham 310,776 keys. Invaluable Earthenware vessels, press for forming, Merrill VelOCipede, 'V. P...... 010,705 for all concerns Dempsey ...... therefrom, treatment of yucca or sotal fiber ...... 310,823 VelOCipede saddle spring, 'V. Hillman . . . . . employing watch for the production of, G. B. Walker ...... 310,753 . 310 857 Bl'ccentric rods, safety guard for, W. H. Diffender- . Velocipede wheel, A. M. White ...... men. It contains 310,629 . .. fer...... 310,655 Paper tubes, machine for cutting, M. Wilson. .. 310,839 all modern im F. Vise, bench, W. Mickel ...... provements, and ...... 310,662 Pavement, terra cotta, M. Freeman ...... 310,802 Electric conductors, underground housing and in- J. Wagon seat, J. T. Dougine ...... is far superior at 1882 sulation for, E. C. Townsend ...... 310,748 Paving, manufacturing asphaltic powder suitable 310,703 the old sty'e. Wardrobe and chiffonier. folding, II. L. Mehrer. . . of Kettmann ...... 310,594 -At the Nationa1 ElectriC currents, system generating and regu- for, H...... slasher, ...... 310,700 Warp S. R. Campbell ...... i . 310, 71 t ...... 310,763 Pen holder, J. H. Anderson ...... 7' ! lating, E. Weston ...... Washing machine, F. McKimmy ...... 310,698 w li ees edal . 310,663 I. at Chicago. The only M l�fmost�� coml��plete�� Electric lighting, system of, O. Gassett ...... Pencil tip and tape measure, combined lead, Watch ...... 310,737 for the key, H. G. Skidmore ...... and Perfect O. 2 . . . . . 310,840 Instrument. Box 875 .. . . . 310/{82 B. Millner ...... i d P. Electric machine, dynamo, H. R. BOissier ...... Watch stem w n ing and setting attachment, H. Send for circulars to . 310,762 E...... Pipe. See Conduit pipe...... 310,86..,,) Electric machine, dynamo, E. Weston A. T. Reinecke ...... 11\lHAU�Elt, �12 Jh'oadway, New York. Pipe and drain tile mould, Earl & Hazard ...... 310,859 a Electric machines, brush holder for dynamo, H. . Water repellent fabrics, preparation of fluid for J. .. 310,818 ...... 310,730 Pipe wrench, F. Guthrie ...... APPA R. Boissier ...... making, A. B. Conger ...... 310,560 RATUS FOR CAL MEAS for & ELECTRI Electricity, apparatus for dist.ributing, O. Gass- Pipes, protector underground, W. J. M. - urements.-Il1ustrations: and description of 310, 27 Wbeel. See Car wheel. Propeller wheel. Ve a the VHriOUS ...... 310,664 Rowbottom ...... •...... 7 ett hicle wheel. Velocipede wheel. :ff�� :t:� ni�7r c . 310, 07 n E Pitman rod, D. Michaels ...... 7 I in i ElectriCity, apparatus for the distribution of, O. . . . Wheels, manufacture of, Owen & Dyson ...... 310,846 �:��'�� £ � �� f �� 310,694 . . mann s bifilar galvanometer ; ��f�\\ ied7emann\ J)s��\V gal va�� no- ...... 310,665 Plow beam and attachment, J. Logan ...•...... ••.•' 310,721 Gassett. Window guard, J. Polkowski...... 1 meter for strong currents j Zenger's differeptial photo- . . . 310,775 Plow, gang, .T. W. Bartlett ...... 310,80 so ; t m Elevator. See Cash carrier elevator. Hay ele- Wire, machine for making compounli•. W. Ells .. 5 ��ii;;g � . . T. le G a n r ...... 310,855 low, hillin , R. Schuste ...... 310,817 J� � j� �E� vator. P g . . 'Vire. machine for screw threading., L. It..:'ddu .... Rysselberghe's';g� : thermometrogra� � J �� ph ; ��Von� Beet�gfz's'� chro�� .. . . 310,733 Elevator, I. S. Smith, Sr ...... Post. See Fence post. rench. See Pipe wrench. h ° i ... . . 310,852 � g ...... 310,713 ProjectHe, line throwing, P. Roys ...... Elevator guide posts, chair for, C. G. Otis .. B. . . Zlncograph Barron ...... 010,638 tained a.Il �� :� . y, J. W...... ��g:rifsin: SCII�NTIFIC�: I AM:f�ICRICA:-.I� ��:��l�� sr;.PPL �EMri �E!\��T?�, ��O.4�1. �6�� (1')...... 10 5.53 Projectile, pneumatic, W. T. Chamberlain ...... 310,649 10 be this Embroidery holder, J. B. West , Price cents. To had at officeand from § news- . . 310,789 all Engine. See Condensing engine. Cylinder en- Propeller wheel, N. Cain ...... dealer�. . 310,669 gine. Pulley lubricator. loose, F. Gleason ...... DESIGNS. Engines, regenerator for compound, T. Hulme ... . 310,826 Pulp, machine for the reduction of wood, E. P...... 15,725 ...... 310,659 Badge, Neubert ...... Extractor. See Stump extractor. Ely. �'...... 15,713 I 310,554 ...... ; 310,561 Carpet, A. Danby ...... Feed trough, J. Blattner ...... Pump, force. G. W. Coonse ...... to ...... 15,719 15,"121 PrintiLabel Prebsng �3.Press sizes :,1��U; Carpet, A. Heald ...... 1 Larger $5 to $75. Feed water heater, T. Evans ...... 310,570 Punching and shearing machines, double throat . 15,727 15,735 yonng-. print CarpeL, C. Swapp ...... to Everything easy, .. . for . .. 310,602 . Fence, W. H. Brevoort ...... 310,555 , C. E. McBeth ...... W. i <1u·ec" mns. �end 2 stamps for CatatogtIe . . Ii"'inger ring, Crafts .....••....••.....••..� . • .• 15,711 Cards, to . . . . 310,682 ...... 310,559 Putty knife, C. Ives ...... W. I:'"'. . . i ��: -" .�,'r'" etc. the factory. Fence, D. Camp ...... tassel Smith ...... 15 726 Chapman ...•...... 3 10,633, 310,634 Fringe or block, W. , CO., Mel"iden, {Joun. Fence, T. Van Luven ...... 310,624 Radiator, steam, Arci & �'. Kitschelt ...... 15,722 .. Lamp, ...... 310,800 steam, ...... 310,714, 310,715 C. . Fence post, D. Doubleday ...... Radlator, W. H. Page ...... A...... 15,712 . . 310,702 Settee frame, J. C. Day ...... ICE-BOATS - THEIR CONSTRUCTION et'al...... 310,833 Railway, E. B. Meat yard...... }I'ence wire fastener, E. S. Lenox . . .. of, De & working B ...... 310,591 Skating rinks, ornamentation Baud and management. With draWings, df'tai�, and Fence wires, device for measuring the strain on, Railway frog, T. Jewett ...... 15,714 n o . . . Couch ...... mO,845 ...... 310,613 . . A. Overbagh ...... Railway frog crossing, C. B. Price ...... �s :��t1o . f\lfew:�gl�h��g'f�s� �st�g:��fii�g gga�; Spoon, fork, or knife handle, C. T. Grosjean ..15,716, 15,717 ...... 310.813 Gould . 310,581 g� � � Fences, making barbed, :H'. D. }I'ord...... Railway rail joint, chair, and splice, W. F. . used on the Hudson river in winter. By H. A. Hor8fal� ...... 15,715 310,758 ...... •• 310,640 Spoon or analogous article, C. T. Grosjean . M.E. Contained in SCIV;:-.rTIFIC AMEHICAN File, paper, F. D. Weber ...... Railway rail, street, T. L. Beaman . ruSUlesPPLE .. trap case, Hawes ...... 15,718 MENT, l. The same number also contains the and . . 310,794 Steam E. C...... ]'irearm, breech-loading, E. IJ. Lake ...... 310,689 Railway tie or support, K. Clark ...... clubs. the J. . J ...... 15,723, 15,724 regulat.ions for the formation of ice-boat sall...... 310,611 Type. font of printing, G. Mengel, r 10 Fire escape, T. P. Hall ...... 310,675 Reflector, E. D. Peck.. J. ing and management of ice-boats. Price cents. 310,603 Fire escape, L. B. McDonald ...... Regulator. See Damper regulator. . 310,772 ...... 310,58. Flour bolt, J. F. Ayres ...... Rein hook, D. Hutchinson ...... TRADE MARKS. 310,572 . 310,577 Flour bolt, J. }' razier ...... Ring traveler machine, R. J. Gilmore ...... PATENTS NEGOTIATED ABROAD. O. . l O S A & & J...... 310,656 Carriages, phaetons, buggies, spring wagons, and Forging bolt blanks, machine for, Bruderer Bur- Rock crusher, A. G. M. Dyer ...... Davis A I or n k e o G. . . . 310,653 other like vehicles, W. & Co ...... � ��zl� tfm�in �t�e�NF dict ...... 310,646 Rock drill valve, R. Cullingworth ...... H. . 11,856 Patents Euro e. Is connected� : with�� the�� 'JoinL�'l1! Stock� . ' £ n a a 310,680 . 310,596 Dental alloy. Kel e Medicine ompany ...... 11,857 o , r Forging machine, nut, F. Hasenclever ...... Rocket, E. F. Linton ...... f��&Oe r �� tg�i ffs: '; �e s A. � � ? & � � N�s'1� ...... 310,864 Drugs and medICln{'s, certaIn named, Allen I tHERBERrr,�� 1i �; Temple New Frying pan, Mason & Winsor . . .. . Roller. See Curtain roller. Shade roller. �l �PreSident,� l ! Court,�J � ll York.� ...... 11,853 155 Furnace. See Gas furnace. Glass furnace. Ore ROOfing, etc., composition for gravel or granite, T. DrugsHanburys ...... Vaughan ...... '" ...... , ...... 310,625 or medicines used for venereal diseases, F. furnace. Rogers . : ...... 11,862 PERFEC7' . 310,824 ...... Furnace, G. Gulickson ...... 310,582 ROOfing machine, sheet metal, J. L. Holton ...... & 310,835 ...... 310,843 Hog products, lard, and meats, Morrell Com- Furnace front, W. Lowe ...... Rotary engine, F. C. Morton ...... J. , 1 '" ...... 310,881 J. . 310,579 pany ...... 1 , Galvanic battery, W. K. Kidder. Sash and door sticker, H. Glover ...... 860 NEWSPAPER FILE and for, Remedy for stimulating the spine, etc., H. Gas other machines, cooling attachment Sash holder and weather strip, combined, A. J. A. The Koch Patent File, for prese""ing newspapers ...... pamphlets has b e . 310,616 Davis ...... 310,564 Covell ...... magazines. and , e n recently J. Ring ...... 11,854 price "Subscribers improved diffusible stimulant, and redu("ed. to the SCIEXTIFIC AM.. Saw filing machine, H. Sherman ...... 310,735 Sedative, anti-spasmodic, and Gas conducting mains, preventing leakage from, ERICAX and SCIEI\�TIFICAl\lERICAN StrpPL,El\IEXT can be J...... 11,855 . . . 310,841 ...... �10,866 T. Davenport ...... f h H. Moeser ...... Saw frame rod, C. Tenney ...... metal articles household i t'lii ! :a :rpri O r�·;gJ�tlg� . set works, . 310,848, Sheet utensils and for e ...... 310,745 Sawmill D. C. Prescott ...... " Gas furnace, W. Swindell ...... �1WJ'SCIENTIFIC� �� AMERICAN,"� i'f Ng: lcigilt.rJ� � Necessat ry 310,708 purposes, etc., enameled, Lalance & Grosjean in for ...... 310,580 Saw swaging machine, B. Miller ...... •..... Gas governort automatic, M. O. Gorman .. . H...... 11,858 every one wbo wishes to preserve the paper...... 310,563 Manufacturing Company. .... Gas retort, A. C. Swain ...... 310,744 Sawing machine, scroll, A. S. Davis ...... ' Address . . 310,777 Soap iN cakes for toilet, bath, and laundry, hard, L. Gas valve, automatic, I. B. Millner ...... 310,605 Screw tap, H. W. Bill ...... MUNN & CO., 310,700 & J. Oakley ...... : ...... 11,861 Publishers Gear cutting machine, Coes & Miller ...... Secondary battery and transporting the same, L. Scrn:,TIFrC .AMmuCAN...... ••..•.•....•....••••• 11,859 . . . . 310,724 Whips, certain, L. H. Lee Gearing, friction, G. M. Wheeler ...... ::>10,867 H. Rogers ...... 310,804 .. .. 310,551 Glass furnace, J. V. Ebel. Sea bridle, W. W. Averell ...... A P ...... 310,573 J...... 310,584 rint copy of the speciflcations and drawing of Glove fastener, W. S. Frost ...... Seed drill, Hamilton ...... ed also of ...... 310,628 the Governor, ball, R. McKenna ...... 310,838 Seed, removing fiber from cotton, W. Wall any patent In foregoing li.t, any patent 1866, will et al . . 310,709 Separator. issued since be furnished from this office for Grain, reducing, A. C. Nagel ...... See Grain separator. 25 310,734 Post . . . . 310,612 state Grain separator and cleaner, E. Sherman ...... Sewing machine. J. W...... cents. In ordering please the number and date of & 361 Grinding or poUshing surfaces, wheel for, J. E. Sewing machine binding attachment, R. Hilg- the patent desired, and remit to Munn Co., . . 310,799 ...... '" ...... 310,822 Broadway, also fnrnishcopies of Compton ...... ner ...... New York. We patentsas t . 310,642 for stitching 1866 ; e Guano distributer, S. H. Bell ...... Sewing machine buttonholes, eyelet granted prior to but at increased r;ost, h . .. . . 310,677 Guard. See Window guard. holes. etc., Hallenbeck & Phelps ...... speCifications, not l'eing printed, must be copied by . . ' ...... 310,692 Handle for pot and other covers, G. E. Palmer . ... 310,716 Sextant, P. Leuba ...... hand. . 310,793 J...... 310,505 te the Harrow, G. F. Clark ...... Shade roller, spring, C. ,Lake Canndian Pa n ts may now he ohtalned hy . .. 310,700 .... 310,774 of the fore Hay carrier, T. C. McNichols ...... Shaping machine reversing gear, D. L.!Ballard Inventors for any the inventions named In . . . 310,641 list, at a cost of Hay elevator, P. F. Fleming ...... 310,810 Shawl strap, L. A. Beatty ...... going $40 each. For full Instructions Sh ngli g bracket, G. Adams ...... d es Munn Co., 361 Broadway, New Other Heater. See Feed water heater. i n W...... 310,631 a dr s & York. hood for shutter, 'Barnekow ...... foreign patents also be llinges, C. W. . . 310,637 Shirtand neektie fastener, S. 1;' eehhelmcr . 310,661 may oboolned.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JANUARY 31, 1885.J 77 One ten horse-power upright Steam n engine and boiler. Has been used ' twoFO years• SALE; in good • condition ' price $2()(}f.o.b. Address c i e Co., 'l' be Springfieltj lU a b n Sprini(fleld,Ohio. RUBBER BACKBEST IN SQUAR 'l' HE WORI,D.E PACKING. �ggJ-'S RIPON OATHEDRAL. - FULL PAGE For Packing the Piston Rods and Valve Stems of Steam Engines and Pumps. I Illustration and brief description of this ancient English B represents that part of the packing whieh. when in use. Is in contact with the Piston Rod. ecclesiastical structure. Contained in SCIENTIFIC A, the elastic back, which keeps the part II against the rod with sufilcientpressure to be steam-tight, and yet AM!';RICA '\ SUPPLEMENT, No. 335. Price 10 cents. To creates but little friction. be had at this officeand frJm all newsdealers. This Packing Is made In lengths of about 20 feet, and of aU sizes from!4 to 2 inches square. THE NEW YORKNo s.BEL TINCPARK Ie.ROW, PACKI Opp. ASTORNC HOUSE,CO., NEW YORK. JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. 13 &. 15 BLr.A.ST_ JOHN D. CHEEVER, Dep'y Treas. Branches : 308 CHESTNUT Sl.'.,Philadelphia. 151 LAKE ST., llhicago. 52 & 54 SUMMER S'l'.,B08t.on. IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTlY BALANCEb, Is"P the EERLEhand vacuum pumpSS out" Has Fewer Parts than any other Blower. 17 gallonsl rgest per minute against poundsi THE BUILDERS OF ALL DESCRIPTION OF a 30 P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manufacturers. pressure, and 29 1-4 in. vacuum or over. . Price, with the latest improvements, CONNERSVILLE, IND. p. 15 PUSEY &, JONES CO� S. Gen. Agt. ,22Cortland St. , 9Dey St.. � z S. TOWNSEND, �\�£�� r� :� lo� sm�l�fig Wilmington, Delaware. C Selling A t Cortland Street, �grfurnaces, heavy pressure pumps, etc. COOKE & O., g s. , 22 .• Selling Agts. 9 Dey H. WEINDEl" MA�HIN�nY U�� Y MANUrA�TUn�n� �r �A��nl J "S. BEGGS & CO Street, RELATIONS OF THE SOIL TO HEALTH. 1VE� YOB.:K.. 405 N. 4tb Street, Pblladelpbia. !"END FOR PRICED CATALOGUE. -By Geo. Rohe, M.D. The solI. Ground air. RESIN INDUSTRY IN THE Ground water.H. Diseases spread by soil impurities. PIPE COVERING. THE Diseassesof animals due to impurities of soil. I'reven- per day at home. Samplesworth $5 free. Landes Department.-An interesting paper by A. Re m '" Address STL""SON& .. Portland,Maine. nard. giving a full account of the manufacture of resin ��R�� Ne ��:t��T, IF 5 to $'>0 CO and resin oils in the TJandes, the most important center I p��e l��rs� 'l� g $ in {l"" l'RnCe for the production of these substances. Con be had at this Officeand from�� all�tz!r4� newsdealers. tained 1n S(,H�:-;-T1FIC AM.EltiCAN SUPPLI�M�:;NT, No. VELOCITY OF ICE BOATS. A COLLEC· 444. Price 10 cents. To be had at this oflice and from tion of interesting letters to the editor of the SCIENTIFIO all newsdealers. THE HARDEN STAR HAND GRENADE AMERICA� on the question of the speed of ice boats, de.. monstrating bow and why it is that these craft · sail PIRE EXTINGUISHER faster than the wind which propels them. Il1u ..�rated Puts Out Fire Instantly. with 10 explanatory diagrams. Contained in SCIENTIFIO See editorial nntice in SCIICNTIFIC AM ICRI AMERICAN SUP.PLlj�MENT, No, 214. Price 10 cents. To OAN of November 22d, I884. be had at this officeand from all newsdealers. Send for circulars. Address Harden Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher Co., FIreproof NOll-conducting Coverings for Steam Pipes, 205 Wabash Ave., Chicai(o. BOilers, and nIl hot surfaces. Made in sections three PatentBARN FootES' and .. i feet long. Easy to apply. Asbestos llinterinls ICE-HOUSE AND OOLD ROOM.-BY Steam Power Machi R. 10 � ��S�\3r��y�1ew York. Fiber, lUillboard Packing, and Cement. nery. Complete out Hatfield. 'Yith directions for construction. Four fits for Actual Work G. BOULIER'S UNIVERSAL PYROMETER. CHALME RS-SPENC1StE CO.York. engravings. Contained in SCIE�TIFIC AMERICA� Sup 419-421 Eighth •• :New shop Business. PLEME�T, a9. Price to cents. To be had at this office -�'ull description of the apnaratus, illustrated with 3 Lathes for Wood or and of all newsdealers. engravin s Bhowing details and mode of application. lJsers e Metal Circular Saws, � NOTICE to of St am Pumps. Scrool Saws,Formerst a i .foM�:I�J.' at�:;lit�tlf:eE:dd We have received following letter in 1\10rtisers. Tenoners, ,*��ttr.t Ip:tc�%]o]��i�� regard to one of our No. 5"L" ($16) etc., etc. Machines on trial if desired. DescriptIve �ata... from all newsdeaiers. Steam Jet Pum s elevating inch pipe 10gueandPrice Llst Free. & JOHl'iHAI ti'iJ,IS, of water ,l'. n 1", No. 1999 11Iain 1St.,Rockford. W.F. III. .�i',rK:�B� ��ir�\t)� HAMMER CO., ��:k1 883. HARTFORD, CONN. "VAN DUZE� & TIFT, Cincinnati, 0. : H Money could not buy the Jet of us unless another could be had. I would not give your No. 5 HL" fora $700 pump. equal distance to raise • 4oz., �oz., 12oz 16oz., 28oz. .. N. A. Litchfield, Supt. Mich. Slate Co." 75 .85 •• $1.()(}20oz., $1.15 $1.25ea. Sizes of these Pumps. Prices $7 to $7'g Our Machinists' Hammers.95 are made with the elon 20.000gallons er hour. State for �hat socket and tapering eye for holding the li u firmlyand increasing' its strength, supply AN 'W"�rJ¥&f��i�,¥, H� ��!,l\�·�. long felL by Machinists for a first-class This is the only steam boiler ever W ATERPROOFING PAPER AND VEGE· devised in strict compliance with table Tissues.-A valuable paper by C. R. Wright, the demands of natural laws. It HOW TO OOLOR LANTERN TRANSPA- discussing t!::euse of cupro-ammon1umA. solutions gives comp1ete immunity against rencies.-A valuable paper by T. J. Houston giving full di F.lt.S.,as an application to paper and vegetable tissues in order explOSIOns, delivers dry st,eam, rections for the preparation of photographic transpa to render the latter water-proof, rot-proof. and practi .. prevents all incrustation and de rencies. and for painting them. Contained In Scn�NTIFIO cally proof against the attack of insects. Contained in posit on the bottom plates, affordS AM}�RlCAN SUPPLEMI�NT, No. 4�3. Price 10 centsa SmJ1jNTIFIC AMl!:HICAN 8UPPLEMIl;NT, No. 444. Price safety with high pressure, and To be had at this office and from all neWSdealers. rrhe 10: cents. To be had at thIs oflice and from all news secures great economy. The in same number contains an illustrated paper on 1m dealers. n l l O st l provements in Photo-block pnnting.-Another valuable.. 6i bt�?I�;� :rfK �C:: t! r��liry : ? paper on the Preparation on Lantern 'J..1runsparencies is plied, int('rnally or external1y, fo contained in STIPl�gl\ll!:N1',No. 4�4. new or old boilers. Licenses grant ed on liberal terms to manufac .. STEELFOR BA LLS for descr�'Rtion. -" iT" " ';;; NON-EX l'I,OSIVE BOIl,EIt BEA.RINGS. 155 and 151 B,·ondway,eo�.N.ll. From 3-16 in. to 3-4 In. diameter. Hardened and POlished, and THE CORINTH CANAL.-A DESCRIP- M.Icroscopes, '.reiescopes, Fleld and Opera Glasses, Magic gauged to 1-2000 of an Inch. B. Lantern� etc. ; als2t Barometers1 Thermometers, Com� tion of the project of Mr. Gerster, engineer in chief passes,(lli.iiCifJ tlattenes, JJrawing,UIII] Dramage Dairy, and111 other Ween Sewing Machine Go., of the International Corinth CHDal Company, and a .,. sketch of the progress thus f:n' accomplished. Nature of the Isthmus of (Jorinth. Former undertakinl!s. Houte �ii'in�ipfJ:H�!lo�;M1g0�� ;�il'�s?f�a�o.&�/.t;�NY. Hartford, Ct. selected by Mr. Gerster. Mode of excavating. Appara.. tus employed. Illustrated with 6 engravings. Cont,aill ed in SCIE.KTIFIC AMERICAN S[TPPL"EMENT, No. 4�a. 10 Price cents. To be bad at this oflice and from all � -·-SBA-F-TING, n-ewadeatern.- "VVAT'EH.. PULLEYS, Cities, Towns, and Manufactories Supplied by GREEN & SHAwl PATENT TUBE AND GAl\'G WELL SYSTEM. HANGERS. Andrews Bro Broadway, Will. D. & .. 233 N. Y. F. Brown's Patent Friction Olutch. Infringers of above patents will be prosecuted. SEND FOR ILL"USTRATED ()ATA�OG"uE AND DIS()O"UNTS TO A. & F. BROWN, 43 PARK PLACE, N. Y. FOREIGN PATENTS. Their Cost Reduced. HOUSE DRAINAGE AND REFUSE.- !·The expenses attendiIlg the procuring of patents in Abstract of a lecture by Capt. Donglas Galton, C.B., on the treatment of town, barrack, and camp refuse, and most foreign countries having been considerably re on the removal of excreta from houses. A valuable duced the ob_tacle of cost is no longer in the way of • paper. Contained in SClEKTIFIO AMleRICAN SUPPLE large propOrtion of our inventors patenting their jnven MENT, No. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from all4� newsdealers.1. 'l'he same number contains a tions abroad h �tion of privy vaults. CANADA .-The cost of a patent in ('anada is even r��r�i�eS�i�h r�re� :n:��s less than the cost of a United States patent. and the former Ineh'des the Provinces of Ontario. Quebec, New Brunswick, �Tova Scotia, British Columbia, and Mani SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED toba. $60 The number of our patentees who avall themselves of tbe cheap and easy method now offered for obtaining Screw Cutting Foot Lathe. patents In Canada Is very large, and Is steadily Increas Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, Scrolls, Saw Attachments, Uhucks, ing. d i s EN c;a, A ND.-The new English law, which went Into :� �:�d 'f; ��Pal��eD�� o��e;gr force on Jan. 1st, enables parties to secure patents in amateurs or artisans. Address See illus. article in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Sept. L. !'IHE1'A RD, Agent, 13, 1884. Great Britain on very moderate terms. A British pa 134H. �econd Uincinnati,O. tent Includes England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the E. �t., ELEOTROLYTIC FIGURES. DE- - A (''hannel Islands. Great Britain is the .. cknowledged scription, with nine illustrations, of the various curious ELEOTRO-MAGNETISM AS A PRIME crystalline {'amifications obtained by ('ardani througb financial and commercial center of the world. and her Mover.-An account of the various attempts that have the electrolysis 01 a solution of nitrate of silver. Con goods are sent to every quarter of the globe. A good a a o r a i tained in SCIF�NTIFIC AMEHICAN �UPPLKMl�NT. No. Invention Is likely to reali e as much for the patentee �;�e� ��lyt��zs� :�g� f��r:n g�;�fo¥ d� T N:£r�t.� ::;': Price 10 cents. To be had at this ofliceand from z paratus. Jacobi's apparatus. Davidson'S apparatus. 4�ti.all newsdealers. in England as bis United States patent produces for Devenport's devices. Capt. Taylor's electro-magnetic hIm at hl"'lle.and the small cost now renders it possible en�dne. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMEHIOAN SUPPLE MtJNT,No. 359. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office for almost every patentee in this country to secure a pa. andfrom all newsdealers. tent in Great Britaiu, wbere bis rights are as well pro MESSRS. MUNN & connection with the LOVERS OF MUSIC tected as In the United �tates. PATENTCO .. in S.pub O'l'HEIt COU:N'J'ltJES.-Patents are also obtained lication of the t;CIENTIFlC AMIr.RICAN, continue to ex.. amine Improvements, and act as Solicitors of Patents on very reasonable terms in France, Belgium, Germany, to Anstrla, Russia, Italy. Spain (the latter includes Cuba for Inventors. and all the other Spanish Colonies). Brazil, British India. In this line of bnsiness tbey bave had tv years' The desirable features of this valve are Australia, and the other British Colonies. and now have for the positive action of the disks, being forced ewperience, unequaled facilities against the seats by our novel intermediate An experience Of FORTY years has enabled the the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications,and ed v g and friction of HOW TO LAY A DRAIN.-A PAPER publishers of l'HE SCIENTIFIC AAlEI,rcANtO establish �e �r8k� ��I��t";,� ;��r. o t a u competent and trustworthy agencies in all the prinCipal the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the Samples sent on trial. Send for Catalo!'Ue. �i;cu¥io�11�r'ttr:";t�;k tt ��ar� �� 'g'O� £:i'i[.,� �� United States. Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. SCIENTIFIC AMEUICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 44a. Price foreign countries. and it has always been tbeir aim to HOLLAND 8t, THOMPSON, cents. To be had at this oflice and from all new.· have the business of tholr clients promptly and proper Mnlln & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, :RIVER STREET, 10dealers. Copyrights for Books. Labels, Reissues, Assignments, 21' TROY, N. Y. ly done and their intere.,s faithfully guarded. A pamphlet containing a synopsis of the patent laws and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business of ail count ries. including the cost for each, and othe intrusted to them is done with special care and prompt· information useful to persons contemplating tbe pro ness, on very reasonable terms. curing of patents abroad, may be had on application to A pamphlet sent free of charge, 011 application, con· this oflice. taining full information about Patents and how to pro MUNN & (' 0 .. Editors and Proprietors of THl; SCI cure tl;rem; directions concerning I,abels, Copyrights, F.NTIFWAMERICAN, cordially invite aU persons desiring LtlBiglls,Patents, Appeals. Reissues, Infringements, As· any information relative to patents, or tbe registey of signments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Pa trade-marks. in this country or abroad, to call at their tents. etc. offices. �-61 Broadway. Examination of inventions, con .. We aiso send. free charae. Synopsisof Foreign sultation, and advice free. Inquiries by mail promptly Patent Laws. showing QPthe cost anda method of securing answered. patents in all the prinCipal counLries of the world. Address, MUNN & CO., CO' P tt!l, Publishers and Patent Solicitors. llUJNN &: ��,:: �;:� ;�� & o S61 Broadway, New York. RRANCH OFFICE.-Corner Streets. Branch Stteete, oppoSite Paten' F and 71b 011100 WaBhlngtoOfllce. cor.n, F and 7th Wa@bin�Oll.D. C. 01 D. C.

© 1885 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC BURNHAM'S SELF-ADJUSTING SWING CHECK VA LV£. TELEPHONES. .,..) ... Inside l'H 'l"�' each infilel'tioll __.. ,·· Users of please the advantages theseValves possess ...... $1 .00 ·.tin line. Check Valves will note Hac), Pa!{e� each ill",el'tifJlI a line. over all others. The most ilnportant claiUl. is, that as the J enkills Disk The United StatesTelephone IYifg IAbout eight words to a line.) _ears, the yoke that passes around the seat oves away Cr oUl. This Company Is the owner of the patents of JamesCo. the seat in proportion to the wear ot' the DiskUl. thus causing a W. McDonough for speaking telephones. Migmt'ings may head advertisements at the comp i )Ir. McDonou�h's application for patent w s the first same rate uniCorUl. wear ot'the Disk untn saidDisk is etely _orn out. that was made the U. S. Patent office for per line, by mea8urer!'.- Ja.E.A.Z>Y FOJa.USE. tecture, Dome'tlc Economy, Agriculture, Natur,,1 His_ our h Catalogue No. 55." ALSO LATEST BOOKS OF DESIGNS. tory, etc. It abounds with treshalnd interestIng subjects DUZEN 'L'IFT.Cincinnati, GEO. REA l) CO., VAN & 0 W. & for diSCUSSion, thought. or experiment ; furnishes hun Manufacturm'sMahogany and other Cabinet Woods. SHOE THAL WILL NOT PINCH.- dreds of usefnl sU/lgestions for busin e.s. It promotes A lS6 to LEWIS . . By Benjamin Lee, M.D. A study of the hygiene of the 200 �'l' N. Y. lndustry, Progress, Thrift. aud Intelligence In every � feet, pOinting out how a shoe should be made in order community where it circulates. o ::l to conform to the true shape of the foot. Illustrated The c... SCIENTIFIC AMIORICAN should have a place In with 8 ctiagramA. Contained in S(,III�NTIFIC AMERICAN ..... SUPPLE>fENT, No. 444. Price 10 cents. To be had at every DwelJing. Shop, Office, Bchool, or J.ibrary. Work. o this officeand from ali newsdealers. men, Foremen. Eng-ineers. Superintendents, Directors, I..L.. Presidents, Officials, erchants, Farmers, Teachers, Lawyers. Physicians, Clergymen,:\1 people in every wulk GAS!-'imple.!iln b",tRnENGtial, Safe,INES F..conomical. . and profession in life, will derive benefit from a rell1l1ar reading- of THI� S(,IE�TIFI(, AMEHICAN. One horse power will pump 1 ,roo gallons of water 100 feet e er Terms for tbe United States and Canada, $3.20 a year; i&}� h �rt'l;��1fe��f ia�:v $1.60 six months. Specimen copies free. Remit by �\Tf'POWEt;;;. R�'5lli' HE';.: I'EIrft, ��DJ INEgJllj\'i�I) TI<:�T. BY AC'l'UA I. Postal Order or Check. Call and see them, or for circulars and prices address IUUNN & (;0., Publi.hers, 361 Bro dway, New Yorl,. THENo. CO 'l NTIN31 LlROAENTDWALAY GAS NEW E?fG tNE CO., a YORK. OZ':El:E

American Sup�ffment. � Of all siZes, from THEScie S()IEN'l'lFIOntific AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT is a sepa. 10 lb. per Hour to rate nnd distinct publication from 'rHl': SCIE,'TIFIO AM- . 50 Tons per Day ERICAN. but is uniform therewith in size, every number 'l'HESPE .lI!lIClUClAAKING,Il" :U,TELEP 'l''':I.r'PlloNE.HO tmINEPANY,S. containing sixteen large pages. THE SCU:NTIFIC AM \!r'IVY • DRIVreR, THW. N. Binary Absornl1on SYStem. W. H. FOitBES, " Gen. VA IL, ERICAN SUPPL((MI'ONT Is published weekly, and includes ECONOMICAL. • M�. PresWent. a very wide range of contents. presents the most re SI E, 's patent of March 1876, It MPL REI.IABI.E. e a7, cent papers by eminent writers In all the principal de (Jil"cula�8. c:�tg� ¥e{�� end fOl� aker�(ot' causes electric undu ations partments of Scieuce and th) Useful Arts, embraCing Irds spoken. and which articu.a Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Geo ro"","_�<,��, �culate sounds at the receiver. ROUTHWARK¥OUl-ID Y�MACHINECOM�AN-r. graphy, Archreology.Astronomy, Chemistry, Electricity. DelamaterCortlandt Iron Works,St., ents and the U. S. Circuit Court 16 thi . _Ie true meaning of-his claim; J 480 Wa shington Ave. Ph iladelphia. , Light. Heat, :I1echanical Engineering. Steam and R&il NEW YORK, IT. S. A. the �lItent has been sustained in the Clr. way Engineering, :\lining, Ship BUilding, Marine En eariIf�. in a contested case. and many in.. ENGINEERS &MACHINISTS gineering, Photogr"phy, Techhnology. Manufacturing final uecrees have been obtained on them. BL OWINC MACHINERY Industries, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture, Hortl. 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The Boston, 12th & ..Street. 109 WITllERBY. RUUU RIC.liA Manufacturers W 61 Oliver-. St. & RDSON. PRINTING lowest priced first. Augusta, Ga . Fenwick Denver, Col •• Blake of Patent wood Working Machinery of every descrip ' HE "�Gientific American " is prill'tedINKS with CHAS.; class pl8.ner in Francisco,1026 Oallter.St. Street. 438 tion. Facilities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied Tenth and Lom. the San Cal., � \ E)[EUJOHNSON & CO. 's mK. Worcester. for Catalogue. •• IIII\l"ket. BOW.(.IIT 8> HIIBH.UfOIl, Willillmsport,Pa, nla Street. ' Chicago, m., 204Lake St. by B.-Ball & co., MIISB. Send bardT sts. Phila., lind 47 Rose St., opp. DuallC St N. 1;