1. Sugar Pines. Sequoia National Forest, California

1961-1975

1. Sugar Pines. Sequoia National Forest, California.

I 42 Keeping Up With The Times, 1961-1975.

Highlights

On July 1, 1876, the population of the United States, environmental values and of the need to protect them, as then constituted, was roughly 46. 1 million. * On July 1, achieving expression in the National Environmental Policy 1975, our population was estimated by the Census Bureau to Act of 1969, which profoundly influenced Forest Service be 213.5 million, including the Armed Forces overseas. planning and programs. In response to the heightened public With this increase of 167.4 million men, women, and awareness of federal activities, the Service launched a pro- children in 100 years, and with our natural resources less gram in the early 1970's to "inform and involve" the people abundant than a century earlier, there was need to stretch in the decisionmaking process as it affected their interests in these resources, especially the forests, to their greatest possi- the forests. The goal was meaningful public involvement in ble, practical use. To accommodate the demands of the ever- developing better land and resource management. growing population (there were 34.7 million more people in The most ambitious planning initiative of the Forest the country in 1975 than in 1961), the National Forest Service involved 3 years of extensive effort culminating, in System was called upon to yield more wood, more water, mid-1974, with "A Long Term Forestry Plan (Draft> more recreation, more range forage, and more wildlife habi- Environmental Program for the Future." This was a compre- tat than ever before. Other Federal outdoor areas and the hensive plan involving the National Forest System, Research, privately owned forests also felt the pinch. and State and Private Forestry. The Forest and Rangeland As a consequence, the period from 1961 to 1975 ws Renewable Resources Planning Act (PL 93-378) of August one of greater challenges for the Forest Service than it had 1974 coincided with the Environmental Program for the faced before. A change of direction was needed to meet the Future and was one of the most significant Congressional needs of the new era efficiently and effectively. This conservation actions in many years to have so great an impact changeover was characterized by a gradually quickening shift on the future of American forestry. This Act represented the from short-term management concepts to fully planned, first legislative recognition by Congress that management of longer range management. This conscious effort to keep up our natural resources can be fully efficient only when plan-

with the time brought notable advances. ning and funding are done on a long-range basis, not year-to-- The Forest Service instituted the principles of the year. Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960) throughout the The Resources Planning Act covered all Forest Service National Forest System. The purpose of the Act was to insure areas of responsibilities and activitiesthe research and coop- that all possible use and benefit might be extracted from the erative programs and National Forest System management. public forests and grasslands without endangering their fti- It required periodic analyses of present and anticipated uses, ture usefulness and productivity. demands for, and supply of renewable resources. The interna- The activities of Forestry Research and State and Pri-tional resources situation also had to be incorporated. The vate Forestry intensified, and emphasis on the use of interdis- Act required that the first national assessment and program ciplinary teams increased. These teams represented a wide be submitted to Congress by the end of 1975. In complying, range of specialities, for example, wildlife biologists, land- the Forest Service was able to draw on its own Environmental scape architects, soil scientists, range experts, engineers, and Program for the Future for pertinent material on outdoor foresters. The teams began working to meet current demands recreation and wilderness, wildlife and fish habitat, range- on the Forest Service and to prepare plans designed to better land grazing, timber, land and water, and human and mesh human needs with a sustained supply of natural community development. The experience of the first century resources for the future. of federal forestry thus culminated in a blueprint for the next The Nation became more conscious of its environment, century. in a spirit akin to but more refined than that of the first *Histica1 Statistics of the United States (U.S. Department of Com- decade of the 20th century. There was a new appreciation of merce).

143 1961-1975 Signs-

Colorado California New Hampshire Mississippi Montana Oregon Puerto Rico Washington

LElS AND Cl-MiX ROUTE ' - b t'('" PAWNEE :i-

NATILINAL GRASSLAND flafl.S strS .

z -

-AKE lANCE VISITGR CEIflEJI SATURDAY AUGUSTim 3 AM BIRD 1RP 2 P1 EALE FAI.L.S ALK SUNDAY AUGUST Bm 10 AM ABaDRA AUTO tRIP 2 P14 ROIP TREE RALI

SEuBuIDso TRAILS N0RAINE PUREST TREE, A 1*11-OR CREEk

Heath11

GUARD STATION

144 1961-1975

1. Water for a hundred purposes

. (Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington). 2. Wood fbr a thousand uses (Ozark National Forest, Ar- kansas).

145 1961-1975

1. Edward P. Cliff, Chief of the Domestic stock and wildlife. Forest Service, 1962-1972. Fish. George Washington National Forest, Virginia. Deer. Nantahala National Forest, North Carolina. Sheep. Carson National For- est. New Mexico.

Sidelights (1961-1975) During this period an interesting trend began to develop, a trend with favorable por- tents for American forest conservation and for the Forest Service of the future. There was a special accent on youth through the Job Corps and the Youth Conservation Corps, a new emphasis on State and Private Assistance through forestry incentive programs, an intro- duction of modern techniques in forest management and forestry research, and an offering 'As the population of the country rises and of new services and opportunities for a/I demands on the timber, forage, water, wild- Americansa general upgrading of both en- life, and recreation resources increase, the Na- vironmental and human resources. tional Forests more and more provide for the The Job Corps program, starting in 1965, material needs of the individual, and the gave young men from deprived backgrounds economy of the towns and States, and contrib- basic schooling, training in skills, and valua- ute to the Nation's strength and well-being. ble job experience. Thus the National Forests serve the people. The Youth Conservation Corps was launcld in 1971 as a 3-year pilot program Edward P. Cliff (1962-1972) featuring summer conservation work-learnac- tivities for young men and women from all parts of the Nation and from all walks of life. The Corps was continued beyond 1974as a permanent entity because of its success in providing gainful employment, in accom- plishing needed conservation work, and in arousing its youthful participants to a new understanding and appreciation of their Na- tion's environment and heritage. By 1975, State-operated projects on non-federal public lands were in full swing along with projects being carried on in National Forests, National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and on other public lands and waters. In 1971, new survey techniques came into being as satellite photos and imagerywere used to make a sample survey of 12 million acres of forests in the Southeast. Also, in 1971, Smokey Bear was joined by a new comrade, Woodsy Owl, a symbol for wise use of the environment that quickly captured the attention and cooperation of millions of outdoor-loving Americans. The Woodsy Owl symbol and slogan, "Give a Hoot, Don't Pollute," are authorized and protected by law, just as Smokey Bear is. Skiing, Mount Hood Na- Skiing, Mount Whitewater Championship Whitewater Plumas National Forest, Califor- Plumas National nia (1970). tional Forest, Washington. Recreation to fit every taste . every taste to fit Recreation Feather River, Canoe Races, Act, The 50th anniversary of the Clarke-Me- In 1974, the Golden Anniversary of a In 1974, the Golden ing a dramatic evolution of State and Private ties between the States and the Forest Service for the good of the public and the forest resources. taining wilderness areas.) Nary Act was also observed in 1974, reflect- Forestry through the years, with ever-closer New Mexico, marked its 50th birthday. (Ten New Mexico, marked the Wilderness years earlier, in passing a long-standing Congress had legally endorsed establishing and main- Forest Service policy of priceless concept was observed when the Gila priceless concept was Gila National Forest, Wilderness Area in the 1961-1975 r'4 1961-1975

The Visitor Information Service Visitor Information Center cific Ocean captures the interest fires that had run wild through of the Forest Servicespecially makes viewing of the Menden- of young plant examiners (Sius- the forest (George Washington trained men and women and hail Glacier a safer and more law National Forest, Oregon). National Forest, Virginia). special facilities to 6.irther one's informative adventure. 3. The annual growth rings tell knowledge, to add zest to the 2. The Cape Perpetua Visitor the age and much more about outdoor adventure, to enhance Information Center on the Pa- the life of a treethe fast-grow- the visitors' enjoyment. ing years and the slow ones, the dry years and the wet ones, and, 1. Far North, in the Tongass quite often, there are marks of National Forest in Alaska, the 1961-1975

Face of Mendenhall Glacier across Mendenhall Lake. A geological treatBlan- chard Springs Cavern in the Ozark National Forest, Arkan- sas.

149 1961-1975

The Forest- 2. A microwave station built in 3. From farm forests in North the early 1960's made this part Carolina come the raw materials 1. There's gold in the river. In of the Helena National Forest, br hand-crafted wooden crea- 1962, scuba divers vacuumed" Montana, a high-value special- tions that have kept many the precious metal from the bot- use area. mountain and other rural resi- tom of the North Yuba River in dents profitably employed. the Tahoe National Forest, Cali- fornia. 1961-1975

1. In Virginia these baskets are woven from oak splits and are popular with tourists. The raw material comes from white oak from nearby farm forests. 1961-1975

"All in the day's work Avalanches can travel up to areas with the objective of reduc- Measuring snow depth in 100 miles per hour, and carry ing the hazard to life and prop- February to determine summer Stream habitat surveys indi- well over 100,000 tons of snow erty (Wasatch National Forest, run-off possibilities (Tahoe Na- cate quality of the aquatic envi- and debris. Anything in the Utah). tional Forest, California, 1970). ronment and provide basic man- path of a large avalanche is usu- Controlling snow avalanches agement data (Bitterroot Na- ally totally destroyed. The Forest with 75 mm recoilless rifle fire tional Forest, Idaho, 1967). Service supervises avalanche con- (Gallatin National Forest, Mon- Checking terrain for suitabil- trol activities at developed ski tana, April 1970). ity for skiing (Lob National For- est, Montana, 1966).

,M y

52 1961-1975

In the summer of 1965, a grazing permit agreement, on District Clerk prepared a similar forestry technician on the Lewis the Routt National Forest, Colo- range allotment map; and Clark National Forest in rado. And, in the Chiefs headquar- Montana measured the diameter Meanwhile, back at a district ters in the Nation's Capital, an- of a tree to determine the vol- ranger office in the Beaverhead other technician kept busy in the ume of wood in it; National Forest, Montana, the Automatic Data Processing Cen- The District Forest Ranger ter. checked the range allotment map with a ranch foreman, the two men discussing details of the 1961-1975 Protecting the forestsa never- 2. August 1970fire struck ending responsibility heavily on the Wenatchee Na- tional Forest in Washington. 1. August l961-1,65Omenin Men moved up to the fire on 16 camps worked to control the foot. Sleeping Child Fire in the Bit- terroot National Forest, Mon- tana. Pack strings helped supply fire camps that were inaccessible by road.

154 1961-1975

Men also moved up to the 1970 Wenatchee Fire in helicop- ters. Water helped douse small spotfires . . And retardant was dropped from airtankers to slow down the fire's spread. 1961-1975

1. A different kind of spraying job took place on the Mt. Baker National Forest in Washington during the summer of 1968 spraying with an insecticide to control the ravages of the Hem- lock Looper. 1961-1975

1. Infrared photography became 2. In this photograph, made a valuable Forest Service aid in with standard camera and film, the 1960's. The eight white the smudge pots do not show lights (from eight small smudge up. Use of infrared photography pots) in the lower left-hand cor- makes it possible to locate fires ner were photographed using in- while they are still small, before frared imagery. they reach a dangerous stage. 1961-1975

Planting ior the future 3. Tree planter at work in a clear cut area. Gifford Pinchot Na- I. Transplanting 2-year-old tional Forest, Washington ponderosa pine seedlings in Say- (1965). enac Nursery, Coeur d' Alene National Forest, Idaho (1963). 2. Checking the seed production area on the Ozark National For- est, Arkansas (1963).

158 1961-1975

I. The aftermath of the Sleeping 3. Stand of western larch re- Child Fire, Bitterroot National claims an area damaged by a Forest, Montana, 1961. forest fire (Flathead National 2. Ten years after the Sleeping Forest, Montana, 1967). Child Fire, the forest stages a comeback (Bitterroot National Forest, Montana, 1971). 1961-1975

Road buildinga major speed and more efficiency have est Service engineers, landscape Kootenai National Forest, activity become important as demands architects, and other specialists Montana. As tools became more sophisti- for wood, for recreational out- also are responsible for the plan- Sumter National Forest, cated and techniques more mod- lets, and forest mobility have ning, location, and operation of South Carolina. ern, the Forest Service engineer grown. The necessity has re- dams, buildings, power lines, Talladega National Forest, began to build his roads follow- mained, however, to maintain water and sewer systems, ski Alabama. ing straighter, safer, and faster the beauty and integrity of the lifts, and generating plantsfor routes. He gentled the danger- environment. In addition to management purposes, public ous curves, bridged rivers, and building roads and trails within use, or, under permits, for com- bored through mountains. More the National Forest System, For- mercial use. 1961-1975

1. The Forest Products Labora- tory at Madison, Wisconsin, is the headquarters for the Federal Government's wood utilization research activtties. Through the years, FPL has proved to be a boon to government and industry alike, with tremendous benefit to the public.

ill'

I.IIJIIIIIIIIIHIEII iiiauiwripiiniPuIII1Il H

6I 1961-1975

The Forest Products structures generally survived the 3. A key 1969 research effort sheets, 7/is-inch thick, peeled Laboratory quake fairly well. developed the product "Press- from a rotating log by a knife. 2. FPL-developed, massive, Lam." It was a system developed The resulting veneer is cut into 1 Four days after an earthquake glued, laminated wood beams by FPL scientists to increase the short strips, press dried, glue struck Anchorage, Alaska, in can stand tremendous stress and yield and quality of wood prod- laminated, and made into planks March 1964, FPL engineers strain. A series of binding testa ucts. In the process, low-grade of lumber. Time: 30 minutes. were checking the damage to to get data for needed engineer- logs are cut into continuous 4. Sawdust (in this case, aspen) light, wood frame buildings to ing design criteria was com- as livestock food? It was explored evaluate the quake's effects. pleted in 1969. in the late 1960's and demon- They found that well-built wood strated its value as such 1961-1975

The Pinchot Institute for Con- Pinchot Institute of Conserva- 2. President John F. Kennedy servation Studies tion Studies in Milford, Pennsyl- dedicated the Institute on Sep- vania. It has gradually developed tember 24, 1963. This was the 1. Grey Towers, family home into a center for environmental first stop on a nationwide conser- ofGifford Pinchot, Chief For- research. vation-oriented trip by the Presi- ester 1898-1910, was donated dent. to the Forest Service by the Pin- chot family, along with sur- rounding forest land, in 1963. It is now the headquarters for the

Ill - I

H\ F!U1 INSTITUTE . flft C(\SERVATION STUDIES . 1NOWL1IG1 0, lIft LAND AND ITS IJftS" oD1cTro PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY £rP1EMc24.9t

163 1961-1975

Job Corps Road surveys Watershed protection, and

1. In 1965, 8,000 disadvan- stream improvement . . taged 16- to 21-year-old youths in the Job Corps were receiving basic education as well as voca- cional-skills trainijig in such lields as the construction of buildings 1961-1975

4. Lifesaving and waterfront safety. 1961-1975

The Youth Conservation Corps 15 to 18 years old; and to give l&2. In 1975, theYCC had is administered by the Forest these young people the opportu- almost 13,000 participants in a Service in cooperation with the nity to gain an understanding variety of outdoor activities, in- Department of the Interior. The and appreciation of the Nation's cluding the installation of objectives: to do needed conser- environment and heritage. fences . vation work on public lands; to 3. Construction of barriers to provide gainful summer employ- help control erosion and improve ment for young men and women the appearance of recreational

areas . . 1961-1975 standing ofthenaturalworld. mens tostudyforabetterunder- lecting snakesandotherspeci- awareness projectssuchascol- 4. Engaginginenvironmental

-4 1961-1975

Long live Smokey Bear! 3. The Range Poster for 1973. sional people have supported the 4 & 5. Each year there is a poster program in a practical way. 1 & 2. May 197saw the origi- which headlines the continuing nal living symbol of forest fire program of the nationwide forest prevention retiring after 25 years fire prevention campaign, jointly at the National Zoo in Washing- conducted by the Forest Service ton, D.C. On the same day, his and State Forestry Departments successor was introduced to the with the cooperation of The Ad- public. vertising Council, Inc. Many noted artists and other profes-

CARRY ON,

Prevent Range Fires. Smok pI,M, 'Sv4r.t/PL!A3'

Only you can prevent forest ffres flyw can prenfires

4 5

168 1961-1975

The new living symbol of Smo- study for 4 years in the National key Bear also came from New Zoo, he assumed his new role Mexicothe original home of and greets the many children the first Smokey Bear. He had who come to see him. been abandoned and was search- ing for food when he was res- cued. After serving as an under-

169 1961-1975

At a planning meeting in preventing Smokey Bear wel- 1971, was legalized as a member represents their views, based on 1973, Agriculture Secretary Earl comed a new comrade, the pol- of the U.S. Department of Agri- research interviews, rather than Butz and Chief Forester John lution-preventing Woodsy Owl. culture conservation team by Act those of adults. McGuire enjoy a laugh with The Woodsy Owl Program is of Congress in 1974, and set Out Woodsy Owl, the Forest Serv- conducted by the Forest Service to capture the imagination and ice's symbol of environmental with the cooperation of the State cooperation of young and old awareness. Foresters and the Public Service alike. "Give a hoot, don't pol- Council. Children made the decision as lute". . . This was the call heard Woodsy Owl made his public to how Woodsy Owl should throughout the land as the fire- debut nationally in September look. The environmental symbol

-1

170 1961-1975

The Golden Anniversary forage, and wildlifeand called Today the Gila Wilderness fishing, hunting, and its of the First Wilderness it Wilderness embraces 433,690 acres of wild, solitude. June 3, 1924. On this date, the from the June 1974 "Forest unspoiled land. Part of the Forest Service of the U.S. Service News," Southwestern Mogollon Plateau lies here, and Department of Agriculture set Region, Albuquerque, New the area has steep, rugged aside the Nation's first tract of Mexico canyons with many streams and virtually untouched National 1. The first Wilderness set rivers flowing through. The Gila Forest (the Gila) and identified aside in the United States was Wilderness has been extremely this naturalness as a resource as the Gila Wilderness in the Gila popular for its unique historic much so as timber, water, National Forest, New Mexico. features, outstanding scenery,

'Wilderness as a form of land-useis,of course, premised on a qualitative conception of progress. It is premised on the assumption that enlarging the range of individual experience is as important as enlarging the number of individuals; that the expansion of com- merce is a means, not an end; that the environment of the American pioneers had values of its own, and was not merely a punishment which they endured in order that we might ride in motors. It is premised on the assumption that the rocks and rills and templed hills of this America are something more than economic materials, and should not be dedicated exclusively to economic use

Aldo Leopold, Forester and Wilderness Crusader

171 1961-1975

Glacier Peak Wilderness Trail riders camp, Bob Mar- Area, Mt. Baker National For- shall Wilderness Area, Flathead est, Washington. National Forest, Montana. This family carefully planned their trip at a picnic ground before heading into the San Gabriel Wilderness Area, Angeles Na- tional Forest, California.

172 1961-1975

1. Heading for Moose Lake por- tage, Boundary Waters Canoe Area (formerly Superior Wilder- ness), Superior National Forest, Minnesota. 1961-1975

Little seeds to promote interna- scientists at the Institute of For- Small box, large implications. venture with the Soyuz space- tional goodwill . . . In an his- est Genetics in Rhinelander, The giving of the gift of seeds craft in the afternoon ofJuly 15. toric mission in July 1975, dur- Wisconsin, and are expected to took place on July 18, after the The Soviet launch was in the ing which American and Soviet produce fast-growing trees of ex- two craft had docked in space. morning of the same day. space vehicles met in space for ceptional height and shape. Apollo Commander Tom Staf- joint engineering and scientific Enough seeds were given to the ford made the presentation to investigations, a small box of ge- Soviet Cosmonauts to grow an Soyuz Commander Aleksey netically superior white spruce acre in the Moscow area, where Leo nov. seeds changed hands. The seeds the climate is similar to that of Apollo (a Saturn lB launch were developed by Forest Service Rhinelander. vehicle) took off for its space ad- c/cPb1i&isi&. CapeCanits1, Flortda 3O5-78 3-7781

und kLiin A'a11e Sc uz-Ju1197 S..erior SeedGift --- Ltr iflte!fl4t I Spct t conauts Serior treesseeds tiled for - d byur ascroraits use jt i Service, ar.d the sueri

L5Dresearch. '-raftsViiiOtduct ay nif. Dt the 9 .nked craftacircle the - in gin and ce: The tetothecosmonauts. --Inch box w Et a1-3/S ,1-3/8 deventsby :eu f portatrt'rch Tbcxcont*in

74 1961-1975

The American Forestry Associa- not unlike today's energy Participants in AFA's Sixth trator of the Environmental Pro- tion's Centennial featurethe crunch. Forest policy, the Board American Forest Congress in- tection Agency Russell Train; Sixth American Forest said, is becoming a major na- cluded Secretary of Agriculture and Dr. Stephen Spurr, Univer- Congress tional issue and guidelines set Earl Butz; Senator Mark Hat- sity of Texas. These speakers and in line with present AFA down by Congress are urgently field (Oregon); Senator Hubert others helped launch a national policy now in effect, the associa- needed to avert or solve future Humphrey (Minnesota), who, debate on "The Need for an tion's Directors zeroed in on the actions that could hamstring with Congressman John Rarick, American Forest Policy." pressing need ior an American flexible resource management on cosponsored the Forest and Forest Policy if the nation is to the land Rangeland Renewable Resources 1. American Forestry Associa- avoid a future forestry crunch American Forests" December 1975 Planning Act of 1974; Adminis- tion Centennial Emblem.

Secretary Butz Senator Hatfield Senator Humphrey Professor Spurr EPA Administrator Train

The Look Ahead, 1976-

At the start of a new century of American forestry, the Range grazing will contribute toward saving feed Resources Planning Act of 1974 (see 'Keeping Up With grains for other uses, and will produce high quality food The Times, 1961-1975" on page 143.) will help set the protein from cattle thus raised. A minimum use of fossil fuel pace fbr Forest Service planning; for management protection, energy is required since livestock converts foragedirectly to and development of the National Forest System; for the food. Agency's research activities; and fbr programs of cooperation Recreation trends point to greater and greater use of with the States, private forest landowners, and countries the forest for all forms of outdoor recreation, particularly by abroad. Under the Act, future national assessments and families for weekend use. programs will become more and more intensive. The assess- In protecting the forests against fire, researchers are ment of future supply and demand for renewable resources emphasizing fuel management. Work is already planned that from the forests and associated rangelands in public and should produce sizable reductions in resource losses and private ownership in this country will be updated in 1979 firefighting costs. and every 10 years thereafter. The action programs will be The never-ending battle against forest insects and updated in 1980 and every 5 years after that. diseases, which each year destroy more trees than wildfires There will be increasing concern for maintenance of do, will continue at an accelerated pace. Major research adequate raw material supplies needed by industry, but efforts will aim at finding new weapons and new methods to improved techniques, accelerated forest management and control such insect pests as the tussock moth, the gypsy protection activities, stepped up treeplanting programs, and moth, and the southern pine beetle, and such forest diseases greater production from small woodlands will help to meet as the rusts, root rots, and the mistletoes. the demands. Computers will become more important in Forest Research will play a key role in achieving better utiliza- Service work. By 1976, they were used for many purposes tion from available resources. For example, Forest Service for the usual administrative functions, for simplifying studies researchers, in cooperation with other government agencies involving masses of statistics and information, for locating and private industry, are developing more efficient wood and laying out forest roads thus saving field work time and products for the construction industry. A new technique will expenses, for determining exact manpower and equipment enable far greater use of the wood in a tree than ever before. requirements for .the control of active forest fires, and for The process includes binding together with glue the usually simplifying the work of forest manager and researcher alike. wasted chips, bark, shavings, and sawdust, and combining Another new program is the planned Renewable Resources them with solid wood to form a practical, durable building Technical Information System (RRTIS) which started to take material. shape within the Forest Service in 1972. RRTIS will enable What does the future hold for other resources and the foresters and other scientists and engineers to keep track Forest Service activities of, through computers, the technology that isbasic to There will be renewed emphasis, stemming from decisions and actions. Data bases will be accessible from the Endangered Species Act of 1973, on wildlife habitat remote terminals installed at various locations throughout requirements on the National Forest System and on all the country. Storage and prompt retrieval of documents will forested lands. be essential parts of the system.

177 1976-

John R. McGuire, Chief of the Forest Service, 1972- Old-growth redwood with typical undergrowth of dense ferns in California.

'Perhaps the greatest challenge facing forestry today is the calendarnamely the arrival of the 21st century. My question is, will Ameri- can forestry be ready to meet the 2 1st century? 'A major determinant of how well American Forestry prepares for the 21st century will be cooperation in resources management. This means cooperation among Federal, State, and private ownerships; cooperation across long- standing professional barriers; and cooperation with new and different arrangements of people and organizations, a trend which is becoming more evident with each passing year. The interested general public is surprisingly knowledgeable about natural resources. Yet people still need to hear forestry's message that sound forestry practices can provide both protection and use."

John R. McGuire (1972- 1976- In today's research lies much of ments for the public benefit in 1. Harvesting by helicopter in the anticipated progress of the days to come. inaccessible areas or steep ter- American forestry in the tomor- rain, for more efficient, more row ahead. Out of the Forest economical logging through re- Service's planning and develop- ductions in road construction, in ment efforts have already erosion, and in other damage to emerged these few exciting, the land and remaining trees. photographed glimpses of new technologies, new fields of ex- ploration, and new improve- 1976- 1. Douglas-fir in Oregon 1976- 1. The Shigometera unique expense, and the frequent failure and practical instrument the sig- involved in extensive late treat- nificance of which could be enor- ment, or damage that results mous for those who grow and from no treatment at all. The use timber. The Shigometer de- instrument is named for one of tects decay in its early stages in its principal originators, Alex living trees and in utility poles, Shigo, plant pathologist with decay not readily evident except the Northeastern Forest Experi- after it has caused external dam- ment Station, Durham, New age. This device can save time, Hampshire. 1976-

1. Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina.

182 1976-

A new world of surveying opens Laser Range Pole Receiver theo- boundary survey time signifi- up for the Forest Service with use dolite subsystem work this way: candy. of the laser beamthe result of a The transmitter beams a laser 5-year joint venture between signal vertically in the air at one Forest Service engineers and sci- point (property corner) and the entists of the National Aeronau- receiver at an adjacent property tics and Space Administration. corner picks up the laser signal and projects a true, direct line 1. & 2. The Laser Range Pole between the two corners. The Transmitter system and the equipment promises to reduce 1976-

1. American elm in Kansas. This tree species is now severely threatened with extinction by the Dutch elm disease. 1976-

I. & 2. A leader in the race to meet America's needs in the future is the Forest Products Labo- ratory, where the search goes on to find new ways to use available timber more efficiently, to find uses for the less desirable trees, to improve milling and other processing practices, and to develop new products. 1976-

1. Bark of Erigelmarin spruce (Colorado).

186 1976- A detailed look at termites. mologists Glen Esenther (FPL) & 3. Apparently environmen- and Raymond Bell (Southern tally safe and inexpensive, the Forest Experiment Station, wood block system is easy to Gulfport, Mississippi), co-devel- use. The research program on opers of the bait system, treat the Midway atoll involved treat- the entire area in the equivalent ing approximately 350 acres to of one 40hour week. protect 250 structures of various sizes and types, including hous- ing. Fourteen men helped ento-

Have termites, which cost American home- owners hundreds of millions of dollars every year, finally met their match? Possibly so, in the form of specially implantedirresistible wood' that has proven fatal to termites. The wood block bait is infected with a brown-rot fungus attractive to termites, sterilized to kill the active fungus, then impregnated with a small amount of slow-acting poison which must be eaten by the termites to cause death. The termites are lured to the bait from as far away as 3 feet. Still in its research stages in 1975 (approved by the Environmental Protec- tion Agency for research only), this wafer-bait system holds great promise for alleviating the soil-dwelling termite problems the world over. A U.S. Navy facility on Sand Island in the Midway Islands was one of the 1975 "proving grounds" for the FPL study in termite control. 1976-

1. San Isabel National Forest, Colorado. 1976- 1,2, & 3. For many uses, there touch, foresters to provide per- pily used since its beginning will never be a substitute for son-to-person contacts, the per- the computer. The Forest Service wood. And no sophisticated in- sonal handling of the thousands already is deeply committed to strument, no modern technol- of tasks associated with accom- the use of computers. This use ogy is likely to replace the plishing the business of forestry. and dependence will increase ground troops," those who with the scheduled national as- work with shovel, axe, and hose There is, however, a powerful sessments and expanding action in the final stages of bringing a electronic force that cannot be programs of the future. forest fire under control. Forestry denied, a force that many forest- will always require the human ers have eagerly sought and hap-

189

Epilogue

Within the annual growth rings that mark the life of this 3,000-year-old ft)rest patriarch, the life and history of the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agricul- ture would show up as a miniscule speck. Yet, there are significant parallels between the life of this picturesque bristlecone pine and the life of the Forest Service. The bristlecone pine has known vibrant periods of growth and periods when growth was stifled. It has had to brave harsh elements in its environment to persevere. It has been sculptured by wind, sand, and ice. It has become a symbol of strength and durability. The Forest Service has been molded by law, by under- standable conflicts, and by experience. It, too, has persev- ered, striving to retain its integrity and to serve the American people.

191 1 - - ( ,t : : ' , ,_ FocusAn Enduring Contribution

If, as the Chinese proverb says, "one picture is worth (recreational photographs), and thousands of researchers in ten thousand words,' the reader of this volume has been the field. spared the assault of some 41/2 million words. Its more than More contemporary Forest Service photographers who 450 photographs and other illustrations represent a small have made large contributions to the negative files include: part of the pictorial treasure in the century-old collection of Freeman Heim (1.ake States), "Curly" Steuerwald (Rocky more than 525,000 Forest Service photographs. This collec- Mountains), Dan Todd (Southern States),Bluford Muir tion is housed, in part, in the library of the Audio-Visual (former head of the Forest Service Photo Laboratory), Ralph Branch of the National Archives and, in part, in the Wash- Fortune (current head of the Forest Service Photo Labora- ington Office of the Forest Service. tory), and Lee Prater (forester-photographer and photo librar- Gifford Pinchot began the Forest Service photographic ian for the Forest Service for over 30 years). collection. He saw in photography a valuable public educa- Over the years many innovations by Mr. Prater have tional device, an instrument to help evaluate changes in the enhanced the effectiveness, value, and permanency of the American landscape and to aid foresters in documenting their Forest Service collection. During the mid- 1940's all negative activities for research and administrative purposes. Pinchot captions were put on microfilm. More recently a system of and his successor as Chief Forester, Henry Graves, were computer access to this negative file was pioneered. It also among the first forester-photographers. Others included provides customized catalog printouts. Nearly 100,000 of Washington Office photographers A. Varela, A. Gaskill, H. the best Forest Service negatives have been selected and B. Ayres, and W. W. Ashe, followed in later years by E. S. transfrred to the National Archives' permanent collection. Shipp and Walter Shaffer. G. B. Sudworth and Edith The efforts of all of the Forest Service photographers to Mosher produced a large number of photographs of the provide coverage of the work of the agency produced a environment. Photographers working in the field (most ofpriceless source of photographic material on forestry subjects. them technical foresters, but a few professional photogra- We have used that material to form the major part of this phers) included: Ige Wernstedt (the northwest forest coun- publication. try in the early 1900's), K. D. Swan (scenic photographs of the Northern Rockies), Wally Hutchinson (Colorado and California), T. P. Lukens (the Northwest), W. J. Lubken (the Bill Bergoffen Southwest), W. A. Langille (Alaska), W. R. Mattoon (State and Private Forestry activities in the East), and F. W. Cleator November 1975

I 94 Photo Credits

Cover photo.-F-162379 Page 23.- Page 39.- Page 55.- Inside of Cover.-F--44478 F-242314 F-523662 1. F-185752 Page 4.- Pinchot Institute for F-19422A Page 56.- 1. F-477445 Conservation Studies Page 40.- F-59299 Page 6.- F-244370 F-242690 F-26755A 1. F-499496 F-515567 F-76568 F-26756A Page 8.- Page 24.- Page 41.- F-18263A 1. F-522141 1. F-523656 Forest Service, Region Page 57.- Page 9.- Page 26.- 2 1. F-42829A 1. F-507511 F-33283 F-90923 Page 58.- Page 10.- F-460531 Forest Service, Region F-12849A 1.Bernhard E. Fernow Page 27.- 2 F-19440A Page 12.- Harold Greene F-14686A F-12752A F-730, by Gifford F-422214 Page 42.- Harold Greene Pinchot F-514641 F-517195 F-22227A F-19021 Page 28.- F-444010 Page 59.- F-16185 F-523669 F-238885 1. F-19473A Page 13.- F-305 150 Page 43.- Page 60.- F-415708 Page 29.- F-18515A 1. F-S 14676 F-416242 Harold Greene F-93717 Page 62.- Page 14.- F-71225 Page 44.- F-35340A F-43105 F-21043A Harold Greene F-34833A F-54141 F-00367A Harold Greene F-34827A Forest Service, Region Page 30.- Page 45.- Page 63.- 9 (Office of Forest Service, Region 1. F-25756 U.S. Forest Service No. Information). Circa 2, 7300 Page 46.- 95-G--33003A, in the 1898, Ontonagou F-514644 F-165834 National Archives River, Upper Michigan F-203047 F-17173A F-37959A Page 15.- Page 31.- Page 47.- F-37955A F-25505 F-403371 Forest Service, Region Forest Products F-22689 Forest Products 2 Laboratory, Page 16.- Laboratory, F-17219A M 141 56F F-32660 M 120 172 F-11923A Page 64.- F-23741 F-02322A F-11148A F-411278 F-53332 F-53 108 F-00860A F-308964 Page 17.- Page 32.- F-17689A F-369672 F-40094 F-18462A Page 48.- Page 65.- F-40877 F-2265A F-21582A Drawing by Page 18.- Page 33.- F-11168A Rudolph Wendelin 1. F-25331 Harold Greene Page 49.- F-40118A Page 19.- F-18653A F-581A F-268126 F-43808 F-84341 F-17757A F-467858 F-416236 Page 34.- Page 50.- Page 66.- Page 20.- 1. F-21039A 1. F-18023A Drawing by 1. Hough Page 35.- Page 51.- Rudolph Wendelin 2, F-523002 1. F-18020A 1. F-29846A F-38500A F-53473 Page 36.- Page 52.- F-401952 Page 21.- F-15626A 1. F-479683 F-418293 F-13994 F-15482A Page 53.- Page 67.- F-53529 Page 37.- 1. F-480830 F-199349 F-242310 F-14762A Page 54.- F-185048 F-242313 F-18909A F-185751 F-184707 Page 22.- F-18929A F-399997 F-397898 1. F-242312 Page 38.- F-468960 Page 68.- Drawing by F-246027 F-248795 Rudolph Wendelin F-12751A F-208823 F-19424A Page 69.- F-54237 1. F-219007

195 Photo Credits Page 70.- Page 85.- Page 101.- Page 121.- 1. Drawing by 1. F-156936 1. 95-G-29260A in the F-485 165 Rudolph Weridelin 2. F-436422 National Archives F-463486 2. F-285358 3. F-194433 Page 102.- F-465406 3. F-412947 Page 86.- American Forestry Page 122.- 4. F-278070 1. F-342637 Association 1. F-478147 5. F-401002 Page 87.- F-172730 Page 123.- Page 71.- 1. F-428698 F-518655 1. F-399405 1. F-393450 2. F-44482A Page 103.- Page 124.- 2. F-278561 3. F-266919 1. F-401133 Drawing by 3. F-409167 4. F-36684A Page 104.- Rudolph Wendelin 4. F-317172 5. F-246334 1. F-204272 F-468318 5. F-407301 6. F-422297 Page 105.- F-443989 6. F-371158 Page 88.- Forest Service, Page 125.- Page 72.- F-260971 Cooperative Fire F-456976 F-365171 F-351254 Protection F-492765 F-431541 Page 89.- F-356947 F-468429 Page 73.- 1. F-424745 Page 106.- F-492578 F-456363 Page 90.- 1. F-496517 Page 126.- F-476579 F-212185 Page 108.- 1. F-502972 Page 74.- F-249319 1. F-91993 Page 127.- 1. F-86475 Page 91.- Page 109.- 1. F-443046 2. F-204813 1. F-380239 1. F-4A7583 2. F-468935 Page 75.- 2. F-33749A 2. F-455275 3. F-494337 3. F-221277 3. F-153253 Page 110.- 4. F-488948 4. F-354396 4. F-176440 1. F-464466 Page 128.- Page 76.- Page 92.- 2. F-465024 1. F-444871 1. Drawing by 1. F-158959 Page 111.- Page 129.- Rudolph Wendelin 2. F-158593 1. F-497 193 1. F-523668 2. F-404367 3. F-166802 2. F-474663 2. F-523667 3. F-369779 4. F-45780A 3. F-474934 3. F-483050 4. F-386847 5. F-249303 4. F-515013 Page 130.- 5. F-430576 Page 93.- 5. F-47 1466 1. F-496536 Page 77.- 1. F-436179 6. F-497887 2. F-493232 1. F-408931 2. F-177158 Page 112.- 3. F-45 1599 Page 78.- 3. F-252335 1. F-458499 Page 131.- 1. F-369798 4. F-252315 Page 113.- 1. F-506137 Page 79.- Page 94.- 1. F-485 140 2. F-482299 1. F-373543 1. F-164475 2. F-496196 Page 132.- 2. F-369824 2. F-185858 3. F-486815 1. F-469565 3. F-373545 Page 95.- Page 114.- 2. F-474577 Page 80.- 1. F-174150 1. Drawing by 3. American Forestry 1. F-218970 2. F-188852 Rudolph Wendelin Association 2. F-249517 3. F-179895 2. F-488405 4. F-521109 3. F-309734 4. Forest Service No. 95- 3. F-488382 Page 133.- 4. F-353532 G-285 193, in the Page 115.- 1. F-471196 Page 81.- National Archives 1. F-483907 2. F-47 1680 1. F-493525 Page 96.- 2. F-489082 3. F-473678 2. F-162540 1. F-253259 Page 116.- 4. F-522358 3. Forest Products 2. F-152987 1. F-482968 Page 134.- Laboratory, 3. F-202571 2. F-476613 1.Forest Service, M 100 959 Page 97.- 3. F-476612 Cooperative Fire 4. F-164888 1. F-175456 Page 117.- Protection Page 82.- Page 98.- 1. F-45 1320 2. N-25468 1. Drawing by 1. F-253912 2. F-486278 Page 135.- Rudolph Wendelin Page 99.- 3. F-497021 1.Forest Service, 2. Forest Products 1. F-253239 Page 118.- Cooperative Fire Laboratory, 2. F-253186 1. F-486648 Protection M 324 20F 3. F-213200 2. F-351079 2.Forest Service, 3. Forest Products Page 100.- 3. F-498335 Cooperative Fire Laboratory, 1. F-179928 Page 119.- Protection M 251 8SF 2. F-251074 1.F-45 1408 3. F-495764 Page 83.- 3. F-265944 Page 120.- Page 136.- 1. F-423981 4. F-179246 1. F-478288 1. F-484929 Page 84.- 5. F-36172A 2. F-483403 2. F-522112 1. F-40806A 3. F-517971 3. F-469300 2. F-253466 4. F-S 15858 4. F-486775 3. F-35806A Page 137.- 4. F-426381 1. F-489773 2. F-497795

196 Photo Credits Page 138.- Page 155.- Page 168.- Page 182.- 1. F-487498 1. F-S20902 1. F-S01947 1. F-504016 2. F-505566 2. F-S20897 2.Forest Service, Page 183.- Page 139.- 3. F-520868 Cooperative Fire 1. F-S2366S 1. F-484582 Page 156.- Protection 2. F-523666 2. F-499683 1. F-519176 3. Forest Service, Page 184.- 3. F-487504 Page 157.- Cooperative Fire 1. F-368430 4. F-492916 1. F-S 18607 Protection, Rangeland Page 185.- Page 140.- 2. F-S 18608 Poster, 1973 1.Forest Products 1. F-465693 Page 158.- 4. Forest Service, Laboratory, 2. F-487159 1. F-SO4419 Cooperative Fire M 143 403 3. F-494721 2. F-S0S693 Protection, School 2.Forest Products Page 141.- 3. F-S21178 Poster, 1968 Laboratory, 1. F-45 1830 Page 159.- S.Forest Service, M 143 402 Page 142.- 1. F-S22310 Cooperative Fire Page 186.- 1. F-504980 2. F-S22309 Protection, Basic 1. F-438101 Page 144.- 3. F-S220S5 Poster, 1965 Page 187.- 1. F-503670 Page 160.- Page 169.- 1.Forest Products 2. F-513408 1. F-506136 6.Forest Service, Laboratory 3. F-515783 2. F-S16310 Cooperative Fire 2. Forest Products 4. F-515920 3. F-S0S732 Protection Laboratory, 5. F-515566 Page 161.- Page 170.- M 118 548 6. F-519209 1. F-4OSS1S 1. USDA 3. Forest Products 7. F-522904 Page 162.- 1272 A 1519-4 Laboratory, 8. F-514484 1.Forest Products 2. F-S23664 M 143 306-iSA Page 145.- Laboratory, 3. F-S23663 Page 188.- 1. F-S 16462 M 126 426 4. DN-3301 1. F-484364 2. F-SO4877 2. Forest Products S. DN-3301 Page 189.- Page 146.- Laboratory, Page 171.- 1. F-S0S907 1. Drawing by M 136 997-3 1. F-49S787 2. F-S05902 Rudolph Wendelin 3.Forest Products Page 172.- 3. F-S 17497 2. F-S 14850 Laboratory, 1.F-470126 Page 190.- 3. F-494694 M 139 025-11 2. F-S03 164 1. F-S12931 4. Forest Service, 4. Forest Products 3. F-520822 Page 192-193.-- Region 3, Carson Laboratory, Page 173.- 1. F-37264S National Forest M 137 451-1 1.F-S 12328 Page 199.- Page 147.- Page 163.- Page 174.- 1.F-242311 1. F-S 19847 1. F-S08S83 1. Apollo-Soyuz Test Inside cover, back.- 2. F-499444 2. F-S08632 Project 1. F-S21733 Page 148.- Page 164.- 2. Apollo-Soyuz Test 1. F-S 18534 1. F-S19122 Project 2. F-516687 2. F-S16177A 3.National Aeronautics 3. F-S 18780 3. F-S 14892 and Space Page 149.- Page 165.- Administration, 75- 1. F-486789 4. F-S12536 H-768 108-KSC- 2. F-512984 Page 166.- 75 P-392 Page 150.- 1. Youth Conservation Page 175.- 1. F-503 106 Corps, 0774 R 1138- 1. American Forestry 2. F-502316 7A Association 3. F-502 169 2. Youth Conservation photographs Page 151.- Corps, 0774 R 1137- 2. American Forestry 1. F-508221 14A Association Centennial Page 152.- 3. Youth Conservation emblem 1. F-519357 Corps, 0774 R 1134- Page 176.- 2. F-515020 25 1.Youth Conservation 3. F-462494 Page 167.- Corps, 0774 R 1142- 4. F-520149 4. Youth Conservation I1A S. F-520642 Corps, 0774 R 1135- Page 178.- Page 153.- 34 1. Drawing by F-521722 Rudolph Wendelin F-S 12720 2. F-4935SS F-504545 Page 179.- F-519994 1. F-S21782 Page 154.- Page 180.- F-507314 1. F-489660 F-520885 Page 181.- 1.Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

197 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service

MajorActivities

NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM RESEARCH COOPERATION Protects arid manages 187 5 million acres: Through Science Produces With 183 0 million acres National Forests Knowledge and Technology State and Private 3.8 million acres National Grasslands for Owners 443,547 acres of Land Utilizarion Projects, on 393 Million Acres Managing Resources Purchase Units, Research and Experi- To mental Areas, and others Timber On these lands are: Water Meet the Needs of an More than 3.7 million big game animals Range Expanding Population 217 4 million Cu.ft.of standing timber Wildlife Habitat Through (1970) Recreation Providing Protection Protecting Resources 39 endangered wildlife species Reforestation Fiscal Year 1975 Income: Fire (1 6 Million Acres in 1975) $373 million from National Forests as Insect Increasing Forest Yields follows: Disease Utilizing Forest Products $341.3 million from timber sales Pollution Reducing Wood Waste Utilizing Wood Resources $7.7 million from grazing fees Conserving Soil and Water $12.4 million from mineral receipts Wood Products Providing Forest Recreation Marketing $9.7 million from recreation admission Enhancing Natural Beauty and user fees Engineering Systems Increasing Fish and Wildlife $. 5 million from power Plus $1 4 million from land use fees Resource Surveys and Related Economics In Fiscal Year 1976: $89 7 million was returned to States In Fiscal Year 1975: 9 2 billion bdfttimber harvested (under 2 Areas and 7 Regions strici regulation) 13.6 billion bd. ftallowable annual cur 8 Forest and Range Experiment Stations 1 4 million cattle grazed 1 Forest Products Laboratory 1 5 million sheep grazed 1 Institute of Tropical Forestry 578 million forest and windbarrier planting 80 Other Research Locations stock distributed, under cooperative pro- 94 Experimental Forests and Ranges grams Cooperation with 50 States, Puerto Rico, 119 Research Natural Areas 292,954 acres planted and seeded Guam, and the Virgin Islands 68,727 acres of natural regeneration 454,496 acres of stand improvement 113.6 million tree seedlings produced in Federal nurseries 199 million visitor days recreational use (calendar year 1975) 340 Research Projects Public Agencies, Community Developmeni 13,713 miles of road constructed and recon- 3,700 Individual Studies Organizations, and Forest Ind ustry structed 1,112 Scientists 6,843.5 miles of road constructed and re- 1,300 Publications Annually constructed by timber purchasers 127,368 woodland owners assisted, affect- ing 10 4 million acres; .7 million bdft of timber products harvested 10,804 fires promptly controlled on lands protected by Forest Service (calendar year 1975) 133,198 acres burned (calendar year 1975)

9 Regions

154 National Forests* 19 National Grasslandsa 16 Land Utilization Projects* 11 Nutseriesa 669 Ranger Districts5 17 Job Corps Centers

Administered by121Forest Supervisors

198 Committee appointed in the fall of 1905, at the direction of Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot, to revise the USDA Use Book, the first Forest Service manual for the operation of the Forest Reserves.

Back row, left to right. Forest Ranger B. H. Crow, Angeles National Forest, Califbrnia; Forest Supervisor Daniel Marshall, Uintah National Forest, Utah; orest Supervisor R. E. Miller, Teton National Forest, Wyoming; Forest Supervisor Edward A. Sherman, Bitterroot National Forest, Montana; Forest Ranger Leon F. Kneipp, Pecos National Forest, New Mexico; Forest Ranger Edward S. Mainwaring, Sierra National Forest, California.

Front row, left to right. Forest Ranger Rufus King Wade, Gila National Forest, Arizona; Forest Supervisor Seth Bullock, Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota; Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot; Assistant Chief Forester Albert F. Potter.