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Western Yellow Pine in Arizona and New Mexico

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Western Yellow Pine in Arizona and New Mexico This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Issued November 24, 1911. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE-BULLETIN 101. HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. WESTJ~RN YEJ_JLOW PINE IN ARIZONA ANI) NEW }lEXICO. BY THEODORE S. WOOLSEY, JR., ASSIWT'ANT DISTRICT FORESTER, DISTRICT 8. Issued November 24, 1911. Bul. 101, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE-BULLETIN 101. HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. WESTJ~RN YEJ_JLOW PINE IN ARIZONA ANI) NEW }lEXICO. BY THEODORE S. WOOLSEY, JR., ASSIWT'ANT DISTRICT FORESTER, DISTRICT 8. TYPICAL OPEN STAND OF WESTERN YELLow PINE, AFTER CoNSERVATIVE CuTTING, TUSAYAN FOREST. CONTENTS. Png(•. Purpose of the study...•••................................................. 5 The tree ••••.•.•.......................................................... 5 Fol"ID8 in the SouthweHt ............................................... 5 Soil and climatic requirements ....................................... ti Size and longevity ................................................... Root system ......................................................... 10 Merchantable length ................................................. 13 Clear length .••••••.................................................... 13 Butt and top taper .................................................. 14 LEITER OF TRANSMiliAL Tolerance ............................................................ 15 Causes of injury ...................................................... 15 Insects ......................................................... 15 Fungi .......................................................... 15 UNITED STA'I'J:<:s DEI•AR'l'l\-IEN'r Ol•' AomcuLTURE, Drought ...................... ~ .................................. 16 FoREsT SERVIcE, llistletoe ........................................................ 17 Washington, D. 0., July ~5, 1911. Stock ........................................................... 17 SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a mnnuscript entitled Lightning ....................................................... 18 Fire ............................................................. Hi " Western Yell ow Pine in Arizona and New Mexico," by Theodore S. Wind ............................................................ 1!) Woolsey, jr., as.osistant district forester, district 3, and to recommend l"roHt and snow ................................................... I!J its publication as Bulletin 101 of the Forest Service. llammals and birdH .............................................. :?0 Respectfully, Reproduction ....................................................... :?0 HEN.ar S. GnA vEs, Growth .............................................................. :?I Forester. Height growth ................................................... :!1 Diameter growth ................................................. Hon. JAMES '\V ILSON, Volume growth .................................................. :.?4 Secre~tary of Agriculture. The yellow-pine type ..................................................... 24 2 Stand ...................................... ······························ 25 Average stands............... 25 Maximum stands..... ?.7 Fully stocked stands................................................... 2R Yield.................................................................... 29 Average and maximum yield. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 Maximum yield on sample plots . 30 Increment of stands.................................................. 31 The wood....... 3:~ Strueturo.. :l:t Gross characters. :!3 Microscopic characters............................................ :ll) Characteristics of cell elements.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ~l7 Quality, weight, and strength .... ~ . 40 Uses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . 41 Preservative treatment. 41 Lumbering in the Southwest............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4:l Grades of yellow-pine lumber obtained. 43 Markets for yellow pine..................................................... -ti) Sale of timber on the National Foresta . • . 46 3 4 CONTENTS. Page. Management of yellow pine on the National Forests......................... 47 WESTERN YELLOW PINE IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXIC0. 1 General policy.. 47 Method of cutting..................................................... 48 Marking the timber. 49 Rotation of cut.. 51 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. Fire protection................ 52 Disposal of brush... • . • . 53 Western yellow pine is to the Southwest what white pine is to the Cost of handling Government timber sales............................... 54 Northeast, or longleaf pine to the Southeast. The commercial for­ Reforestation................................. 55 ests of Arizona and New Mexico are three-fourths western yellow Seed collection and extraction......... 56 Nursery practice................................................... 57 pine, which furnishes by far the greater part of the lumber used Field sowing and planting. 58 locally as well as that shipped to outside markets. Other sources of income . 59 To describe the characteristics of the species and to explain the Conserva.tive lumbering on private lands................. .. 60 methods of management applied to it on the National Forests of the Summary.................................................................. 62 Southwest, in the hope that they may be applied as well, wherever A.ppendix-Volume tables................................................. 63 pos8ible, by private owners, is the chief purpose of this bulletin. It should serve also to assist Forest officers in their regulur work, and to indicate opportunities for the purchase of Go,·ernment stumpage in the National Forests of Arizona nnd New :Mexico. ILLUSTRATIONS. THE TREE. PLATES. FORMS IN THE SOUTHWEST. Poge. PLATE I. Fig. !-Typical open stand of western yellow pine after conserva- The western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) of the South­ tive cutting.......................................... Frontispiece. west, sometimes called bull pine, scrub pine, and infrequently white II. Fig. 1-Fully developed stand of western yellow pine being marked for cutting. Fig. 2-Thrifty blackjack left after con- pine, is the same species of tree as the yellow pine of the Pacific servative cutting............................................. 48 slope. In Arizona and New :Mexico it is, in general, a smaller, III. Fig. !-Close utilization; tops cut for coal-mine props. Fig. 2- knottier tree, with a larger and wider crown than in California, Sta.nding dea.d timber; a waste and a. fire menace............... 56 Oregon, and 'Vashington, the result of a different situation and IV. Fig. !-Extracting western yellow-pine seed a.fter drying. Fig. 2- climate.2 Western yellow-pine seedlings killed by sheep................ 60 Lumbermen and others distinguish two forms of the tree within TEXT FIGURES. the region, which they term, respectively, blnckjnck and ye1Iow pine. Fm. I. Distribution of we~;~tern yellow pine within the National Forests of The difference, however, is one of nge uml uot of ldnd. Bluch:juck is Arizona. and New 1\-Iexico. 8 merely the form which yellow pine assumes before it reaches the nge 2 (a, b, c, d). Root systems of a western yellow pine and a. blackjack. 9,10,11,12 3. Leaves, seed, and cones of western yellow pine.................... 16 1 Many of the figures and other dntn contained In this bulletin are the results of Investi­ gations by Messrs. G. A. Pearson, A. B. Recknagel, J. H. Allison, A. E. Cahoon, R. llcYII­ 4. Rela.tive qua.ntity of reproduction on Coconino and Tusayan Forests. 21 lan, A. D. Read, C. D. Faunce, E. I. Terry, H. B. Burrell, P. P. Pltchlyn, and H. ll. 5. Distribution of blackjack on 5-acre plot.... -.... • .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 CmTen, of the Fol·est Servlf'e, to whom the author de!:" Ires to acknowledge his indebtedness. 6. Va.rious types of western yellow-pine wood. • . 34 t In Forrest Service Bulletin 17, ".-\ Check List of Forest Trees of the Cnlted States," a 7. Tra.nt:iVCnJe, radiAl, and tangential sections of westcm ycllvw-pinc separate species of yellow pine, PtnuB ponderosa Bropulorum, was noted for portions of 35 the Rocky Mountain region. It Is now the judgment of llr. George B. Sudworth, author wood.......................................................... of the Check List, that whatever dll!'erences exist between this form and that designated 8. Transverse section of a western yellow-pine resin duct............... 36 as PjnuB ponderosa are due solely to dllferences In site and climate and not to any 9. Two western yellow-pine tracheids, magnified 50 diameters . 37 IDherent dltference In the trPes themselves. 10. Ordina.ry pith ray, cut longitudinally.............................. 38 11. Ordinary pith ray as viewed in tangential section.................. 39 12. A pith ray containing a resin duct................................ 39 6 WESTERN YELLOW PINE IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. THE TREE. 7 of 125 or 150 years, during which period its bark is dark red~brown or feet the species will thrive with as little as 16.6 inches. In general, blackish, with narrow furrows, in strong contrast to the lighter, however, the indications are that no stand of large extent is likely widely furrowed bark of mature trees. This distinction between the where the annual rainfall is less than 20 inches. In Taos Canyon, two forms, which will be followed throughout this bulletin, has also
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