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The Pioneers-Establishing the Concept of Forestry in the Southwest, 1905-24
Chapter 6 - The Pioneers-Establishing the Concept of Forestry in the Southwest, 1905-24 Ranching, lumbering, and mining were well established in the Southwest long before the earliest foresters or conservationists made their appearance. Ranchers grazed their cattle and sheep, loggers cut timber and chopped firewood, and prospectors explored for gold, silver, and copper on the public domain, almost as a right with no one disputing their course. The General Land Office of the Department of the Interior, which had jurisdiction over the Federal lands, was primarily interested in selling them. Anyone could buy land, usually at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre, either in large or small quantities. Homestead laws were generous, and settlers could claim 160 acres for each adult member of their family. Various special laws, such as the Timber Culture Act, and even more subterfuges enabled businessmen and corporations to acquire large blocks of land without paying even at the minimum price. Ranchers, accustomed to free use of the range, preferred to retain open access to the resources of the public domain-grass, water, timber, and minerals. They protested bitterly when Federal regulations curbed their frontier attitude. In like manner, ranchers, loggers, and others also invaded the railroad lands, taking what they wished and giving no thought to the long-range future of the region. The railroads, particularly the Santa Fe and the Southern Pacific, had few men to patrol their lands and found local opinion solidly against them when and if they attempted to prosecute trespassers for misappropriating property. This state of affairs was normal in the territories of Arizona and New Mexico for the last 50 years of the 19th century, from American annexation in 1848 to 1900. -
The Mapping of Our National Forests
THE MAPPING OF OUR NATIONAL FORESTS By Peter L. Stark This essay was written during my term as a Grey Tower Scholar-in-Residence in the Winter of 2014, supported by a generous research grant awarded by the Grey Towers Heritage Association. Brief excerpts of copyright material found herein may, under certain circumstances, be quoted verbatim for purposes such as criticism, news reporting, education, and research, without the need for permission from or payment to the copyright holder under 17 U.S.C § 107 of the United States copyright law. Copyright holder does ask that you reference the title of the essay and my name as the author in the event others may need to reach me for clarification, with questions, or to use more extensive portions of my reference work. Also, please contact me if you find any errors or have a map that has not been included in the cartobibliography THE MAPPING OF OUR NATIONAL FORESTS By Peter L. Stark CONTENTS Part I Mapping of the National Forets………………………………………….… 3 1. Early U.S. General Land Office Mapping……………………………… 6 2. U.S. Geological Survey Mapping, 1897-1905………………………….. 6 3. Proclamation Diagrams and Executive Order Maps………………….… 9 4. “Type & Title” Mapping by the U.S. Department of Agriculture………12 5. Forest Atlas of the National Forests of the United States……….............13 6. The decentralized administrative organization and its effect on early Forest Service mapping…………………………………………….. 20 7. Defining a Cartographic Program: Forest Service Mapping, 1910-1922………………………………………………………...... 21 8. Forest Service Mapping Between the Wars, 1922-1941………………...32 A. Topographic Mapping………………………………………….. 34 B. -
Geologic Literature of New Mexico by Thomas Peltier Wootton
STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MINES STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES E. H. WELLS President and Director BULLETIN NO. 5 Geologic Literature of New Mexico By Thomas Peltier Wootton SOCORRO, N. M. 1930 NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MINES STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES E. H. WELLS President and Director BULLETIN NO. 5 Geologic Literature of New Mexico By Thomas Peltier Wootton SOCORRO, N. M. 1930 CONTENTS Page The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources ............................. 3 Board of regents ........................................................................... 4 Officers of the board ..................................................................... 4 Publications ...................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................. 5 Plan and scope of bibliography ................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments ............................................................................... 5 How publications may be obtained ....................................................... 6 Abbreviations used ........................................................................... 7 Serials ................................................................................................. 8 Part I. Bibliography ........................................................................ 13 Part II. Index ................................................................................ -
Cartographic Records of the Forest Service
PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF THE FOREST SERVICE (Record Group 95) Compiled by Charlotte M. Ashby The National Archives National Archives .and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1967 National Archives Publication No. 67-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. A67-7213 FOREWORD GSA through the National Archives and Records Service is responsible for administering the permanent noncurrent records of the Federal Government. These archival hold ings, now amounting to about 900,000 cubic feet, date from the days of the Continental Congresses; they include the basic records of the three branches of our Government- Congress, the courts, and the executive departments and independent agencies. The Presidential Libraries.. - Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower--contain the papers of those Presidents and many of their associates in office. Among our holdings are many hallowed documents relating to great events of our Nation's history, preserved and ven erated as symbols to stimulate a worthy patriotism in all of us. But most of the records are l~ss dramatic, kept because of their continuing practical utility for the ordinary proc esses of government, for the protection of private rights, and for the research use of students and scholars. To facilitatethe use of the records and to describetheir nature and content, our archivists prepare various kinds of finding aids. The present work is one suchpublication. We believe that it will prove valuable to anyone who wishes to use the records it describes. LAWSON B. KNOTT, JR. Administrator of General Services iii PREFACE The first step in the records-description program of the National Archives is the compilation of preliminary invento ries of the material in some 380 record groups to which the holdings of the National Archives are allocated. -
THE EARLY DAYS: a Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History
THE EARLY DAYS: A Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History Book 2 Compiled by Edwin A. Tucker Supervisory Management Analyst Division of Operations Cultural Resources Management Report No. 11 USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region March 1991 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover: Forest Supervisor K. C. Kartchner on Ranger Flake's horse in Rinconada on the Mt. Taylor Division, September 23, 1925. Figures Editor's Foreword SECTIONS Interviews Fred H. Miller Robert Ground Lee Beall In The Newspaper Wild Horses More Interviews Ben Keap Gilbert W. Sykes Oscar McClure Roger Morris Jesse T. Fears John D. Jones C. A. Merker Harold Hulbert Perl Charles Hollis Palmer John Mims Robert Leonard Arthur J. "Crawford" Riggs FIGURES 1. Smokey with Chief Watts 2. One of the original Forest Service flags 3. Mogollon Ranger Station on the Gila 4. A treed bear in Rustler Park, Chiricahua Rational Forest 5. An early-day bridge constructed by the Forest Service 6. A Ranger meeting - 1916, Coronado NF 7. A Forest Ranger and Supervisor on a camping trip 8. A grazing reconnaissance outfit, October 31, 1914 9. CCC tree planters in June 1941 10. George D. Russell with the Showboat 11. The 1926 Hanger Training Camp 12. The 1911 Coronado Forest Supervisor's Office 13. The 1908 Apache Forest Supervisor's Office 14. Cochise Stronghold Ranger Station, Coronado 15. Nogales Hanger Station, Coronado 16. Capuline Hanger Station, Santa Fe 17. Bear Cubs on a Santa Fe Sign 18. Running Sheep Through A Dipping Vat 19. Sheep Driveway Committee 18. Smokejumper crew based at Deming EDITOR'S FOREWORD In this volume we continue the story of the early days in the Southwestern Region. -
National Forests of Arizona and New Mexico. the Sunshine Ground
Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. The Sunshine Recreation Ground of a Nation PREVENT FOREST FIRES ------IT PAYS—= U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE SOUTHWESTERN DISTRICT NATIONAL FORESTS OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO OOVERMMENT PRINTING OPTICS 8—4903 THE NATIONAL FORESTS The National Forests were created to insure a perpetual timber supply, to preserve the forest cover which regulates the flow of streams, and to provide for the use of all their resources in the ways which will make them of largest service to the greatest number. • Chief among these resources are timber and grass. National Forest timber is handled as a crop, new stands being grown to replace the mature trees as they are cut. The ripe timber is sold on the stump to the highest bidder. Many cattle, horses, and sheep are permitted on the National Forests under the Forest Service grazing regulations, which are designed to protect and encourage the small stockman. The ranges are handled under scientific methods in order that they will not deteriorate. Permits for many other uses, not incompatible with the growing of timber, are also allowed on the National Forests. HUNTING AND FISHING The National Forests are the natural homes of game of all sorts. The Service is waging a continuous fight for the proper usage of this game, not especially from an esthetic viewpoint, even though there is in all nature nothing so full of beauty and grace as a deer in motion, but from the more practical point of maintaining this highest form of recreation at its very best and for the complete utilization of the vast areas so well adapted to the production of game without interference with other modern uses. -
THE EARLY DAYS: a Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History
THE EARLY DAYS: A Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History Book 1 Compiled by Edwin A. Tucker Supervisory Management Analyst Division of Operations Cultural Resources Management Report No. 7 USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region September 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover: An open pine forest covering Smith's Butte, Tusayan National Forest, October 18, 1913. Photo by A. Gaskill. This publication is part of a Southwestern Region series detailing the cultural resources of the Region. Tables Figures Foreword Acknowledgements Editor's Foreword SECTIONS Setting The Scene Correspondence National Forests The Waha Memorandum The Fred Winn Papers Personal Stories Fred Arthur Leon F. Kneipp Richard H. Hanna Tom Stewart Frank E. Andrews Roscoe G. Willson Henry L. Benham Elliott S. Barker Lewis Pyle Robert Springfel C. V. Shearer F. Lee Kirby William H. Woods Edward G. Miller Henry Woodrow Benton S. Rogers Jesse I. Bushnell John D. Guthrie Apache Ranger Meeting Short Histories Over Historic Ground by John D. Guthrie History of Datil National Forest (Anon.) History of Grazing on the Tonto, by Fred Croxen Interviews Fred W. Croxen Quincy Randles Fred Merkle Edward Ancona Morton C. Cheney Stanley F. Wilson Paul Roberts TABLES 1. National Forests in District 3 in 1908 FIGURES 1. Santa Fe Forest Reserve Office in 1902 2. The first Ranger meeting, in 1903 on the Gila Forest Reserve 3. Gila Supervisor McClure and Forest Officers in 1903 4. Old Bear Canyon Ranger Station. Gila National Forest in 1907 5. Supervisor McGlone, Chiricahua N. F. in 1904 6. Tonto Supervisor's cottage at Roosevelt in 1913 7. The combined Gila and Datil Ranger Meeting at Silver City in 1908 8. -
Preliminary Inventories
PRELIMINARY INVENTORIES Number 167 CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF THE FOREST SERVICE Compiled by Charlotte M. Ashby The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1967 PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF THE FOREST SERVICE (Record Group 95) Compiled by Charlotte M. Ashby The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1967 National Archives Publication No. 67-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. A67-7213 FOREWORD GSA through the National Archives and Records Service is responsible for administering the permanent noncurrent records of the Federal Government. These archival hold ings, now amounting to about 900,000 cubic feet, date from the days of the Continental Congresses; they include the basic records of the three branches of our Government- Congress, the courts, and the executive departments and independent agencies. The Presidential Libraries ... - Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower--contain the papers of those Presidents and many of their associates in office. Among our holdings are many hallowed documents relating to great events of our Nation's history, preserved and ven erated as symbols to stimulate a worthy patriotism in all of us. But most of the records are less dramatic, kept because of their continuing practical utility for the ordinary proc esses of government, for the protection of private rights, and for the research use of students and scholars. To facilitate the use of the records and to describe their nature and content, our archivists prepare various kinds of finding aids. The present work is one suchpublication. We believe that it will prove valuable to anyone who wishes to use the records it describes. -
THE EARLY DAYS a Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History
THE EARLY DAYS A Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History Book 3 Compiled by Edwin A. Tucker Supervisory Management Analyst Division of Operations Cultural Resources Management Report No. 12 USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region July 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Cover: The old crows nest at Baldy Lookout on Alamo National Forest, circa 1908. The foundation was sunk in cement and it was guyed on all sides. "Solid as the Rock of Gibraltar," reads the original caption. Figures Editor's Foreword Three Short Historical Notes Sam Sowell G. A. Pearson Homer German Personal Stories Willard Bond F. J. Monighan Norman E. Johnson Zane G. Smith Gordon Bade Edward Groesbeck G. Lee Wang Samuel R. Servis Robert Diggs Walter L. Graves Ray Kallus Alva A. Simpson Walter J. Caserta Hoyt Harvel APPENDICES Appendix A Regional Office Organizations Appendix B Establishment of Boundaries Appendix C Reserve Supervisors Appendix D Forest Supervisors Appendix E Ranger Districts and Rangers Appendix F Forest Rangers and Districts SUPPLEMENTS (omitted from the online edition) Use Book Annual Ranger Meetings Discovery of Fires Timber Trespass Rangers' Cabins Forest Service Manual Fire Tool Locations Manufacturing Plants Service Notes Horse Shoeing Accounts Laws Act of March 3, 1905 Archaeological Resources Protection Act FIGURES 1. Powers Cabin in the Galiuro Wilderness 2. Fort Valley Experiment Station 3. Tent camp of the combined Alamo-Lincoln Ranger Meeting 4. The Ranger group at the 191 2 Alamo-Lincoln combined meeting 5. Redstone fire tool cache, Gila National Forest 6. Stringing telephone line on the Kaibab National Forest 7. Sargent Seep Ranger Station on Alamo National Forest 8. -
National Forest Management Act
Volume 26, Number 2 May 2014 National Forest Management Act By John R. McGuire, Chief U.S. Forest Service Editor’s Note: Forty years ago Forest Service au- thority to sell timber sales was in jeopardy because of the November 1973 Federal Court ruling in the case of Izaak Walton League v. Butz, that said the Forest Service was in violation of the Organic Act of 1897. In August 1975, the decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. One week later, the Chief of the Forest Service ordered timber sales stopped on nine National Forests in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. The 1976 National Forest Management Act (NFMA) was a direct result of this lawsuit. NFMA re- sulted in fundamental changes in the administration of National Forests. Forest Plans replaced multiple use and functional plans. It is timely after almost 40 years to look back at Chief McGuire’s 1976 Journal of Forestry article on the National Forest Management Act so our readers can assess how implementation has evolved over time. caused by the famous - or infamous - Monongahela decision evolved through the legislative process into the strongest policy direction Congress has ever he 88th Congress is sometimes referred to as the provided on national forest management. Senator T "Conservation Congress" for the Wilderness, Hubert Humphrey said of this legislation "It represents Land and Water Conservation Fund and other conservation a milestone in federal policy toward management of measures it legislated. The 94th Congress may similarly our vast National Forest System, presenting a sound become noted as the "Natural Resource Policy Congress" because of the significant natural resource policy legislation it enacted in its closing days. -
Geologic Literature of New Mexico
NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MINES STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES E. H. WELLS Pre.tdent and Director BULLETIN NO.5 Geologic Literature of New Mexico By Thomas Peltier Wootton SOCORRO, N. M. 1930 CONTENTS Page The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources . 3 Board of regents . 4 Officers of the board . 4 Publications . 4 Introduction . ... 5 Plan and scope of bibliography . 5 Acknowledgments . 5 How publications may be obtained . 6 Abbreviations used . 7 Serials . 8 Part I. Bibliography . 13 Part II. Index .......................................................• ... 85 Plan of index .........................:. ................................ 85 Index ................................................................ 86 Areas described . 86 Bibliography ...................................................... 86 Borings .......................................................... 87 Correlation ....................................................... 87 Dams and reservoir sites .......................................... 88 Economic geology . 88 Geologic formations described ...................................... 96 Geologic formations, tables and sections ........................... 102 Geologic maps .................................................... 104 Historical geology ................................................ 105 Maps, general .................................................... 110 Mineralogy ............................. •........................... 112 Paleontology ..................................................... -
Timeless Heritage: a History of the Forest Service in the Southwest I Where There Are Errors, and We Hope They Are Nonexistent Or Few, We Accept Full Responsibility
United States Department of Agriculture Timeless Heritage: Forest Service FS-409 A History of the August 1988 Forest Service in the Southwest Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff Intaglio, Inc College Station, TX Acknowledgments The authors have genuinely enjoyed the task of writing the history of Region 3, the Southwestern Region of the USDA Forest Service. The Southwest is a beautiful and distinctive part of the country. The history of the Forest Service there is an integral part of the modern history of the Southwest and of the Forest Service as a National agency. Our associates in this task, in person and in spirit, have added to the enjoyment. We began work in 1984, with the personal cooperation and support of the regional forester, Milo Jean Hassell, who retired in July 1985, and are completing it under the supervision of the current regional forester, Sotero Muniz. Both have provided the tangible and moral support to make our research as open and accessible as possible. This has been reflected by the willingness and cooperation of both active staff and retired personnel to lend assistance and offer information and advice. Many individuals have been most helpful, and we are very appreciative of their assistance, counsel, and advice. Dr. David Gillio, our official liaison with Region 3, provided invaluable directions in solving some of our problems and offered good editorial advice on a reading of the entire manuscript, all the while maintaining an intensive regular work schedule. Dr. Dennis Roth, Head of the History Section in the Washington Office of the USDA Forest Service, and Frank Harmon, also in the History Section, were thorough but gentle editors, and invaluable resources.