The Following-Named Localities Are Hereby Repealed
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Studies on the Rodents of Montana
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1935 Studies on the rodents of Montana Harry E. Sawyer The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sawyer, Harry E., "Studies on the rodents of Montana" (1935). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6542. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6542 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDIES on the RODEÎTTS OF MONTAÎTA by HARRY E. SAWYER B.A., Intermountain Union, 1925 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. State University of Montana 1935 Approved: Chairman of Examining Committee Chairman of Graduate Committee Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37343 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI OisMttation Publishing UMI EP37343 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. -
EARLY DAYS in the FOREST SERVICE Volume 2
EARLY DAYS IN THE FOREST SERVICE Volume 2 Compiled and Edited by Jessie Thompson 1955 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE Northern Region Missoula, Montana TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Cover Photo: Northern Region Fire Warehouse, 240 West Pine, Missoula, Montana, about 1922. Stories By: JACK CLACK (Retired 1933) "A Trip Down the Flathead" JACK CLACK "Battle of Belton" CLYDE P. FICKES (Retired 1948) "Forest Ranger, 1907" LEON C. HURTT (Retired 1951) "Transportation, Then and Now" DAVID LAKE (Retired 1940) "Early Day Experiences" DAVID LAKE "The Snowy Mountain Fire of 1900" ROY A. PHILLIPS (Retired 1951) "Recollections" G.I. PORTER (Retired 1942) "The Major and the Miner" G.I. PORTER "The Ranger's Wife" G.I. PORTER "Reminiscences of G.I. Porter" CHARLIE E. POWELL (Retired 1955) "Recollections" THEODORE SHOEMAKER (Retired 1938) "Fighting Forest Fires -- Then and Now" THEODORE SHOEMAKER "Memories" K.D. SWAN (Retired 1941) "Musselshell Reminiscences" RYLE TEED (Retired 1952) "Reminiscences of Early Days In The Forest Service" C.S. WEBB (Retired 1914) "Some Incidents Occuring During My Employment With The U.S. Forest Service, 1913- 1949" WALLACE W. WEBER (Retired 1949) "Rafting the Flathead" WILLIAM G. WEIGLE "Reminisces" Index (omitted from the online edition) LIST OF FIGURES 1. Jack Clack, center, then deputy supervisor of Flathead National Forest, 1915, on the trail up the South Fork of the Flathead River in Montana. 2. First Prefire Ranger Meeting, Bitterroot-Idaho National Forest, 1907. Major Frank Fenn, Supervisor. 3. Old Store Building, 1927, Diamond City, Montana, Confederate Gulch. Helena National Forest. 4. Libby-Troy Road in Montana, 1915, Kootenai National Forest. -
UTILITY and SERVICE COMBINED with BEAUTY a Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960
UTILITY AND SERVICE COMBINED WITH BEAUTY A Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960 Prepared for: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6, Oregon and Washington) April 2005 UTILITY AND SERVICE COMBINED WITH BEAUTY A Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960 Prepared by Team Members: Kay Atwood, Local Historian Sally Donovan, Architectural Historian Dennis Gray, Archeologist Ward Tonsfeldt, Industrial Historian for: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region (Oregon and Washington) Contract #56-046W-4-0550 Ward Tonsfeldt Consulting Bend, Oregon April 2005 Table of Contents USDA Forest Service Region 6 Table of Contents List of Figures V List of Tables Viii Acknowledgements ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: THE PROJECT 1 Purpose and Scope 1 Research Methodology 2 Administrative Boundaries 2 Temporal Boundaries 3 Organization 3 CHAPTER 2: HISTORIC CONTEXT 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGION 6 NINETEENTH CENTURY CONTEXT: 178 1-1891 4 Forest in the Euro-American Tradition 4 Public Land Policy 5 Forestry and Conservation in the 1 870s 5 Region 6 and the Pacific Northwest 6 FOREST RESERVE PERIOD: 1891-1904 7 Victory for the Conservation Movement 7 Forest Reserves in the Pacific Northwest 8 Management Philosophy 9 Grazing on the Reserves 9 Timber Management 10 Rangers on the Reserves 11 The Oregon Land Frauds 11 EARLY FOREST SERVICE: 1905-1911 12 Impact of the Transfer Act 12 Personnel Policy 13 Organization 14 Meeting -
Norbeck Wildlife Preserve Landscape Assessment
Norbeck Wildlife Preserve Landscape Assessment Black Hills National Forest Completed by: Continuing Education in Ecosystem Management Group Module XII June 12 – June 23, 2006 Acknowledgements This assessment would not have been possible without the assistance and patience of numerous individuals. We hope we spelled your name correctly and we are extremely grateful for all your help and assistance. Shelly Deisch – Ecologist, SD Game, Fish and Parks Gerard Baker - Superintendent, Mt. Rushmore National Memorial Bill Hill – Forester, Custer State Park Joe McFarland - Custer County, County Commissioner Ken Davis - Pennington County, County Commissioner Jim Brickley - Mayor Hill City Gary Brundige - Wildlife Biologist, Custer State Park Craig Pugsley - Recreation, Custer State Park Greg Josten – SD State Forestry Coe Foss – SD State Forestry Mike Pflaun, Chief Ranger Mt. Rushmore National Memorial Dan Licht, Reg. WL Biologist, Custer State Park Al Johnson – Owner, Palmer Gulch KOA Dave Ressler - Custer Chamber of Commerce Jim Sellars - Keystone Chamber of Commerce Mike Verchio - Hill City Chamber of Commerce Bob Demerssenan - Rapid City Chamber of Commerce John Forney - SD Tourism Committee Aaron Everett - Black Hills Forest Resource Association Justin Cutler - Recreational Adventures Co. Mike Jacobs – Black Hills Aerial Adventures Mike Dennyson - Developer Brian Brademeyer - Defenders of the Black Hills Sam Clawson - Sierra Club Jeremy Nichols - Biodiversity Conservation Alliance Colin Paterson - The Norbeck Society Nancy Hilding - Audubon -
1910 Forest Fires in Montana and Idaho| Their Impact on Federal and State Legislation
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 1910 forest fires in Montana and Idaho| Their impact on federal and state legislation John James Little The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Little, John James, "1910 forest fires in Montana and Idaho| Their impact on federal and state legislation" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1455. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1455 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 1910 F0r;S3T FIRES IN MOFTAT^A AND IDAHO j TH'ilR IMPACT ON FEDERAL STATS LEGISLATION' By John James Little B.A. Michigan State University, 19^3 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts mJIVERSITY OP MONTAl^IA 1968 Approved by» J "{• ((t^ /<9^ Cnairman, Board of Examiners De August 28, 1968 Date UMI Number: EP36460 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Failed National Parks in the Last Best Places
Contents MONTANA THE MAGAZINE OF WESTERN HISTORY f AUTUMN 2009 f VOLUME 59 , NUMBER 3 3 Failed National Parks in the Last Best Place Lary M. Dilsaver and William Wyckoff 25 Dying in the West PART 1: HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE IN MONTANA AND ALBERTA, 1880-1950 Dawn Nickel 46 Cromwell Dixon THE WORLD'S YOUNGEST AVIATOR Del Phillips ON THE COVER The front cover features Maynard Dixon's Oncoming Storm (1941, oil on canvas,36" x 40"), courtesy Gerald Peters Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico. On the back cover is The History ofMontana: Exploration and Settlement (1943-44 , oil on canvas), one of the murals in the History of Montana series painted by John W. "Jack" Beauchamp, an artist and the director of the Helena Art Center at Carroll College in the 1940s. Saloon manager Kenny Egan commissioned the artist to paint the murals for the Mint Cigar Store and Tavern located in downtown Helena in 1943· Before the building was demolished in i960, the murals were removed and donated to the Montana Historical Society by the Dennis and Vivian Connors family. Three of the panels are currently on loan to Helena's City County Building, where they hang in the main meeting room. The History ofMontana: Exploration and Settlement depicts people and places central to the state's story, including the Lewis and Clark Expedition and St. Mary's Mission and its founders, Fathers Pierre-] ean De Smet and Anthony Ravalli. The mission and a number of other Montana natural, historic, and recreational sites were proposed as inclusions to the national park system. -
Private Property to Public Property: the Beginnings of the National Forests in the South
PRIVATE PROPERTY TO PUBLIC PROPERTY: THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN THE SOUTH Gerald W. Williams, Ph.D. National Historian USDA Forest Service Washington, D.C. March 29, 2003 The federal government has been actively involved with forests in the South since 1799 with the establishment of several live oak reservations for naval purposes. However, large land allocations for national forests would have to wait for 120 years. The national forest system began on March 3, 1891, with passage of a bill–referred to as the Creative Act by the Forest Service–that was designed to eliminate problems with previous homestead laws (26 Stat. 1095). Attached to the bill was a one sentence amendment that allowed the president to proclaim forest reserves (later called national forests) from the timber covered public domain. The only problem was that the public domain (unclaimed public land) was almost all in the West. Within days of the passage of the act, President Harrison had proclaimed forest reserves on some 15 million acres of land. By the end of President Cleveland’s second term, a total of 40 million acres of forest reserves had been proclaimed, some very controversial. President McKinley was faced with a huge problem of trying to overcome opposition to the new reserves and still fund the daily operations of the government, since abolishment of the reserves was tied to the annual sundry appropriations bill. Finally, the Congress passed and the president signed a bill know known as the Organic Act of 1897. However, as the forest reserves in the West grew in leaps and bounds, there was no federal protection for timber areas in the East. -
Jewel Cave National Monument Historic Resource Study
PLACE OF PASSAGES: JEWEL CAVE NATIONAL MONUMENT HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY 2006 by Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch Evans-Hatch & Associates Published by Midwestern Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska _________________________________ i _________________________________ ii _________________________________ iii _________________________________ iv Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: First Residents 7 Introduction Paleo-Indian Archaic Protohistoric Europeans Rock Art Lakota Lakota Spiritual Connection to the Black Hills Chapter 2: Exploration and Gold Discovery 33 Introduction The First Europeans United States Exploration The Lure of Gold Gold Attracts Euro-Americans to Sioux Land Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation Pressure Mounts for Euro-American Entry Economic Depression Heightens Clamor for Gold Custer’s 1874 Expedition Gordon Party & Gold-Seekers Arrive in Black Hills Chapter 3: Euro-Americans Come To Stay: Indians Dispossessed 59 Introduction Prospector Felix Michaud Arrives in the Black Hills Birth of Custer and Other Mining Camps Negotiating a New Treaty with the Sioux Gold Rush Bust Social and Cultural Landscape of Custer City and County Geographic Patterns of Early Mining Settlements Roads into the Black Hills Chapter 4: Establishing Roots: Harvesting Resources 93 Introduction Milling Lumber for Homes, Mines, and Farms Farming Railroads Arrive in the Black Hills Fluctuating Cycles in Agriculture Ranching Rancher Felix Michaud Harvesting Timber Fires in the Forest Landscapes of Diversifying Uses _________________________________ v Chapter 5: Jewel Cave: Discovery and Development 117 Introduction Conservation Policies Reach the Black Hills Jewel Cave Discovered Jewel Cave Development The Legal Environment Developing Jewel Cave to Attract Visitors The Wind Cave Example Michauds’ Continued Struggle Chapter 6: Jewel Cave Under the U.S. -
The Pioneers-Establishing the Concept of Forestry in the Southwest, 1905-24
Chapter 6 - The Pioneers-Establishing the Concept of Forestry in the Southwest, 1905-24 Ranching, lumbering, and mining were well established in the Southwest long before the earliest foresters or conservationists made their appearance. Ranchers grazed their cattle and sheep, loggers cut timber and chopped firewood, and prospectors explored for gold, silver, and copper on the public domain, almost as a right with no one disputing their course. The General Land Office of the Department of the Interior, which had jurisdiction over the Federal lands, was primarily interested in selling them. Anyone could buy land, usually at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre, either in large or small quantities. Homestead laws were generous, and settlers could claim 160 acres for each adult member of their family. Various special laws, such as the Timber Culture Act, and even more subterfuges enabled businessmen and corporations to acquire large blocks of land without paying even at the minimum price. Ranchers, accustomed to free use of the range, preferred to retain open access to the resources of the public domain-grass, water, timber, and minerals. They protested bitterly when Federal regulations curbed their frontier attitude. In like manner, ranchers, loggers, and others also invaded the railroad lands, taking what they wished and giving no thought to the long-range future of the region. The railroads, particularly the Santa Fe and the Southern Pacific, had few men to patrol their lands and found local opinion solidly against them when and if they attempted to prosecute trespassers for misappropriating property. This state of affairs was normal in the territories of Arizona and New Mexico for the last 50 years of the 19th century, from American annexation in 1848 to 1900. -
History of the National Forest
HISTORY OF THE FREMONT NATIONAL FOREST O Melva M. Bach. O Fremont National Forest Lakeview, Oregon 1981 CAPTAtN JOHN C. FRENONT FOREWORD Gifford Pinchot once said, "The Forest Service is the best organization in the government because of the people in it". In my opinion, the out-door-loving S persons who choose their life work in the Forest Service and other conservation agencies are among the greatest Perhaps this is because these devoted people are more interested in helping to wisely use and perpetuate our natural resources rather than to exploit them. The8emen and women employees of the Forest Service are loyal, dedicated, and hard-working persons They work many hours of unpaid overtime to get the job done They are unselfish, giving a great deal of their own time and effort to community activities, such as the Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, 4-s, United Fund, Rotary, Lions, and other service organizations. The wives of these men are exceptional and fine women who do their part in community af fairs They snow that housing and living conditions in the Forest Service are sometimes undesirable and in isolated places, but they cheerfully accept them It has been very pleasant working for and with the great number of persons who have been on this forest I have appreciated this lengthy opportunity to know and make friends with some very fine people, and thank them for their help and pleasant associations One reason for this long opportunity was a letter I received from MrShirley Buck of the Regional Office when I started to work in Lakeview e said "It is hoped you will stay a considerable length of time" I thought he meant it. -
A Forest Mystery Solved
A FOREST MYSTERY SOLVED boys, there's a dead deer," exclaimedcovered, and apparently very fresh, probably "LOOK,Floyd Cossitt, a graduate of the Idahomade the night before or in early morning. School of Forestry in 1924 and now technicalSome of the boys recalled then having seen assistant to the Kaniksu National Forest inthese tracks on the way in but paid little at- northern Idaho, as he was escorting the Juniorstention to them.That evening at the bunk- over an old abandoned logging road. house every effort was made to assemble the The "boys"fif teen forestry students of theinformation and develop the solution.That junior class from the Idaho School of Forestryforest tragedy was enacted in many ways but on their annual two weeks' field trip to theno one was entirely satisfied with the solution. Northern Rocky Mountain Forest Experiment Cossirr GIVES EX?LANATION Station at Priest River in northern Idaho The next day, Mr. Cossitt again escorted the stopped short and there before them lay agroup, this time on a timber marking project, dead doe.Deep gashes here and there overand promised an explanation of the death of the body were evident as if a slashing, sharpthe dead deer as soon as convenient during knife had been used to mutilate the animalthe day's routine.He stated, at the proper unto death.Blood was trickling from thetime, this explanation was obtained from an wounds and from the nostrils.Wide openold-time trapper of his acquaintance and is as eyes of the dead animal seemed to show anfollows: expression of intense pain and no little amount A mother cougar was teaching her offspring of sympathy for the deer was evident on thea cougar kittento kill deer and between face of every mother's son present.The dead the two the dead doe was the result.This ac- animal was viewed in silent bewilderment forcounts for the way the ground was trampled several minutes, each man turning over theand dug up. -
Splitting Raindrops
United States Department of Agriculture Splitting Raindrops Forest Service Intermountain Region Dixie National Administrative Facilities of the Forest Dixie National Forest, 1902-1955 May 2004 Historic Context Statement & Site Evaluations Forest Service Report No. DX-04-946 By Richa Wilson Regional Architectural Historian USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region Cover: Harris Flat Ranger Station, 1914. "There were no improvements existing [at the Podunk Ranger Station], with the exception of the pasture fence, until 1929 when a one-room frame cabin 16' x 18' was constructed. This building was merely a shell and the pitch of roof would split a raindrop." -- Improvement Plan for Podunk Ranger Station, c1939 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audio tape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Splitting Raindrops Administrative Facilities of the Dixie National Forest, 1902-1955 Historic Context Statement & Site Evaluations Forest Service Report No. DX-04-946 By Richa Wilson Regional Architectural Historian USDA Forest Service Intermountain Region Facilities Group 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 801-625-5704 [email protected] Preface This document is a supplement to "Within A Day's Ride: Forest Service Administrative Sites in Region 4, 1891-1960," a historic and architectural history written in 2004.