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UTILITY and SERVICE COMBINED with BEAUTY a Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960

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UTILITY and SERVICE COMBINED with BEAUTY a Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960 UTILITY AND SERVICE COMBINED WITH BEAUTY A Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960 Prepared for: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6, Oregon and Washington) April 2005 UTILITY AND SERVICE COMBINED WITH BEAUTY A Contextual and Architectural History of USDA Forest Service Region 6: 1905-1960 Prepared by Team Members: Kay Atwood, Local Historian Sally Donovan, Architectural Historian Dennis Gray, Archeologist Ward Tonsfeldt, Industrial Historian for: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region (Oregon and Washington) Contract #56-046W-4-0550 Ward Tonsfeldt Consulting Bend, Oregon April 2005 Table of Contents USDA Forest Service Region 6 Table of Contents List of Figures V List of Tables Viii Acknowledgements ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: THE PROJECT 1 Purpose and Scope 1 Research Methodology 2 Administrative Boundaries 2 Temporal Boundaries 3 Organization 3 CHAPTER 2: HISTORIC CONTEXT 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGION 6 NINETEENTH CENTURY CONTEXT: 178 1-1891 4 Forest in the Euro-American Tradition 4 Public Land Policy 5 Forestry and Conservation in the 1 870s 5 Region 6 and the Pacific Northwest 6 FOREST RESERVE PERIOD: 1891-1904 7 Victory for the Conservation Movement 7 Forest Reserves in the Pacific Northwest 8 Management Philosophy 9 Grazing on the Reserves 9 Timber Management 10 Rangers on the Reserves 11 The Oregon Land Frauds 11 EARLY FOREST SERVICE: 1905-1911 12 Impact of the Transfer Act 12 Personnel Policy 13 Organization 14 Meeting the Objections to the Forest Reserves 14 CUSTODIAL MANAGEMENT COMES OF AGE: 1912-1932 15 Changing the Guard 15 Forest Service Administration 16 Impact of the Weeks Act and Subsequent Legislation 17 Timber Management in Region 6 17 The Bear Valley Sale 19 World War I and the Spruce Production Division 19 Forest Fire Management 20 Recreation 22 Forest Research 23 USDA FS Region 6 Histotic Context, 1891-1960 i April 2005 Table of Contents (cont.) DEPRESSION-ERA FOREST SERVICE PROGRAMS: 1933-1941 25 The Pacific Northwest and the Great Depression 25 The Civilian Conservation Corps 26 The Civilian Conservation Corps in Region 6 28 The Civilian Conservation Corps Building Program 29 Significance of the Civilian Conservation Corps to Region 6 29 The National Industrial Recovery ActThe "Blue Eagle" and Sustained Yield 30 Oregon's Big Burn 30 New Mills in the Late 1930s 31 Recreation and the New Deal 32 WORLD WAR HAND THE POST-WAR PE1UOD: 1942-1960 32 The Second World War 32 The Post-War Timber Market 34 Forest Recreation 36 The Reservoir-Building Era 36 Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960 37 The Post-Industrial Period 38 CHAPTER 3: FOREST SERVICE BUILDING PROGRAM 39 AN ARChITECTURAL HISTORY ADMINISTRATIVE FACILITIES 39 Administrative Buildings and Sites 39 Forest Reserve Period: 1891-1904 39 Early Forest Service Period: 1905-1911 40 Site Improvements 41 Standard Plans: Building Designs 42 Cabins 42 Bunkhouses, Store Houses, and Stables 43 Intermediate Period: 1912-1932 45 - Forest Service Management Comes of Age Frank A. Waugh - Landscape Architect 45 The National Park Service Influence 46 The Automobile: Paving the Way 47 Manuals and Handbooks 48 Depression-Era: 1933-1941 51 Site Planning 51 Region 6 Architects and the "Rustic" Style 52 Dwellings 54 Offices 55 Support Buildings 55 World War II and the Post War Period: 1942-1960 57 Post-War Period 58 Surplus Buildings: Meeting the Demand 58 The New Building Program 59 Architectural Influences in the Post-War Period 62 USDA FS Region 6 ilistoTic Context, 1891-1960 ii April 2005 Table of Contents (cont.) FIRE AND FOREST HEALTH 65 Trails, Lookouts, Guard Stations, and Other ServiceRelated Facilities 65 Early Forest Service Period: 1905-1911 65 Intermediate Period: 1912-1932 67 - Forest ServiceManagement Comes of Age Depression Era: 1933-1941 70 World War II and the Post-War Period: 1942-1960 73 RECREATION FACILITIES 75 Early Forest Service Period: 1905-1911 75 Intermediate Period: 1912-1932 76 - Forest Service ManagementComes of Age Campgrounds and Picnic Areas 78 Recreational Trails and Shelters 78 Resorts and Lodges 78 Summer Home Tracts 79 Depression Era: 1933-1941 80 Campgrounds and Picnic Areas 80 Resorts and Lodges 85 Winter Sports Areas 86 Orgafli7atiOflal Camps and Clubs (Private and Public) 87 Club Sites 88 Summer Home Tracts 88 Recreational Trails and Associated Structures 89 World War II and the Post-War Era: 1942-1960 91 Campground and Picnic Areas 91 Other Recreational Facilities 92 SPECIAL RESOURCE TYPES 92 Forest and Range Research Facilities 92 Nurseries 93 CCC, Blister-Rust, and other Work Camp Buildings 93 Timber Production Facilities 94 COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT RESOURCE TYPES 95 Snow-Survey Cabins, USGS Stream-Gaging Stations 95 Fish Hatcheries 95 Railroads 96 Military Operations 96 Other Cooperating Agencies 96 April 2005 USDA FS Region 6 Historic Context, 1891-1960 iii Table of Contents (cont.) CIIAJ'TER 4: EVALUATION 97 ELIGIBILITY CIUTERIA 97 CRITERIA 97 SPECIAL CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS 97 TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION 98 PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE 99 BROAD THEMES OF SIGNIFICANCE 99 INTEGRITY 99 RESOURCE TYPES 100 Administrative 100 Recreation 101 SPECIAL RESOURCE TYPES 102 COOPERATWE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 102 SIGNIFICANCE-QUALIFYING REQUIREMENTS 103 Administrative: Buildings and Sites 104 Administrative: Fire Detection and Suppression 106 Recreation Facilities 108 Summary 111 Organizational Schemes for Potential National Register Nominations 111 CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES 113 USDAFSRegiOn6}listoncContext,1891-1960 iv April 2005 Lists of Figures and Tables Unless noted in the figure caption, all photographs, drawings, and plans used in this report were provided by Region 6, USDA Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot NF archives. Figures Figure 1 Silver Springs Guard Station, photo taken 1936, White River RD, 1 Mt. Baker-Snoqualrnie NF. Figure 2 USDA National Forests in Region 6. 2 (map source: <www.fs.fed.us/r6/r6nf.htm>) Figure 3 Sheep grazing in Heliroaring Meadows, Mt. Adams, 15 Columbia NF, c. 1922. Figure 4 Eilert Skaar, Assistant Forest Ranger, Twin Buttes Guard Station, 17 ColumbiaNF, 1911. Figure 5 The Mountaineers' 1911 ascent of Mt. Adams. Fifth annual 22 outing of the climbing club. Figure 6 View of the Wind River Nursery, Gifford Pinchot NF, ca. 1920. 23 Figure 7 CCC firefighter crew, Sunset CCC Camp, Columbia National Forest, 1930s. 27 Figure 8 Eagle Creek Campground, Mt. Hood NF, 1 930s (now in Columbia 32 River Gorge NSA). Figure 9 Log Truck at landing, Iron Creek Timber Sale, Gifford Pinchot NF, 1949. 35 Note high lead yarding with steam-powered yarder. Figure 10Murderer's Creek Guard Station, Maiheur NF, built 1913. 39 Figure 11Forest Ranger Elias J. Wigal at Hemlock Ranger Station, Wind River, 41 Gifford Pinchot NF, 1909. Wind River Administrative Site Historic District, 1999. Figure 12Plan No. 3, two-room ranger cabin, 1908 Standard Plan for 41 Building on Ranger Stations. Figure 13Plan No. 20 for a two-stall stable from the 1908 Standard Plan 43 for Building on Ranger Stations. Figure 14a) Plan No. 7 from the 1908 Standard Plan for Building on Ranger Stations - 44 Although smaller, the Gotchen Creek Guard Station, Gifford Pinchot NF, is similar to this standard plan; b) Historic view of Gotchen Creek Station, built 1909; c) 2004 photograph of station. Figure 15Suggested site plan for ranger station by Frank Waugh, landscape 45 architect, 1918. Figure 16Bungalow style ranger residence (built 1921), Darrington RD. 46 Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie NF. USDAFSRcgion6HistoTicContext, 1891-1960 v April 2005 Figure 17Suiattle Guard Station (1913), Darrington RD. Mt.Baker-Snoqualinie NF. 47 Figure 18Historic view of cow barn (1912), Mt. Adams RD. GiffordPmchot NP. 47 Figure 19Warehouse (1928), Zigzag RD, Mt. Hood NP. 47 Figure 20Coordinated site plan for the "Conifer Ranger Station, 48 Pacific National Forest" from the 1932 Lands Handbook L (R-6). Figure 21Big Elk Guard Station (1929), Rogue RiverNF. 50 Figure 22Construction details from the USDA, Forest Service's 1937 52 Improvement Handbook. Figure 23Leavenworth RD Residence, Wenatchee NP. Standard Plan 53 No. 201 reproduced in Acceptable Plans FS AdministrativeBuildings, 1938. Figure 24Cascade Head Experiment Station, Siuslaw NF, coastal Cape Codstyle. 54 Figure 25Photograph of Zigzag South Residence, Mt. Hood NF, andmatching 54 design from Standard Plan No. 300 reproduced in AcceptablePlans FS Administrative Buildings (right). Figure 26Photograph of Zigzag Carpenter Shop, Mt. Hood NF, and matching 56 design from Standard Plan No. 707 in Acceptable PlansFS Administrative Buildings (right). Figure 27Ripplebrook RS Residence, Mt. Hood NP, 1957 by PS architectDiBenedetto. 61 Figure 28Estacada RD Residence (currently a bunkhouse, built 1960),designed 63 by Architect DiBenedetto. 1958 standard plan for athree-bedroom residence (note garage location has been reversed). Figure 29Olallie Meadow Guard Cabin (1910), Mt. Hood NP. Oneof the 66 oldest guard stations in Region 6. Figure 30Bridge construction details from USDA Forest Service 1923 68 publication Trails Construction on the National Forests. Figure 31Oregon Butte Fire Lookout (1935), Umatilla National Forest. 71 Example of a gable roofed L-4 type lookout. Figure 32Lodgepole Guard Station (1933), Rogue River NF. 72 Figure 33Red Mountain R-6 Flat Top Lookout (1959), GiffordPinchot NP. 73 Figure 34Eagle Creek Campground Historic Layout, from the Historic 76 Columbia River Highway Scenic Byway Corridor, June 1997. Figure 35Still Cr. Summer Homes (1937), Mt. Hood NF built inthe Rustic style. 79 Skilled craftsperson Hemy Steiner built lower cabin (personalphoto Collection, Sally Donovan, Hood River, OR). April 2005 USDA FS Region 6 Historic Context, 1891-1960 Vi Figure 36Community Kitchen design from the 1935 Lands Handbook (Plate 12-E-1). 80 Figure 37Recommended Camp Unit Layouts in 1937 Camp Stoves and Fireplaces. 87 Figure 38Iron Mike Spring Shelter, Gifford Pmchot NF. 82 Figure 39Types of fireplaces for camp sites in the 1937 Camp Stove andFireplaces, 83 Plate 144. Figure 40Forest Camp Registiy Booth design from 1935 LandsHandbook. 84 Figure 41Ski Hut Design for building in Wenachee NF, Region 6.
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