Cephalopods As Vectors of Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins: a Toxicokinetic and Ecophysiological Approach

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Cephalopods As Vectors of Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins: a Toxicokinetic and Ecophysiological Approach UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Cephalopods as vectors of harmful algal bloom toxins: a toxicokinetic and ecophysiological approach “Documento Definitivo” Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar Vanessa Sofia Madeira Lopes Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rui Afonso Bairrão da Rosa Doutor Pedro José Conde Reis Costa Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2018 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Cephalopods as vectors of harmful algal bloom toxins: a toxicokinetic and ecophysiological approach Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar Vanessa Sofia Madeira Lopes Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Rui Afonso Bairrão da Rosa Doutor Pedro José Conde Reis Costa Júri: Presidente: ● Doutora Maria Manuela Gomes Coelho de Noronha Trancoso, Professora Catedrática e Presidente do Departamento de Biologia Animal da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: ● Doutor Alexandre Marnoto de Oliveira Campos, Investigador Auxiliar no Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto ● Doutor Mário Emanuel Campos de Sousa Diniz, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa ● Doutor João Manuel de Figueiredo Pereira, Investigador Auxiliar do Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA) ● Doutora Ana de Jesus Branco de Melo de Amorim Ferreira, Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa ● Doutor Rui Afonso Bairrão da Rosa, Investigador FCT de nível de desenvolvimento da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) 2018 Agradecimentos Ter chegado a este momento não foi certamente apenas trabalho meu. Devo agradecimentos incondicionais a tantas pessoas, e não só! A palavra agradecimento não chega para expressar a minha profunda gratidão ao meu orientador e “mestre”, Doutor Rui Rosa. Obrigada por estes 8 anos, por teres acreditado no meu potencial, por ainda me contagiares com o “bichinho” da ciência, por nunca te acabarem as ideias sobre o que fazer a seguir, por todos os conselhos, ensinamentos e desabafos. Por me inspirares a querer ser mais e melhor, por mostrares o que é ser mais e melhor, pela jovialidade, pelos bons exemplos, pelos “raspanetes” merecidos, por seres mais do que cabe em ti. Ao Doutor Pedro Costa, que não me conhecia de lado nenhum e que me aceitou como sua aluna. Por me teres mostrado o que este mundo da toxicologia tem para oferecer, por toda a motivação e conselhos que me deste, por seres sempre bem- disposto e aceitares todas as ideias que propus. Por me teres ensinado e guiado para que fosse autossuficiente. Aos meus polvos, por mais vezes que me tenham fugido dos aquários e por mais dores de cabeça que me tenham proporcionado, encheram-me o coração naqueles dias menos bons, fizeram-me ver que há todo um mundo novo e inexplorado, são uma fonte inesgotável de conhecimento e inspiração. Por isso, fizeram-me querer ser melhor para os conhecer mais um pouco, ir um pouco mais além e fascinaram-me todos os dias com aqueles olhos lindos e fugas impossíveis! Obrigada por me deixarem entrar no vosso mundo. Agradecer ao Laboratório Marítimo da Guia inclui também agradecer ao próprio edifício, por conter conhecimento centenário, por inspirar qualquer pessoa que lá entre, como aconteceu comigo, há “tantos” anos atrás. Foi o sítio que escolhi como segunda casa e no qual passei incontáveis momentos, bons e maus, como tudo na vida. Espero aqui continuar, por muitos anos. Quatro anos é muito tempo, e muitas pessoas cruzaram a sua estadia na Guia comigo. Aos alunos de Erasmus que estiveram pouco tempo, mas ficaram tempo suficiente para deixar a sua marca. À “croatian woman” mais espectacular, Meri, por teres sido uma companhia tão presente, por teres entrado na minha família do coração, lindezas! Às minhas “awesome” espanholitas, Sara e Lídia, por terem sido tão preciosas, divertidas e por todos os momentos que passámos. To the “little Italian” Luanni, for all the insane car rides and countless laughs! À Matilde Costa, a moça da mochila amarela, por me ter salvo a sanidade e ter incorporado uma parte considerável do trabalho em 2015, por partilhar o gosto dos polvinhos comigo. À Catarina Vara, que foi um presente caído do céu, que veio para estudar imunologia e acabou por ser raptada para o mundo da toxicologia de polvos. Por toda a competência, desenrasque, mangas arregaçadas, alegria, motivação, ajuda e incentivo, por me fazer ter saudades dela quando se for embora, por estes últimos meses, tão críticos! No IPMA, agradecimentos são devidos à Sara Costa e a todos do Laboratório das Biotoxinas Marinhas, por todas as vezes que perguntei onde estavam coisas e pacientemente me ajudaram. Agora os agradecimentos aos residentes do “meu” forte à beira-mar. Toda a equipa com quem vivi o meu dia-a-dia, com quem desabafei os males e celebrei as alegrias. À “minha” Catarina Santos, Cat, por me mostrar tantas vezes o lado cor de rosa da vida, pela voz doce e pela insanidade inata. Nunca a percas, por favor. Por ter sido sempre uma presença constante no meu percurso e por todas as gargalhadas descontroladas e viagens de ida e volta que nunca mais foram as mesmas. Por seres tão real, que é desarmante, obrigada. Ao Vasco, Baskins, que chegou tão calmamente, mas que mudou os dias na Guia, com uma presença tão positiva que tornou todos à sua volta felizes, o mundo precisa de mais Vascos. Ao Francisco Carvalho, por seres a alegria de viver em pessoa. Por todos os momentos parvos partilhados, por estes anos de coexistência, que tornaram a minha existência mais feliz! Ao Francisco Borges, um pequeno génio, de aparência séria, mas que no fundo é tão louco como os demais. Obrigada pelas viagens, foram mais leves contigo por perto. Ao Zé, que é um investigador brilhante, e que é como um miúdo numa loja de brinquedos, de olhos a brilhar com o mundo científico. Obrigada pela motivação e encorajamento, és um exemplo a seguir! À Cátia e Tiago Grilo, que contribuem tanto para a alegria generalizada naquele laboratório. Por terem sempre conversas interessantes e por toda a genuinidade! A todos os alunos de Mestrado neste momento na Guia, que tornam aquele espaço num sítio mais feliz, que nos renovam e nos tornam mais sábios, que permitem que observe o vosso percurso e que me orgulhe nos vossos sucessos, Cláudia, Érica, Ricardo. A todos os outros membros do nosso grupo na Guia, Maria Rita (Maryland) obrigada pela tua simplicidade, genuinidade, e nossa partilha de memes e expressões tolas; Marta, que bom que as condições se proporcionaram para nos aproximarmos, sou mais feliz assim; Ricardo Cyrne, obrigada por todos os contributos para a boa disposição, Miguel e Tiago Repolho por terem estado lá no início e por saber que posso sempre contar convosco. Ao Eduardo, por ser eu meu mano cefalopódico, por termos o mesmo tipo de humor e as mesmas horas de almoço. Por todas as correcções preciosas que fizeste, por teres tomado tanto do teu tempo, tão pacientemente e bem-disposto para me ajudar no último trabalho desta dissertação. Por me tranquilizares e ajudares a que tudo tivesse corrido bem, por todo o companheirismo e pela nossa honestidade um com o outro. À Rita, a “minha” Pipoks, que percorreu este caminho comigo, que partilhou as alegrias e momentos menos bons, em quem me pude apoiar tantas vezes, que me ajudou com os prazos e burocracias, senão se calhar teria falhado algum prazo importante e não estaria aqui. Obrigada por teres sido como uma irmã para mim, através de todas as adversidades que passei, estamos quase!! Ao Sr. Ramos, pois sem ele, conseguir os meus polvinhos teria sido uma tarefa muito complicada, obrigada por poder contar consigo há tanto tempo. A ambas as instituições de acolhimento que tornaram possível a execução desta dissertação, Marine Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE – ULisboa) e Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera. À Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) pelo financiamento da minha bolsa de Doutoramento (SFRH/BD/97633/2013). À minha família, que me permitiu sempre sonhar mais alto, não encaixar no molde e ser eu própria. Por todas as vezes que tiveram curiosidade sobre o que estava a fazer, aqui está o resultado! Obrigada! Ao Jorge, por teres aparecido tão inesperadamente na minha vida e teres mudado o meu mundo para melhor. Por todos os imensos incentivos que me deste, por todas as vezes que me ajudaste a “digerir” resultados, desenvolver o meu sentido crítico e pensar mais além. Por te orgulhares de todos os meus sucessos, pequenos e grandes. Por todo o amor incondicional e compreensão, por partilhares comigo esta experiência. Às duas pessoas que foram a maior parte da minha vida, que sem as quais esta dissertação teria sido feita pois não estaria no percurso em que estou. Ao menino que vi nascer e que já está mais alto que eu, que orgulho imenso em ti. Obrigada por veres em mim um exemplo e por me teres feito crescer, por me perdoares as minhas falhas. Obrigada Mô. À pessoa mais forte que conheço, e que tenho a certeza que há poucas como tu, se é que há. Sem dúvida que sou o que sou hoje quase exclusivamente por tua causa. Por tornares possível eu enveredar por este caminho que é mais difícil do que fácil, pelo orgulho que sentes por mim, por perceberes quase tanto de cefalópodes como eu. Por todos os dias que fui menos do que podia ser, teres sido sempre tão tu. Esta dissertação também é tua. Obrigada Mamma. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of abbreviations and units 1 List of figures 5 List of tables 9 Abstract and Keywords 13 Resumo e palavras-chave 16 Resumo alargado 18 List of papers 25 Chapter One General Introduction 29 1.1.
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