Ecology of the Common Octopus Octopus Vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) in the Atlantic Iberian Coast: Life Cycle Strategies Under Different Oceanographic Regimes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ecology of the Common Octopus Octopus Vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) in the Atlantic Iberian Coast: Life Cycle Strategies Under Different Oceanographic Regimes Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Ecology of the Common Octopus Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) in the Atlantic Iberian coast: Life cycle strategies under different oceanographic regimes Sílvia Alexandra Pereira Lourenço Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura 2014 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal Ecology of the Common Octopus Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) in the Atlantic Iberian coast: Life cycle strategies under different oceanographic regimes Sílvia Alexandra Pereira Lourenço Tese orientada por Prof. Dr. Luís Narciso (FCUL/CO), Dr. Ángel F. González González (IIM-CSIC) e por Dr. João Pereira (IPMA) 2014 Doctoral dissertation in Biology (specialization in Marine Biology and Aquaculture) presented to the University of Lisboa Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de doutor (Especialidade Biologia Marinha e Aquacultura) Sílvia Alexandra Pereira Lourenço 2014 “Mas não investigues: diverte-te. Crias dificuldades e conceitos para atrasar a tua chegada. Amanhã chegarás no esconderijo onde ainda ontem escondeste a resposta.” Gonçalo M. Tavares, Breves notas sobre ciência, 2006 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 5 RESUMO 6 RESUMO ALARGADO 7 LIST OF PAPERS 13 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 17 1.1. OCTOPUS FISHERIES 17 1.2. EVOLUTION AND GENETICS 20 1.3. BIOGEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF THE STUDY AREA 23 1.4. ANALITICAL METHODS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 28 1.5. OBJECTIVES 31 2. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE AND NUTRITIONAL HABITAT UNDER DIFFERENT OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS 37 2.1. SEASONAL TRENDS OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF OCTOPUS VULGARIS IN TWO ENVIRONMENTALLY DISTINCT COASTAL AREAS 37 Abstract 37 2.1.1. Introduction 38 2.1.2. Material and Methods 40 2.1.2.1. Sampling 40 2.1.2.2. Data Analysis 42 2.1.3. Results 44 2.1.4. Discussion 50 Acknowledgements 54 Bibliographic References 54 2.2. DOES THE TROPHIC HABITAT INFLUENCE THE BIOCHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GONAD OF OCTOPUS VULGARIS? STABLE ISOTOPES AND LIPID CLASS CONTENTS AS BIO-INDICATORS OF DIFFERENT LIFE CYCLE STRATEGIES 58 Abstract 58 2.2.1. Introduction 59 2.2.2.1. Stable isotope analyses 62 2.2.2.2. Lipid class analyses 62 2.2.3. Results 64 1 Table of contents 2.2.3.1. Diet and Habitat 64 2.2.3.2. Maturity 68 2.2.4. Discussion 70 Acknowledgements 73 Bibliographic References 73 3. HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FOR OCTOPUS VULGARIS PARALARVAE AND JUVENILES 79 3.1. THE RÍA DE VIGO OCTOPUS VULGARIS SPAWNING GROUND: LOCAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF PARALARVAE 79 Abstract 79 3.1.1. Introduction 80 3.1.2. Material and Methods 81 3.1.3. Results 82 3.1.4. Discussion 84 Acknowledgments 86 Bibliographic References 86 3.2. NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF WILD OCTOPUS VULGARIS PARALARVAE AND THEIR POTENTIAL PREY OFF WESTERN IBERIAN UPWELLING SYSTEM 89 Abstract 89 3.2.1. Introduction 90 3.2.2. Material and Methods 92 3.2.2.2. Biochemical methods 93 3.2.2.3. Statistical analysis 95 3.2.3. Results 97 3.2.4. Discussion 105 Acknowledgements 109 Bibliographic References 110 3.3. ESSENTIAL HABITATS FOR PRE-RECRUIT OCTOPUS VULGARIS ALONG THE PORTUGUESE COAST 115 Abstract 115 3.3.1. Introduction 116 3.3.2. Material and Methods 117 3.3.2.1. Survey sampling 117 2 Table of contents 3.3.2.2. Environmental data 118 3.3.2.3. Data analysis 119 3.3.3. Results 121 3.3.3.1. Environmental variation along the Portuguese continental shelf 121 3.3.3.2. Recruitment grounds 121 3.3.3.3. Environmental effects and essential habitat 125 3.3.4. Discussion 131 Acknowledgements 137 Bibliographic References 137 4. ASSESSING AGE IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS JUVENILES IN THE PORTUGUESE NORTHWEST COAST 143 4.1. STYLET (VESTIGIAL SHELL) SIZE IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS (CEPHALOPODA) HATCHINGS USED TO LOCATE STYLET NUCLEUS IN ADULTS 143 Abstract 143 4.1.1. Introduction 144 4.1.2. Material and Methods 145 4.1.3. Results 148 4.1.4. Discussion 152 Acknowledgments 156 Bibliographic References 156 4.2. AGE AND GROWTH OF POST-SETTLED OCTOPUS VULGARIS: AGEING METHODOLOGIES AND CHALLENGES 159 Abstract 159 4.2.1. Introduction 160 4.2.2. Material and methods 161 4.2.2.1. Sampling and storing 161 4.2.2.2. Stylet preparation 162 4.2.2.3. Stylet microstructure analysis and age estimation 163 4.2.3. Results 166 Acknowledgements 175 Bibliographic References 175 5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 181 5.1. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 181 3 Table of contents 5.1. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 185 LITERATURE CITED 187 AGRADECIMENTOS 197 4 Summary SUMMARY Octopus vulgaris is one of the most important fishery resources in the coastal area of the Atlantic Iberian basin. One to two years lifespan, terminal semelparity with numerous eggs and the absence of generation overlap are the reasons for high variability in the species abundance between years strongly connected with environmental conditions. The overall aim of this thesis is to identify which factors, physical, environmental and biologic influencing the Octopus vulgaris life cycle. First of all, we look at the reproductive season of the species in the northwest and south Portuguese coasts and conclude that spawning depends on the local oceanographic regime but also partially on the nutritional quality of the food. The study was followed by an analysis of the local factors that influence abundance in the nursery of Ría de Vigo (Southwest Galicia). Here, the newly-hatched paralarvae concentrate in shallow waters and protected areas under the influence of the Cies islands and feed on the meso-zooplanktonic community that supply these paralarvae with the adequate nutritional requirements balanced to protein but also rich in n-3HUFA fatty acids essential for growth and survival at this stage. After settlement, the physical and environmental characteristics of the feeding grounds are essential for recruitment success. Here we identified five areas of pre-recruit aggregation along the Portuguese Coast. Finally, the age and growth were determined for juveniles of the Northwest Portuguese coast. Age estimates are fundamental tools to chronologically follow the effect of the environmental factors through the life cycle. Here, ageing methodologies using the stylets as age recorders were improved to achieve precision and accuracy in ageing estimates in this species. The results and conclusions of the thesis present important data to incorporate in the future ecosystem approach models for the assessment and management of the octopus fisheries in the Portuguese coast. Key words: Octopus vulgaris, adults, paralarvae, juvenile, reproduction, feeding requirements, essential habitats, age, growth, stylets. 5 Resumo RESUMO Octopus vulgaris é um dos recursos marinhos mais capturados na área costeira da costa Ibérica Atlântica. A longevidade de um a dois anos, semelparidade com descendência numerosa e ausência de sobreposição de gerações faz com que a abundância da espécie varie muito de um ano para o outro em função de condições ambientais. O objetivo geral desta tese é identificar quais os fatores físicos, ambientais e biológicos que condicionam o ciclo de vida das populações de O. vulgaris da costa continental portuguesa. Para desenvolver esta tese observámos, numa primeira fase, a época reprodutiva das duas populações da costa noroeste e sul portuguesas concluindo que esta depende do regime oceanográfico local mas também é parcialmente influenciada pela disponibilidade nutricional no momento. De seguida, analisaram-se os fatores locais que fazem com que a Ría de Vigo (Galiza) seja área de berçário importante para esta espécie. Aqui as paralarvas recém-eclodidas concentram-se em águas pouco profundas do interior da ria junto às Ilhas Cies, onde se alimentam da comunidade de meso-zooplâncton que lhes fornece o equilíbrio nutricional adequado de proteínas e lípidos e o suficiente em ácidos gordos poli- insaturados da família n-3 de que necessitam para a fase de crescimento exponencial que ocorre até ao assentamento. Após o assentamento, as características físicas e ambientais e locais são essenciais para o sucesso do recrutamento à pesca. Com este trabalho, identificaram-se e caracterizaram-se cinco áreas de agregação de juvenis ao longo da costa Portuguesa. Finalmente, foram abordados a idade e o crescimento. A estimação da idade é uma ferramenta essencial para acompanhar cronologicamente o efeito dos fatores ambientais ao longo do ciclo de vida. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas metodologias que permitiram melhorar a precisão e a exatidão das estimativas diretas da idade dos polvos a partir da deposição de anéis de crescimento na concha vestigial. Os resultados e conclusões obtidos ao longo deste documento oferecem dados fundamentais para os modelos de abordagem ecossistémica que serão usados na futura avaliação e gestão efetiva do polvo-comum na costa continental portuguesa. Palavras chave: Octopus vulgaris, adultos, paralarvas, juvenis, reprodução, requisitos alimentares, habitats essenciais, idade, crescimento, bastonetes. 6 Resumo Alargado RESUMO ALARGADO O polvo-comum Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) é um dos mais importantes recursos explorados pela frota pesqueira em Portugal e na Galiza. Com desembarques em Portugal na ordem das 7 500 toneladas (média dos desembarques registados entre 1982 e 2012) dos quais 90% são da responsabilidade da frota artesanal e costeira, este é o recurso que permite maior rendimento ao pescador no leilão de primeira venda uma vez que associa frequentemente a espécie com maior peso desembarcado e o valor de primeira venda mais elevado (em média, no mesmo período, 4€/kilo). Estes dois fatores fazem com que o polvo-comum seja considerado atualmente um recurso de rendimento garantido para várias frotas artesanais e de pequena escala. Este rendimento garantido não passa despercebido à frota industrial de arrasto de fundo que é hoje em dia responsável por 10 % dos desembarques totais de Polvo-comum em águas portuguesas. Porém, o interesse do Polvo- comum como recurso pesqueiro é partilhado pelas comunidades costeiras de Espanha, Itália e outros países mediterrânicos.
Recommended publications
  • A Review of Southern Ocean Squids Using Nets and Beaks
    Marine Biodiversity (2020) 50:98 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01113-4 REVIEW A review of Southern Ocean squids using nets and beaks Yves Cherel1 Received: 31 May 2020 /Revised: 31 August 2020 /Accepted: 3 September 2020 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2020 Abstract This review presents an innovative approach to investigate the teuthofauna from the Southern Ocean by combining two com- plementary data sets, the literature on cephalopod taxonomy and biogeography, together with predator dietary investigations. Sixty squids were recorded south of the Subtropical Front, including one circumpolar Antarctic (Psychroteuthis glacialis Thiele, 1920), 13 circumpolar Southern Ocean, 20 circumpolar subantarctic, eight regional subantarctic, and 12 occasional subantarctic species. A critical evaluation removed five species from the list, and one species has an unknown taxonomic status. The 42 Southern Ocean squids belong to three large taxonomic units, bathyteuthoids (n = 1 species), myopsids (n =1),andoegopsids (n = 40). A high level of endemism (21 species, 50%, all oegopsids) characterizes the Southern Ocean teuthofauna. Seventeen families of oegopsids are represented, with three dominating families, onychoteuthids (seven species, five endemics), ommastrephids (six species, three endemics), and cranchiids (five species, three endemics). Recent improvements in beak identification and taxonomy allowed making new correspondence between beak and species names, such as Galiteuthis suhmi (Hoyle 1886), Liguriella podophtalma Issel, 1908, and the recently described Taonius notalia Evans, in prep. Gonatus phoebetriae beaks were synonymized with those of Gonatopsis octopedatus Sasaki, 1920, thus increasing significantly the number of records and detailing the circumpolar distribution of this rarely caught Southern Ocean squid. The review extends considerably the number of species, including endemics, recorded from the Southern Ocean, but it also highlights that the corresponding species to two well-described beaks (Moroteuthopsis sp.
    [Show full text]
  • CEPHALOPODS 688 Cephalopods
    click for previous page CEPHALOPODS 688 Cephalopods Introduction and GeneralINTRODUCTION Remarks AND GENERAL REMARKS by M.C. Dunning, M.D. Norman, and A.L. Reid iving cephalopods include nautiluses, bobtail and bottle squids, pygmy cuttlefishes, cuttlefishes, Lsquids, and octopuses. While they may not be as diverse a group as other molluscs or as the bony fishes in terms of number of species (about 600 cephalopod species described worldwide), they are very abundant and some reach large sizes. Hence they are of considerable ecological and commercial fisheries importance globally and in the Western Central Pacific. Remarks on MajorREMARKS Groups of CommercialON MAJOR Importance GROUPS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE Nautiluses (Family Nautilidae) Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with an external shell throughout their life cycle. This shell is divided into chambers by a large number of septae and provides buoyancy to the animal. The animal is housed in the newest chamber. A muscular hood on the dorsal side helps close the aperture when the animal is withdrawn into the shell. Nautiluses have primitive eyes filled with seawater and without lenses. They have arms that are whip-like tentacles arranged in a double crown surrounding the mouth. Although they have no suckers on these arms, mucus associated with them is adherent. Nautiluses are restricted to deeper continental shelf and slope waters of the Indo-West Pacific and are caught by artisanal fishers using baited traps set on the bottom. The flesh is used for food and the shell for the souvenir trade. Specimens are also caught for live export for use in home aquaria and for research purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Weddell
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OceanRep Antarctic Science 6 (2):235-239 (1994) Distribution and lipid composition of early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun) in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica UWE PIATKOWSKIl and WILHELM HAGEN2 'Institut fiir Meereskunde, Universitat Kiel, Diisternbrooker Weg 20,D-24105Kiel, Germany 'Institut fir Polarohdogie, Universitat Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3,Gebuude 12,D-24148Kiel, Germany Abstract: The relatively small numbers of pelagic cephalopods caught in the RMT-8 samples (0-300 m) in FebruaryMarch 1983 in the Weddell Sea were dominated by early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis. A total of 48 specimens were caught with dorsal mantle length (ML) ranging from 4-36 mm. They occurred with amean density of 0.15 ind. x 1000 mJ and were present in 38% of 33 RMT-8 samples. G. glacialis was the only cranchiid squid found in the Weddell Sea between 66" and 74"s. Its early life stageswere concentrated in the layers below the summer thermocline (>50 m) and body sizes appeared to increase towards deeper water layers. For biochemical analyses, nine specimens of G. glacialis (ML 6-18 mm) were sampled in the eastern Weddell Seabetween 185-520mwater depth in JanuaryFebruaIy 1985. Totallipidcontentsrangedfrom8%-11% dry weight (DW) with phospholipids being the main lipid component (43-56% of total lipid). Storage lipids (triacylglycerols) made up 18-26% of total lipid. The relatively low lipid contents may reflect the early developmental stage of the specimens examined. The data presented give the first information on geographical and vertical distribution patterns of early life stages of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Stylet Elemental Signatures Indicate Population Structure in a Holobenthic Octopus Species, Octopus Pallidus
    Vol. 371: 1–10, 2008 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published November 19 doi: 10.3354/meps07722 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS FEATURE ARTICLE Stylet elemental signatures indicate population structure in a holobenthic octopus species, Octopus pallidus Zoë A. Doubleday1,*, Gretta T. Pecl1, Jayson M. Semmens1, Leonid Danyushevsky2 1Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 2Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia ABSTRACT: Targeted trace elemental analysis was used to investigate the population structure and disper- sal patterns of the holobenthic octopus species Octopus pallidus (Hoyle, 1885). Multi-elemental signatures within the pre-hatch region of the stylet (an internal ‘shell’) were used to determine the common origins and levels of connectivity of individuals collected from 5 locations in Tasmania. To determine whether hatchling elemental signatures could be used as tags for natal ori- gin, hatchling stylets from 3 of the 5 locations were also analysed. We analyzed 12 elements using laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA- ICPMS). Of the 12 elements, 7 were excellent spatial discriminators. There was evidence of high-level struc- turing with distinct groupings between all sites (the 2 closest being 85 km apart) within the adult O. pallidus Octopus pallidus, a holobenthic species found in south-east population, suggesting that all adults had hatched in or Australia near their respective collection sites. The hatchling sig- Photo: Stephen Leporati natures showed significant spatial variation, and a high percentage of individuals could successfully be traced back to their collection locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): the Smallest Southwestern Atlantic Octopod, Found in Sea Debris
    A new species of pygmy Paroctopus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): the smallest southwestern Atlantic octopod, found in sea debris Tatiana S. Leite ( [email protected] ) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciencias Biologicas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-9648 Erica A.G. Vidal Universidade Federal do Parana Setor de Ciencias da Terra Françoise Dantas Lima Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Biociencias Sergio M.Q. Lima Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Biociencias Ricardo M Dias Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia Giulia A. Giuberti Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Davi De Vasconcellos Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Jennifer A. Mather University of Lethbridge Manuel Haimovici Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Original Paper Keywords: Paroctopus, octopus Posted Date: January 29th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-172910/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Marine Biodiversity on July 27th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01201-z. Loading [MathJax]/jax/output/CommonHTML/fonts/TeX/fontdata.js Page 1/27 Abstract The new species, Paroctopus cthulu sp. nov. Leite, Haimovici, Lima and Lima, was recorded from very shallow coastal waters on sandy/muddy and shelter- poor bottoms with natural and human-origin debris. It is a small octopus, adults are less than 35 mm mantle length (ML) and weigh around 15 g. It has short to medium sized arms, enlarged suckers on the arms of both males and females, large posterior salivary glands (25 %ML), a relatively large beak (9 % ML) and medium to large mature eggs (3.5 to > 9 mm).
    [Show full text]
  • Octopus Consciousness: the Role of Perceptual Richness
    Review Octopus Consciousness: The Role of Perceptual Richness Jennifer Mather Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: It is always difficult to even advance possible dimensions of consciousness, but Birch et al., 2020 have suggested four possible dimensions and this review discusses the first, perceptual richness, with relation to octopuses. They advance acuity, bandwidth, and categorization power as possible components. It is first necessary to realize that sensory richness does not automatically lead to perceptual richness and this capacity may not be accessed by consciousness. Octopuses do not discriminate light wavelength frequency (color) but rather its plane of polarization, a dimension that we do not understand. Their eyes are laterally placed on the head, leading to monocular vision and head movements that give a sequential rather than simultaneous view of items, possibly consciously planned. Details of control of the rich sensorimotor system of the arms, with 3/5 of the neurons of the nervous system, may normally not be accessed to the brain and thus to consciousness. The chromatophore-based skin appearance system is likely open loop, and not available to the octopus’ vision. Conversely, in a laboratory situation that is not ecologically valid for the octopus, learning about shapes and extents of visual figures was extensive and flexible, likely consciously planned. Similarly, octopuses’ local place in and navigation around space can be guided by light polarization plane and visual landmark location and is learned and monitored. The complex array of chemical cues delivered by water and on surfaces does not fit neatly into the components above and has barely been tested but might easily be described as perceptually rich.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Population Structuring in Sympatric Octopus Species with and Without a Pelagic Larval Stage
    Vol. 486: 203–212, 2013 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published July 12 doi: 10.3354/meps10330 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Comparison of population structuring in sympatric octopus species with and without a pelagic larval stage Kaitlyn L. Higgins1,*, Jayson M. Semmens2, Zoë A. Doubleday3, Christopher P. Burridge1 1School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 2Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coasts Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 3Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, DX650 418, South Australia 5005, Australia ABSTRACT: An understanding of the influence of life history on dispersal capability is central to a range of disciplines within ecology and evolution. While studies have investigated this question by contrasting spatial population structuring in taxa that differ in life history, in the vast majority such comparisons differ in space and time, and therefore environmental factors may have con- tributed. Here, population structure of a holobenthic (i.e. direct developing) octopus, Octopus pal- lidus, was investigated genetically. This was compared to existing genetic data for a co-occurring merobenthic (i.e. planktonic larvae) species, Macroctopus maorum. Greater spatial genetic struc- turing was evident in O. pallidus than M. maorum. Patterns were consistent with isolation by dis- tance in O. pallidus, but appeared related to oceanographic circulation systems in M. maorum, suggesting distance-dependent adult dispersal and current-mediated larval dispersal, respec- tively. Genetic population structuring in O. pallidus also largely corroborated inferences based on stylet microchemistry, indicating the utility of these environmental signatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History, Mating Behavior, and Multiple Paternity in Octopus
    LIFE HISTORY, MATING BEHAVIOR, AND MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN OCTOPUS OLIVERI (BERRY, 1914) (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI´I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DECEMBER 2014 By Heather Anne Ylitalo-Ward Dissertation Committee: Les Watling, Chairperson Rob Toonen James Wood Tom Oliver Jeff Drazen Chuck Birkeland Keywords: Cephalopod, Octopus, Sexual Selection, Multiple Paternity, Mating DEDICATION To my family, I would not have been able to do this without your unending support and love. Thank you for always believing in me. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who helped me collect the specimens for this study, braving the rocks and the waves in the middle of the night: Leigh Ann Boswell, Shannon Evers, and Steffiny Nelson, you were the hard core tako hunters. I am eternally grateful that you sacrificed your evenings to the octopus gods. Also, thank you to David Harrington (best bucket boy), Bert Tanigutchi, Melanie Hutchinson, Christine Ambrosino, Mark Royer, Chelsea Szydlowski, Ily Iglesias, Katherine Livins, James Wood, Seth Ylitalo-Ward, Jessica Watts, and Steven Zubler. This dissertation would not have happened without the support of my wonderful advisor, Dr. Les Watling. Even though I know he wanted me to study a different kind of “octo” (octocoral), I am so thankful he let me follow my foolish passion for cephalopod sexual selection. Also, he provided me with the opportunity to ride in a submersible, which was one of the most magical moments of my graduate career.
    [Show full text]
  • Husbandry Manual for BLUE-RINGED OCTOPUS Hapalochlaena Lunulata (Mollusca: Octopodidae)
    Husbandry Manual for BLUE-RINGED OCTOPUS Hapalochlaena lunulata (Mollusca: Octopodidae) Date By From Version 2005 Leanne Hayter Ultimo TAFE v 1 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S 1 PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ 5 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 CLASSIFICATION .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 GENERAL FEATURES ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 HISTORY IN CAPTIVITY ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 EDUCATION ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 CONSERVATION & RESEARCH ........................................................................................................ 10 3 TAXONOMY ............................................................................................................................12 3.1 NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 OTHER SPECIES ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus Dofleini) Care Manual
    Giant Pacific Octopus Insert Photo within this space (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual CREATED BY AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxonomic Advisory Group IN ASSOCIATION WITH AZA Animal Welfare Committee Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group (AITAG) (2014). Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. Original Completion Date: September 2014 Dedication: This work is dedicated to the memory of Roland C. Anderson, who passed away suddenly before its completion. No one person is more responsible for advancing and elevating the state of husbandry of this species, and we hope his lifelong body of work will inspire the next generation of aquarists towards the same ideals. Authors and Significant Contributors: Barrett L. Christie, The Dallas Zoo and Children’s Aquarium at Fair Park, AITAG Steering Committee Alan Peters, Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, AITAG Steering Committee Gregory J. Barord, City University of New York, AITAG Advisor Mark J. Rehling, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Roland C. Anderson, PhD Reviewers: Mike Brittsan, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Paula Carlson, Dallas World Aquarium Marie Collins, Sea Life Aquarium Carlsbad David DeNardo, New York Aquarium Joshua Frey Sr., Downtown Aquarium Houston Jay Hemdal, Toledo
    [Show full text]
  • Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Cephalopods *
    * Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Cephalopods CLYDE F. E. ROPER and RICHARD E. YOUNG SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 209 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These pub- lications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 209 Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Cephalopds Clyde F.
    [Show full text]
  • Argonauta Argo Linnaeus, 1758
    Argonauta argo Linnaeus, 1758 AphiaID: 138803 PAPER NAUTILUS Animalia (Reino) > Mollusca (Filo) > Cephalopoda (Classe) > Coleoidea (Subclasse) > Octopodiformes (Superordem) > Octopoda (Ordem) > Incirrata (Subordem) > Argonautoidea (Superfamilia) > Argonautidae (Familia) Natural History Museum Rotterdam Natural History Museum Rotterdam Sinónimos Argonauta argo f. agglutinans Martens, 1867 Argonauta argo f. aurita Martens, 1867 Argonauta argo f. mediterranea Monterosato, 1914 Argonauta argo f. obtusangula Martens, 1867 Argonauta argo var. americana Dall, 1889 Argonauta bulleri Kirk, 1886 Argonauta compressus Blainville, 1826 Argonauta corrugata Humphrey, 1797 Argonauta corrugatus Humphrey, 1797 Argonauta cygnus Monterosato, 1889 Argonauta dispar Conrad, 1854 Argonauta ferussaci Monterosato, 1914 Argonauta grandiformis Perry, 1811 Argonauta haustrum Dillwyn, 1817 Argonauta haustrum Wood, 1811 Argonauta minor Risso, 1854 Argonauta monterosatoi Monterosato, 1914 Argonauta monterosatoi Coen, 1915 Argonauta naviformis Conrad, 1854 1 Argonauta pacificus Dall, 1871 Argonauta papyraceus Röding, 1798 Argonauta papyria Conrad, 1854 Argonauta papyrius Conrad, 1854 Argonauta sebae Monterosato, 1914 Argonauta sulcatus Lamarck, 1801 Ocythoe antiquorum Leach, 1817 Ocythoe argonautae (Cuvier, 1829) Referências original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp., available
    [Show full text]