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$T[]NIA I$Lailiii(A INDONESIAN Rounxnr Ror Rslamrc Srudres Volume 15, Number 3,2008 $T[]NIA I$LAilIII(A INDONESIAN rounxnr roR rsLAMrc sruDrES Volume 15, Number 3,2008 DrsrrNctrvB CoNTT,MPoRARY VoICE: LrnnnRr Isrev Tsoucur rN INDoNESIA Giora Eliraz RnucroN, Porrrrcs, AND VIoLENCE IN INooNnsn' LnenNINc FRoM BeNsnR's Expr,nrBNcn lhsan Ali-Fauzi TovrRrus A MTDDLE'Way Ismu rN SoUTHEAST ASIA: CoNrRrsurroNs oF THE GUIBN MovsuBNt Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman ISSN 0215-0492 STI]ilIA I$LA[|II(A ffi Vol. 15. no.3.2008 EDITORIALBOARD: M. Quraish Shihab (IJIN laknrta) Taufik Abdullah (LIPI lakarta) Nur A. Fadhil Lubis (IAIN Sumntra Utara) M.C. Ricklefs (Melbourne UnizLersity) Martin aan Bruinessen (Utrecht Unioersity) lohn R. Bowen (Washington Uniuersity, St. Louis) M. Atho Mudzhar (lAlN Yogyakarta) M. Kamal Hasan (lnternational Islamic Uniz.tersity, Kuala Lumpur) M. Bary Hooker (Australian National Uniaersity, Australia) Virginia Matheson Hooker (Australian N ational Uniaersity, Australin) EDITOR.IN-CHIEF Azyumardi, Azra EDITORS JAIA| bUlnAnUAAtn SaifuI Mujani lamhari Fu'ad labali Oman Fathurahma ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS . Setyadi Sulaiman Testriono ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Cheyne Scott ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Masri el-Mahsyar Bidin COVER DESIGNER S. Prinka STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) is a journal publishedby the Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, laknrta (STT DEPPEN No. L29/SK/ DITIEN/PPG/STT/1976). It specinlizes in Indonesian Islamic studies in particular, and South- east Asian Islamic Studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All articles published do not necessarily represent the aiews of the journnl, or other institutions to which it is affilinted. They are solely the aiews of the authors. The articles contained in this iournal haae been refereed by the Board of Editors. STUDIA ISLAMIKA /ras been accreditedby The Ministry of National Education, Republic of Indonesia as an academic journal (SK Dirjen Dikti No. 23a/DIKTU2004). Ihsan Ali-Fauzi Religion, Politics, and Violence In Indonesia: Learning From Banser's Experience Abstraksi: Menyusul tumbangnya rezim Orde Barupada lgg7,Indonesia menyaksikan munculnya kelompok-kelompok paramiliter yang terlibat dalam berbagai tindakan kekerasan. Dan salah satunya yang fenomenal adalah Barisan Ansor Serbaguna (Banser), sebuah organisasi paramiliter di bawah payung Geraknn Pemudn Ansor (GP Ansor), sayap pemuda Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). Nama Banser mulni mencuat pada awal Februari 2001 ketika Presiden Abdurrnhman Wahid, yang jugn mantan Ketua NLl, mengancam akan mengeluarknn dekrit bahwa negara dnlamkeadaan bahaya. Meski tnnpa dukungan sebagian besar menteri di kabinet dan komandan militer, Wahid mengingatkan bahwa din akan menggunaknn Banser untuk mengnmanknn keputusannya. Pada Agustus di tahun yang sama, Wnhid memenuhi janjinya. Namun keputusan ini gagal. Kekuatan oposisi yang menentang keputusan tersebut terlalu kuat untuk dihadapi kelompok paramiliter ini. Satu hal yang bisa dilakuknn Banser adalah membentuk pengawalan penghormatnn pada saat Presiden Wahid dan keluarganya meninggalkan istana. Sejarah Banser bisa ditelusuri ke asal-usul organisasi payungnya, CP Ansor yang berdiri pada 1931. Dalam Kongres ke-9 Nll pada 1934, Ansor Nahdlatul Ulama ANU) diakui secara resmi sebagai bagian dari Departemen Pemuda NU. Dan, dalam Kongres ke-2 ANU pada 1934, Barisan Ansor Nahdlatul Ulnma (Banu), yang menjadi cikal bakal Banser, dip erkenalknn. P sda masa pendudukan I ep ang, AN I,l menj adi elemen penting dalam Hizbullah, organisasi militer pemuda Muslim yang didirikan pada akhir 1944. Keterlibatannya dnlam perang kemerdekaan berlanjut ketika Belanda melqncarkan Agresi Militer I dan II (20luli 1947 dan 18 Desember 1948). Sementara sebagian anggotanya bergabung dengan Hizbullah, sebagian di antaranya terlibat mempertahankan NLI melawan ngitasi PKI selams Peristizua Madiun 7948. Pada akhir 1949, ANU merestrukturisasi 417 Studia Islamikn, Vol. 15,.No. 3,2008 418 lhsanAli-Fauzi organisasinya, dan kemudian (14 Desember 1949) berubtth nama meniadi Geraknn Pemuda Ansor (CP Ansor). Artikel ini menghadirkan kajinn historis di balik pendirian Banser sebagai organisasi paramiliter dan kemudian bagnimana ia berkembang' Karakter institusional organisasiiniyangberpennmpilanpnramiliter berikut justifiknsi agama membuatnya berbeda dari orgnnisnsi paramiliter lain di Indonesia. Artikel ini juga mendiskusikan titik menentukan sejarah Banser melalui keterlibatannya dalam pembunuhan masal PKI dan sekutunya pada 1965 dan 1966, juga peranannya dalam periode singknt mnsa jabatan Wahid, ketika Banser menjadi "tentarn" loyalis Wahid. Sejarah Banser memang memperlihatkan upaya untuk menggunakan kekerasan demi melayani kepentingan politik. Dalam konteks inilah, dua asumsi tentang relasi antarakekernsan,pllitik, dan agama, dibuat: kekerasan penting untuk mencapai tujuan politik; dan kekerasnn dnpat dikontrol secara agama. Didirikan untuk mempertahankan, memperluas, dan menjadi garda depan bagi kepentingan-kepentingan Muslim Indonesia sebagaimana diinterpretasikan pimpinan NU, keberadaan Banser terkait dengan aparat keamanan negara yang tak mampu atau tnk mau memonopoli penggunaan kekerasan sehingga ada runng dan kesempatan bagi orgnnisasi pararuiliter untuk beropernsi. Yang mengheranknn, di bnnyak keterlibatan historisnya, penggunaan kekerasan oleh Banser tidak pernnh dipertanyakan: dilihat sebagai kebutuhan untuk mencapai tuiuan-tujuan politik dan dianggnp dapnt dikontrol. Baru belakangan ini mulai muncul suara dari bebernpa pemimpin NIJ yang menganjurkan melarang Banser karena dianggnp telah melestarikan subkultur keker asan. S ej alan deng an Io gika keker asan y ang tidak s elamany n dap at dikendalikan, upaya untuk mengontrol Banser tidaklah selalu berhasil. Banser makin kuat saat kep entingan politik yang disandarkan padnny a-dengan penggunaan keker asan-semakin besar. D an, akibatny a, Banser semakin dikontrol. Kini, Banser melampaui peran tradisionalnya sebagai pembela kepentingan NU. Ia mentransformasikan dirinya ke dalam sesuntu yang lnin, bahknn tidak jarang ke dalam kekuatan ynng menjunl jasa kekerasnn. Dari studi kasus Banser, upaya memisahkan agama dari politik tidnklah selalu berguna, jika bukan keliru. Alih-alih memisahkan keduanya, Banser mengisyaratknn memperkuat hubungan agama dnn politik. Dalam kasus Abdurrahman Wahid, misalnya, tidak aknn pernnh bisa dipisahknn secara jelas, dan knpan, seseorang adalah politisi yang menSSunakan baju kini atau sebaliknya. Sejarah Banser menunjukkan bahwa dalam campuran politisi dan ngamawnn, yang pertama senantiasn lebih menentukan dalnm pembuatan keputusan dibanding y ang terakhir. Studia Islamika, VoL 15, No. 3,2008 lhsan Ali-Fauzi Religion, Politics, and" Violence In Indonesia: Learning From Banser's Experience -t-i c \ 11A ptc (Orde Baru) ;4!rl a:.--b\ urS- tJL" el.,ar\tl ,* *<;.!l 4".";1 F ;A\ eGr e ,* & L,"*/l ,rr4.! ,-*;! ,f ;r-r*lt a-illl "Jr ^if" ;g ;ptb W ,:" r.;,;*Jl Jt of a;trs 6r,-P C ef'-t Barisan Ansor Serbaguna (Banser), CE "*: ;,. Gerakan Pemuda Ansor (GP Ansor) tVi ,1. ,f ti -,Vl ..r\o ,c\* ,# J1i g " 1-^! " -*l P -G.rL.!Jl a;6 ;.-*{ oq:Jl Cb . ,-ta ,rJ-tLa-i -*s lr=: reJl * a-:#\ o;t;-r-i u-r,o 1. 1 r+"lj Jc 4r4- o14 f,t c]; g al/t o! u)trl et LJl rys a*-J A\ 6Jr fr.#*..1" .jti .rjrl ;j-- ('a-*.!Jl ;J.Ajl $UJ a:try r-b-' ;r" .J J-:, ;f,J , ot3,so d)\ d;i c a;*Jl ,p A .oj; syA "e: "A*;i u+ c--,U .r.--: ,-l.l itr^ .ritJ\ 6p O" e yi W:tAt ;; otr .-r*;r; 6,rl-il &V: -r.r;,.*)l ajf -F J e.# +\,,- J5.: 'GljPA\ ^+r*11 4i.[. +!_; 6r es k-#r J)\r d/ -n^-;qll e;U CS & ,iJl Gerakan Pemuda Ansor (GP Ansor) )l4i J.ur--* ti ,t*:i J-! c\ 1Yt pL-rC-tjJl ,t^LJl i2i a*+ ,{? J.\ lY\ pLo c*b Ansor Nahdlatul Ulama el-JJl A-bi;-,"s "rL-ri"--l L{J i-C\ \ 1Yt ptc Jt-iJl ANU -f ? ,jS.a-^,*U .:t*-ll'Jl f- .f r;5 laNU; J*-lt :+c J .-#Ul 6\t ,gs cLJJt 4"2-i uJ )tdi ;p *"? ( .;t$U 5---t CE r^ r,oitl ,-,;- 1-} t^-6- lr.p-c ANU 6tai ,C!Ul g o.S **\ ra,. S-ctto6 . \ 1 t t 7G r-\1\ c e*i&Jt jryJ-Il 419 Studia Islamikn, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2008 420 Ihsan Ali-Fauzi t4y- \.; gl-:Jly J3!t !*+ruI s* ar{*J/l pl.i l, -t-c J)l;:-"!l z* \ faUrt r$3t 6:tol c-j ,\ 1tl 7\1i J .(\ 1tA 1*-r \A; 1tv +V Kr c-*\S t-gf"l JFr- \ 1tl a.*--: \ t cl;LJl d f cANU .Gerakan Pemuda Ansor (GP Ansor) j4\ 4 u- i j^a'\ ,gf.-;t ,e r*.*;ul aA-t'a+.\i a-lr: ilUll oia pri; &-:S "r=-L 4rrJl G\Jr- CJ 6fu\ a-t f+S W-? * ,Ft .ut-t4 i abi L;,"i ajull oro aliL.ll .:L*Lj:Jt a-il3 e)lA\ ,L!1.s1 .f*rt$l d, Je +*\ et-bs-\) Jr;Jt ; 45 )e'. J>\- -- Ul e-LA\ "f;4l .r -#UJ 6*-4s i,ts J 6sSt dJJjl c \ 111y \ 11o'c/[e 1] o]-a'\1gr-+;-u)l .oJ +i!r ;i J-5; G te 4l iro]t r* ,r;)J a"-l ^ll j+--l .-iJl Jt^":-l 3 Lo>;'6-- ,e.*;ul .M j\ J eL, ) ,;-r-Jty n-fJl-l .;:'Jt ;o U)Ul d Jt{iJ .{Ua r>.,tJl l.ra d .,*-l*Jl .drrJl 4.<4 $ .-,ij'Jl : gl:Jty ;tr^!l ;;*o-:J r-6r .;:,Jt :Jr!t ;;,tl o-ta c^:.::i t' ;. ,r"L-!r (:t\s g,,$ts t_urlJ (-oiul) ;;.i a:-+ o:U L6-l L^f ,J JF.I*JI Ot " riUt t:*s 'L.LJl f-.*;-tjl 1i,6 .-,ij'Jl aJJrU ;; o" )\ C'-{ ,"!f Jl^d.-!JKj-!1 dr" ;*ll ;**, .;--:Jr Ju,:-l Ji \-6:frL:;, g:L A a{lr" ! ,-!^*U *tsJl n i;tIJ +r4 L-uJl ljl$ll j-i*-J a*F q*; ,j! ,Jt;,* 6 ch" d/ ;ll .ra el--iJt a->-Aas-*\;ruJl ,r,J ,>\j,ci;r-+!r gtylt dt.i[^.r.^G Gi .:.i'Jl ait,.:U cQ r-,e G) ,1-Ul P Ce ..tL .{t--jA r.:^i;Jl J+ 4" a<*, JiC,t':J) ;rJt JtJl d,tll C.
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