DOCSLIB.ORG

Volume Xiv 1989 Number 1 Liberian Studies Journal -8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volume Xiv 1989 Number 1 Liberian Studies Journal -8 VOLUME XIV 1989 NUMBER 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL I 10 °W 8 °W LIBERIA -8 °N 8 °N- MONSERRADO MARGIBI -6°N RIVER 6°N- MILES I I 0 50 MARYLAND Geography Department °W 10 8°W University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown 1 I Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Cover map: compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodie Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XIV 1989 NUMBER 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor D. El wood Dunn The University of the South Associate Editor Similih M. Cordor Kennesaw College Book Review Editor Dalvan M. Coger Memphis State University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bertha B. Azango Lawrence B. Breitborde University of Liberia Beloit College Christopher Clapham Warren L. d'Azevedo Lancaster University University of Nevada Reno Joseph S. Guannu Thomas E. Hayden Cuttington University College Africa Faith and Justice Network Svend E. Holsoe J. Gus Liebenow University of Delaware Indiana University Corann Okorodudu Glassboro State College Edited at the Department of Political Science, The University of the South PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS THE LIBERIAN REFINERY, A LOOK INSIDE A PARTIALLY "OPEN DOOR" ....................................................... 1 by Garland R. Farmer HARVEY S. FIRESTONE'S LIBERIAN INVESTMENT: 1922 -1932 .. 13 by Arthur J. Knoll LIBERIA AND ISRAEL: THE EVOLUTION OF A RELATIONSHIP 34 by Yekutiel Gershoni THE KRU COAST REVOLT OF 1915 -1916 ........................................... 51 by Jo Sullivan EUROPEAN INTERVENTION IN LIBERIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE "CADELL INCIDENT" OF 1908 -1909 .. 72 by Monday B. Abasiattai PRODUCTION TARGETS AND INPUT USAGE IN THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN LIBERIA (1978 -1983): A LINEAR PROGRAMMING SOLUTION ........... 91 by Jacob Pereira -LUNGHU BOOK REVIEWS Dunn, D. Elwood and S. Byron Tarr, Liberia: A National Polity in Transition 106 by Debra L. Newman Fuest, Veronica, Agricultural Training In Liberia: An Empirical Study of the National Youth Training Center and Its Graduates ......... 109 by William B. Kory Johnson, Charles S., Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic 111 by Martin Ford RECENT PUBLICATIONS ...................................... ............................... 116 COMMENTS ............................... 118 NEWS AND NOTES ... ............................... 123 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE ......................... ............................... 130 A referee journal that emphasizes the social sciences and humanities, the LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL is a semiannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. The annual subscription rate is $25.00, $12.00 for students and $40.00 for institutions, and includes membership in the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. All manuscripts and related matters should be addressed to The Editor, Liberian Studies Journal, Department of Political Science, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37375. Subscriptions and other business matters should be directed to The Executive Secretary, Liberian Studies Association, P. O. Box 1043, Oak Park, Illionois 60304. The views expressed herein are those of the individual contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the editor or the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. Copyright 1989 by the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. ISSN 0024 1989 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor The Liberian Refinery, A Look Inside A Partially "Open Door" * Garland R. Farmer Fashions in economic development tend to change with a frequency rivaling that of haute couture, and few attitudes have been more fickle than that of policy makers -national and international- toward foreign investment. The courtship of every possible investor has alternated with degrees of restriction and exclusion. Liberia has a rich history from which to draw guidance in assessing foreign investment and the inducements used to attract it. A number of well -known studies of the subject already exist, and the present writer would not try to embellish on their scholarly pages. What follows is one of what may, given time and energy and a reasonably reliable memory, turn out to be several similar examinations of undertakings begun during the heyday of the Open Door Policy in which the writer either participated or was able, as with the refinery, to observe at close range. Perhaps such personal retrospections will flesh out the more formal studies and even be of some use to any future policy maker who may find value in past experience. Few projects established under Liberia's Open Door Policy have endured and survived such controversy as the Liberian Petroleum Refining Corporation (LPRC) and its predecessor. Well -publicized maneuvering in 1987 about "privatisation" of the company gave way in 1988 to a furor over control of its funds, which reportedly contributed to the departure of American "experts" charged with tidying up Government finances. Eagerness to own LPRC or to control its funds suggests it has been profitable. Indeed, Liberian President Samuel Doe said in his Annual Message on January 29, 1988 that higher payments by the refinery and the maritime agency produced a 5% increase in Government revenues in 1987 over 1986. As often the case with the refinery, however, things may not have been all they seemed. Consider its profitability in 1987 in the light of what the world's largest oil company, EXXON, told its shareholders in its Annual Report for the same year: ". .earnings from refining and marketing operations were significantly below 1986. .Refined product margins were severely depressed during most of 1987..." Or, the TEXAS MONTHLY magazine's report in May, 1988: "...the profit margin at oil refineries is as bad as the smell," because, "Prices for the products they sell. ..have fallen faster than the price of crude oil." It is not unfair, then, to wonder whether LPRC's profits at a time when refineries worldwide were losing money arose from its monopoly on the supply of petroleum products rather than from any refinery operations. This thought Liberian Studies Journal, XIV, 1 (1989) 1 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 2 GARLAND R. FARMER is reinforced by the report that recent shortages of gasoline in Monrovia were due to the "late arrival of a cargo" from the Ivory Coast, or to shortages of foreign exchange to purchase petroleum products. It seems timely to take a fresh look at this product of an Open Door Policy which, for better or worse, played a major role in shaping today's Liberia. There follows a two -part look at the refinery: first, its history; then, its finances. Together, these help provide some sense of the puffery, the peddling and buying of influence, and the complicated financial arrangements which sometimes surrounded projects launched during the 1960's. PART I: THE HISTORY Enter the "Texas Oilmen." The refinery was the brainchild of a self-proclaimed "Texas oilman," who came to Liberia in 1961, complete with ten -gallon hat, cowboy boots and flamboyant manner: Alex W. Hutchings (later transmogrified in the local press to "Dr. Alexander Hutchings "). I first saw Hutchings at President W. V. S. Tubman's Totota farm in March of 1961. At the Saturday afternoon cocktail hour, the parlor was alive with grandiloquent talk of a refinery which Hutchings intended to construct in partnership with a companion, whom he introduced as "Mr. Wink, inventor of the Wink drill bit, who's ready to take a 'one bite'. .In the oil business, Mr. President, a 'one bite' is a one million dollar participation." (The visibly uncomfortable Mr. Wink must have found the bite too big; he was not seen in Liberia again.) Before sunrise the next morning, the President sent for me to join him for coffee on the veranda of the "farm house." As we watched the grazing zebras and giraffes, he asked what I thought of the refinery. Knowing only what Hutchings had said the previous evening, I could have no opinion, but did offer to try to find some expert advice, which the President asked me to do, together with his Ambassador in Washington, S. Edward Peal. Friends in the "independent" sector of the oil industry suggested a petroleum industry expert, Walter Levy, whose objectivity and measure were impressive. Despite Levy's plea that he had no time just then, Peal was persuasive, and Levy was soon analyzing a letter agreement signed on July 10, 1961 by the Liberian Government and the Hunt International Petroleum Company, owned by the fabled Texas oil magnates, whom Hutchings had, by then, interested in the project. Levy recommended against this agreement. Those who saw the report said his opinions were that: PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor THE LIBERIAN REFINERY 3 -granting a monopoly to any key element of an economy is always a gamble; -one might defend a monopoly on petroleum products if that would protect a refinery utilizing domestic crude oil, but such was not Liberia's case; -the domestic Liberian market being limited, despite expanding iron mines, and not offering economies of scale, it was almost inescapable that such a monopoly would result in higher prices for Liberian consumers. Then Secretary of Commerce Stephen Tolbert -ever suspicious of American business -rejected the report, contending that Levy was biased in favor of the large oil companies which wanted to block this potential competition. (In fact, the oil companies then operating in Liberia- Texaco, Mobil, B.P., Shell and Agip-did oppose the refinery, but Tolbert's suspicion about Levy's bias was not shared by the many governments which consulted him during the oil crises of the 1970's). Even so, the government followed many of Levy's suggestions, negotiating a number of "Clarifications" of the Oil Refinery Agreement, signed on October 4, 1961, which: 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia
    ‘Listen, Politics is not for Children:’ Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Henryatta Louise Ballah Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Drs. Ousman Kobo, Advisor Antoinette Errante Ahmad Sikianga i Copyright by Henryatta Louise Ballah 2012 ii Abstract This dissertation explores the historical causes of the Liberian civil war (1989- 2003), with a keen attention to the history of Liberian youth, since the beginning of the Republic in 1847. I carefully analyzed youth engagements in social and political change throughout the country’s history, including the ways by which the civil war impacted the youth and inspired them to create new social and economic spaces for themselves. As will be demonstrated in various chapters, despite their marginalization by the state, the youth have played a crucial role in the quest for democratization in the country, especially since the 1960s. I place my analysis of the youth in deep societal structures related to Liberia’s colonial past and neo-colonial status, as well as the impact of external factors, such as the financial and military support the regime of Samuel Doe received from the United States during the cold war and the influence of other African nations. I emphasize that the socio-economic and political policies implemented by the Americo- Liberians (freed slaves from the U.S.) who settled in the country beginning in 1822, helped lay the foundation for the civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the First Liberian Republic
    Joseph Saye Guannu A Short History of the First Liberian Republic Third edition Star*Books Contents Preface viii About the author x The new state and its government Introduction The Declaration of Independence and Constitution Causes leading to the Declaration of Independence The Constitutional Convention The Constitution The kind of state and system of government 4 The kind of state Organization of government System of government The l1ag and seal of Liberia The exclusion and inclusion of ethnic Liberians The rulers and their administrations 10 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Stephen Allen Benson Daniel Bashiel Warner James Spriggs Payne Edward James Roye James Skirving Smith Anthony William Gardner Alfred Francis Russell Hilary Richard Wright Johnson JosephJames Cheeseman William David Coleman Garretson Wilmot Gibson Arthur Barclay Daniel Edward Howard Charles Dunbar Burgess King Edwin James Barclay William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman William Richard Tolbert PresidentiaI succession in Liberian history 36 BeforeRoye After Roye iii A Short HIstory 01 the First lIberlJn Republlc The expansion of presidential powers 36 The socio-political factors The economic factors Abrief history of party politics 31 Before the True Whig Party The True Whig Party Interior policy of the True Whig Party Major oppositions to the True Whig Party The Election of 1927 The Election of 1951 The Election of 1955 The plot that failed Questions Activities 2 Territorial expansion of, and encroachment on, Liberia 4~ Introduction 41 Two major reasons for expansion 4' Economic
    [Show full text]
  • TRC of Liberia Final Report Volum Ii
    REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME II: CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT This volume constitutes the final and complete report of the TRC of Liberia containing findings, determinations and recommendations to the government and people of Liberia Volume II: Consolidated Final Report Table of Contents List of Abbreviations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............. i Acknowledgements <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... iii Final Statement from the Commission <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............... v Quotations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 1 1.0 Executive Summary <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.1 Mandate of the TRC <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.2 Background of the Founding of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 3 1.3 History of the Conflict <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<................ 4 1.4 Findings and Determinations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 6 1.5 Recommendations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 12 1.5.1 To the People of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 12 1.5.2 To the Government of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<. <<<<<<. 12 1.5.3 To the International Community <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 13 2.0 Introduction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 14 2.1 The Beginning <<................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Profile of Commissioners of the TRC of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<.. 14 2.3 Profile of International Technical Advisory Committee <<<<<<<<<. 18 2.4 Secretariat and Specialized Staff <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 20 2.5 Commissioners, Specialists, Senior Staff, and Administration <<<<<<.. 21 2.5.1 Commissioners <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 22 2.5.2 International Technical Advisory
    [Show full text]
  • Taylor Trial Transcript
    Case No. SCSL-2003-01-T THE PROSECUTOR OF THE SPECIAL COURT V. CHARLES GHANKAY TAYLOR THURSDAY, 25 FEBRUARY 2010 9.30 A.M. TRIAL TRIAL CHAMBER II Before the Judges: Justice Julia Sebutinde, Presiding Justice Richard Lussick Justice Teresa Doherty Justice El Hadji Malick Sow, Alternate For Chambers: Ms Erica Bussey For the Registry: Ms Rachel Irura Ms Zainab Fofanah For the Prosecution: Ms Brenda J Hollis Mr Nicholas Koumjian Ms Maja Dimitrova For the accused Charles Ghankay Mr Courtenay Griffiths QC Taylor: Mr Morris Anyah Mr Simon Chapman CHARLES TAYLOR Page 35995 25 FEBRUARY 2010 OPEN SESSION 1 Thursday, 25 February 2010 2 [Open session] 3 [The accused present] 4 [Upon commencing at 9.30 a.m.] 09:29:10 5 PRESIDING JUDGE: Good morning. We will take appearances, 6 please. 7 MR KOUMJIAN: Good morning, Madam President, your Honours, 8 counsel opposite. For the Prosecution this morning, Brenda J 9 Hollis, Maja Dimitrova and myself Nicolas Koumjian. 09:33:35 10 MR ANYAH: Good morning, Madam President. Good morning, 11 your Honours. Good morning, counsel opposite. Appearing for the 12 Defence this morning are Courtenay Griffiths QC and myself Morris 13 Anyah. Thank you. 14 MR GRIFFITHS: Madam President, can I raise a matter which 09:33:49 15 was brought to my notice by the Court Manager this morning. 16 Apparently Mr Taylor doesn't have access to LiveNote at the 17 moment. That really concerns me, because from our point of view 18 it's imperative that the defendant, of all people in this 19 courtroom, be able to follow the proceedings.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasons in Hell: Charles S. Johnson and the 1930 Liberian Labor Crisis Phillip James Johnson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2004 Seasons in hell: Charles S. Johnson and the 1930 Liberian Labor Crisis Phillip James Johnson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Phillip James, "Seasons in hell: Charles S. Johnson and the 1930 Liberian Labor Crisis" (2004). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3905. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3905 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. SEASONS IN HELL: CHARLES S. JOHNSON AND THE 1930 LIBERIAN LABOR CRISIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Phillip James Johnson B. A., University of New Orleans, 1993 M. A., University of New Orleans, 1995 May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first debt of gratitude goes to my wife, Ava Daniel-Johnson, who gave me encouragement through the most difficult of times. The same can be said of my mother, Donna M. Johnson, whose support and understanding over the years no amount of thanks could compensate. The patience, wisdom, and good humor of David H. Culbert, my dissertation adviser, helped enormously during the completion of this project; any student would be wise to follow his example of professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • LIBERIA. -A Republic Founded by Black Men, Reared by Black Men, Maintained by Black Men, and Which Holds out to Our Hope the Brightest Prospects.—H Enry C L a Y
    LIBERIA. -A republic founded by black men, reared by black men, maintained by black men, and which holds out to our hope the brightest prospects.—H enry C l a y . ./ BULLETIN No. 33. NOVEMBER, 19' ISSUED BY THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION ... ~ * *.^ Ui?un/ri5 c o x t k n t s . V £ REV. DR. ALEXANDER PRIESTLY CAMPHOR..............................Frontispiece PRESIDENT ARTHUR BARCLAY'S MESSAGE................. I LIBERIAN ENVOYS RECEIVED AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION.... 14 THE LIBERIAN COMMISSION.............................................................................. 18 REMARKS OP H. R. p . THE PRINCE OF WALES.....................T 22 REMARKS OF THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL.OF CREWE, K. G 24 OUR LIBERIAN ENVOYS MEET PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT.................. 28 ,EX-PRESIDENT WILLIAM DAVID COLEMAN DEAD..-....................... f .. 30 ■JBERIA AND THE FOREIGN POWERS................................................. 33 LMPOSIUM OF NEWS FROM AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS ON L^ERIAN ENVOYS............................................... 37 PRESIDENT TO NEGRO—EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR WHITE AND BLACK RACES................ 39 THE RETURN-OF LIBERIA’S BIRTHDAY ......... 47 DR. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON WRITES OF RECEPTION IN WASH­ INGTON AND ELSEWHERE—THE UNITED STATES A FRIEND’ .49 BLIND TO M ........ ....................................... 52 THE THREE NEEDS OF LIBERIA.....................Dr. Edward W. Bi<yden 54 ITEMS ............................ 57 WASHINGTON, D. C. COLONIZATION BUILDING, 460 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE. THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. I'UE^IDEXT: 1907 Rev. SAMUEL E. APPLETON,D. D,, Pa. 1 'ICE-PR RSJDEN TS : k 1876 Rev. Bishop H. M. Turner, D. D., 6a., 1896 Rev. Bishop J. A. Handy, D. J)., Fla. ■ 1881 Rev. Bishop H. W. g ir re n , D. D., Col. 1896 Mr. George A. Pope, Md. W 881 Prof. Edw. W.BJyden, LL.D., Liberia. 1896 Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of Sterling in Liberia, 1847– 1943
    Leigh A. Gardner The rise and fall of sterling in Liberia, 1847– 1943 Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Gardner, Leigh (2014) The rise and fall of sterling in Liberia, 1847–1943. Economic History Review, 67 (4). pp. 1089-1112. ISSN 0013-0117 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0289.12042 © 2014 Economic History Society This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88849/ Available in LSE Research Online: July 2018 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. The Rise and Fall of Sterling in Liberia, 1847-19431 Leigh A Gardner London School of Economics and Stellenbosch University [email protected] Abstract: Recent research on exchange rate regime choice in developing countries has revealed that a range of factors, from weak fiscal institutions to the inability to borrow in their own currencies, limits the range of options available to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberian Studies Journal
    VOLUME XXI 1996 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL 1 IO°W 8°W LIBERIA 8 °N- -8 °N MONSERRADO MA R GIB! 6 °N- -6 °N RIVER MARYLAND Geography Department 10 8 °W 1 University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown 1 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts submitted for publication should not exceed 25 typewritten, double -spaced pages, with margins of one - and-a -half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors may, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work with information about the word processing program used, i.e., WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, etc. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings (e.g. Notes; References). Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All research work will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of the latest edition of A Manual of Style (University of Chicago Press).
    [Show full text]
  • Africa and Liberia in World Politics
    © COPYRIGHT by Chandra Dunn 2016 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED AFRICA AND LIBERIA IN WORLD POLITICS BY Chandra Dunn ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes Liberia’s puzzling shift from a reflexive allegiance to the United States (US) to a more autonomous, anti-colonial, and Africanist foreign policy during the early years of the Tolbert administration (1971-1975) with a focus on the role played by public rhetoric in shaping conceptions of the world which engendered the new policy. For the overarching purpose of understanding the Tolbert-era foreign-policy actions, this study traces the use of the discursive resources Africa and Liberia in three foreign policy debates: 1) the Hinterland Policy (1900-05), 2) the creation of the Organization for African Unity (OAU) (1957- 1963), and finally, 3) the Tolbert administration’s autonomous, anti-colonial foreign policy (1971-1975). The specifications of Liberia and Africa in the earlier debates are available for use in subsequent debates and ultimately play a role in the adoption of the more autonomous and anti-colonial foreign policy. Special attention is given to the legitimation process, that is, the regular and repeated way in which justifications are given for pursuing policy actions, in public discourse in the United States, Europe, Africa, and Liberia. The analysis highlights how political opponents’ justificatory arguments and rhetorical deployments drew on publicly available powerful discursive resources and in doing so attempted to define Liberia often in relation to Africa to allow for certain courses of action while prohibiting others. Political actors claimed Liberia’s membership to the purported supranational cultural community of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberian Studies Journal
    2J VOLUME XXVI, 2001 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL LIBERIA 8°N B°N MONSERRADO MARSI B 66N 66N MILES 0 50 MARYLAN GuocrOphr Otporlinen1 10°W VW Urifirsity el Pillsque ilk al Jolmitava Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA).
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Emancipation Barbadian Emigrants in Pursuit Of
    “MORE AUSPICIOUS SHORES”: POST-EMANCIPATION BARBADIAN EMIGRANTS IN PURSUIT OF FREEDOM, CITIZENSHIP, AND NATIONHOOD IN LIBERIA, 1834 – 1912 By Caree A. Banton Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY August, 2013 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor Richard Blackett Professor Jane Landers Professor Moses Ochonu Professor Jemima Pierre To all those who labored for my learning, especially my parents. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to more people than there is space available for adequate acknowledgement. I would like to thank Vanderbilt University, the Albert Gordon Foundation, the Rotary International, and the Andrew Mellon Foundation for all of their support that facilitated the research and work necessary to complete this project. My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Professor Richard Blackett for the time he spent in directing, guiding, reading, editing my work. At times, it tested his patience, sanity, and will to live. But he persevered. I thank him for his words of caution, advice and for being a role model through his research and scholarship. His generosity and kind spirit has not only shaped my academic pursuits but also my life outside the walls of the academy. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the members of my dissertation committee: Jane Landers, Moses Ochonu, and Jemima Pierre. They have provided advice and support above and beyond what was required of them. I am truly grateful not only for all their services rendered but also the kind words and warm smiles with which they have always greeted me.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia: a Case Study
    Liberia: A Case Study Prepared for the International Growth Center Workshop on Growth in Fragile States By * † ERIC WERKER AND JASMINA BEGANOVIC June 24, 2011 * Associate Professor, Harvard Business School; Fellow, Harvard Center for International Development; Economic Advisor to the President, Republic of Liberia. Corresponding author: [email protected]. † Liberia Research Fellow, Harvard Center for International Development. 1 Liberia has been a fragile state by most definitions since April 1979, when protests over a government decision to increase the price of rice resulted in widespread looting and a violent police crackdown in the capital, Monrovia. Within a year of the riots, Samuel Doe—a 28-year old master sergeant of the Liberian army—led a coup against the government of President William Tolbert, killing Tolbert in the Executive Mansion and publicly executing eleven members of his government. The subsequent decade under the leadership of Doe was marked by economic decline, instability, and increasing violence. In 1989 rebel warlord Charles Taylor mounted a counter-insurgency that dragged Liberia into intermittent, but widespread and brutal, conflict for the subsequent fourteen years. Since 2003, following U.S. and Nigerian intervention, Liberia has been a “post-conflict” fragile state, graduating from two years of transitional government to nearly six under the democratic reign of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, albeit with continued support from a force of more than 10,000 United Nations peacekeepers. The President’s many pro-growth and conflict-resolving reforms since the peace have put the country on a positive trajectory, but fundamental challenges continue to exist and the stability of the reform consensus remains fragile.
    [Show full text]