Liberian Studies Journal
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2J VOLUME XXVI, 2001 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL LIBERIA 8°N B°N MONSERRADO MARSI B 66N 66N MILES 0 50 MARYLAN GuocrOphr Otporlinen1 10°W VW Urifirsity el Pillsque ilk al Jolmitava Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA). All manuscripts intended for consideration should be mailed to: Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6306. All items relevant to Book Reviews should be mailed to: Yar D. G. Bratcher, Book Review Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Emory University; 859 Petite Lane; Lithonia, Georgia 30058 Cover map: Compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodi Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XXVII 2001 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor, Amos J. Beyan West Virginia University Associate Editor, Konia T. Kollehlon Book Review Editor, Yar D. G. Bratcher Trinity College, Washington, D.C. Emory University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD C. William Allen-University of South D. Elwood Dunn-The University Carolina-Spartanburg of the South Bertha B. Azango-University of Liberia M. Alpha Bah-College of Charleston Warren d'Azevedo-University of Nevada Momo K. Rogers-Kpazolu Media Christopher Clapham-Lancaster Enterprises University Yekutiel Gershoni-Tel Aviv University Thomas Hayden-Society of African Lawrence B. Breitborde-Knox College Missions Romeo E. Philips-Kalamazoo College Svend E. Holsoe-University of Delaware Henrique F. Tokpa-Cuttington University Coroann Okorodudu-Rowan College College of N.J. LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS Yekutiel Gershoni-President Arnold Odio Tel Aviv University Albany State College M. Alpha Bah-Vice President Timothy A. Rainey College of Charleston Johns Hopkins University Dianne Oyler-Secretary-Treasurer Ciyata Coleman Fayetteville State University Clark Atlanta University James S. Guseh-Parliamentarian Joseph Holloway North Carolina Central University California State University-Northridge Cyril Broderick Delaware State University FORMER EDITORS D. Elwood Dunn Svend E. Holsoe Edward J. Biggane C. William Allen Jo Sullivan Edited at the Department of History, West Virginia University. The editors and Advisory Board gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Eberly College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of History at West Virginia University in the production of the Journal. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS iii Africa, the Atlantic Alliance, National Security: Focus on Liberia By Katherine Harris. 1 The Use of Electronic Information Technology in Historical Research on African Diaspora Studies and the Emigration to Liberia, 1827-1901 By Katherine Olukemi Bankole. 40 Minority Rule and Political Trade-In By Yekutiel Gershoni. 63 Book Reviews Lamin Sanneh, Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making ofModern West Africa By Amos J. Beyan 82 Katherine Bankole, You Left Your Mind in Africa: Journal Observations and Essays on African American Self-Hatred By Pamela K. Safisha Nzingha Hill- Traynham. 84 Edward Lama Wonkeryor, Ella Forbes, James Guseh, and George Klay Kieh, Jr., American Democracy in Africa in the Twenty-First Century By Katherine Harris. 87 New Publications on or Relevant to Liberia 92 Documents 93 A refereed journal that emphasizes the social sciences, humanities, and the natural sciences, the Liberian Studies Journal is a semiannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. The annual subscription rate is US$40.00, US$15.00 for students, and US$50.00 for institutions, and includes membership in the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. All manuscripts and related matters should be addressed to Dr. Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506- 6306. Subscriptions and other business matters should be directed to Dr. Dianne Oyler, Secretary-Treasurer; Liberian Studies Association, Inc.; Fayetteville State University; P.O. Box 14613; Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301-4297. Copyright © 2001 by the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. ISSN 0024 1989 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Africa, the Atlantic Alliance, National Security: Focus on Liberia Katherine Harris* The status of the post Cold War world in the new millennium is riveting discussions among diplomats and policymakers.1 Some analysts fear that the debates over enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) by admitting a number of Central and Eastern European countries have provoked the first crisis in relations of Russia and the West possibly triggering " a new cold War."2 Diplomats concluded accords to avert escalating tension in the late 1990s. But offering a chilling view of the 1990s, the late Richard Nixon remarked that if "the Cold War ended in East Europe, it has extended to the third world."' This former President and Vice President may have been overly optimistic on East Europe given current reports of turmoil there and elsewhere around the globe. The William J. Clinton administration (1992/1993-2000/2001) deployed U.S. troops in Eastern Europe explaining the move as the use of "virtuous power."' Clinton and his Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright redefined the mission of the United States-led Atlantic Alliance away from its goal to defeat socialism and communism. This goal dominated the Cold War. With weapons stockpiled over the past forty years, however, phases of the Cold War are still being fought.' In Africa, despite the apparent end of the Cold War, strife continues in Liberia, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda, Angola, South Africa, Sudan, and Nigeria. While NATO partners have suggested sending a multilateral force to Zaire, the Clinton administration opted to act unilaterally by sending a C-17 Army contingent to Brazzaville, Congo in route to Zaire. The stated goal was to evacuate United States' citizens.6 To the public and perhaps the scholarly community, these pitched diplomatic and sometimes military encounters between the U.S., NATO and African states seem to have burst forth suddenly. But these events have not emerged in a historical vacuum.' They form part of a continuum and this article's focus is on the intersection of U.S., the Dr. Katherine Harris teaches African/African American History at Central Connecticut State University. She is the author of African and American Values (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985). Her study of America's foreign policy objectives in Africa is under contract by Greenwood Press. Dr. Harris has also published several articles and book reviews in other scholarly journals. Liberian Studies Journal, XXVII, 1 (2001) PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 2 AFRICA, THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE, NATIONAL SECURITY Atlantic Alliance-NATO, and African security relations as the Cold War peaked during the presidency of Democratic Harry S. Truman and Secretaries of State George Marshall and Dean Acheson (1945-1952/1953) and the presidency of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, Vice President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles (1952/1953-1960/1961). This article probes the Liberia connection with the Atlantic Alliance. Documents will show, however, that U.S. policymakers and their NATO allies absorbed the entire continent into their coalition and planning. Consequently, we will look not only at Liberia, but to the continental scope of the security planning which incorporated the independent areas (in the 1950s)