Joseph Saye Guannu

A Short History of the First Liberian Republic

Third edition

Star*Books Contents

Preface viii About the author x

The new state and its government Introduction

The Declaration of Independence and Constitution Causes leading to the Declaration of Independence The Constitutional Convention The Constitution

The kind of state and system of government 4 The kind of state Organization of government System of government The l1ag and seal of The exclusion and inclusion of ethnic Liberians

The rulers and their administrations 10 Daniel Bashiel Warner James Skirving Smith Anthony William Gardner Alfred Francis Russell Hilary Richard Wright Johnson JosephJames Cheeseman William David Coleman Garretson Wilmot Gibson Daniel Edward Howard Charles Dunbar Burgess King Edwin James Barclay William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman William Richard Tolbert

PresidentiaI succession in Liberian history 36 BeforeRoye After Roye

iii A Short HIstory 01 the First lIberlJn Republlc

The expansion of presidential powers 36 The socio-political factors The economic factors Abrief history of party politics 31 Before the True Whig Party The True Whig Party Interior policy of the True Whig Party Major oppositions to the True Whig Party The Election of 1927 The Election of 1951 The Election of 1955 The plot that failed

Questions Activities

2 Territorial expansion of, and encroachment on, Liberia 4~ Introduction 41 Two major reasons for expansion 4' Economic and security reasons Threat from the colonial powers Why Liberia lost territories to Great Britain and France 4 The absence of political authority Imperial might Inadequate Washington support

Territorial expansion 4 Themeans Annexation of Maryland in Liberia Forced and voluntary annexations Why Liberia succeeded with expansion and pacification 5 assistance Collaboration of indigenous leadership

Impact of European encroachment Effective control Violation of rights Nation-building Re-visitation of the national mission

Questions Activities

iv A Short HIstory 01 the First llbcflJIl Republlc

.~Economicand other sodal conditions 54 Introduction 54 Theeconomy 54 The Liberian economic system The Open Door Policy The story of rubber in Liberia The story of iron ore mining in Liberia Problems experienced by the economy 58 Goals of Kinds of schools Administration of the educational system A few institutions of learning 59 Alexander High School The The Booker Washington Institute

Other missionary contributions to education 62 The Roman Catholic Church The Methodist Church The Lutheran Church The Liberian Inland Mission The Presbyterian Church The Baptist Church The Episcopal Church The African Methodist Episcopal Church The Seventh Day Adventist Church Indigenous Educational System 65 ThePoro TheSande

Problems experienced by the educational system 66 Poor supervision Weakpolicy A borrowed system Islam in Liberia 66 Questions Activities

v 4 Foreign relations 1848-1980 68

Introduction 68

Foreign policy objectives: 1848-1980 68 1848-1885 1885-1945 1945-1960 1960-1980 Relations with Europe 69 Great Britain France Germany

Relations with America 71 PeriodOne PeriodTwo Period Three

International organizations 74 The League of Nations and Liberia The United Nations and Liberia

Liberia and Africa 80 The Organization of African Unity (OAU)and Liberia Sub-regional cooperation ECOWAS

Diplomat 85 Early life Blyden the diplomat Conclusion

Questions Activities

5 The decline and fall of the First Liberian Republic 88

Introduction 88

Political and sodal causes 88 Politics and the Old Elite Politics and the New Elite Integration The question of land

The coup of April 12.1980 96 Teachers and students The military vi Workers Market women Organized pressure groups The City mayoral campaign of 1979 Thecoup Questions Activities

6 Condusion 107 Introduction 107 Major approaches in the writing of Liberian history 107

Sources of problems encountered 107 Scarcity of records Inadequate societal support Negative Western beliefs

Impacts of the problems 108 Parochialism Distortion

Unlearned lessons 111 Knowing the past Philosophy of development The lesson of equal political participation The lesson of land tenure The lesson of common identity

Questions Aetivities

7 Appendices 116 AppendixA 116 Rulers of Liberia 1848-1980

AppendixB 117 The Liberian National Anthem

AppendixC 118 The Lone Star Forever

AppendixD 119 National holidays of Liberia

Bibliography 120

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