VOLUME XXIV 1999 Number 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL MONSERRADO MARGIBI Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA). All manuscripts intended for consideration should be mailed to: Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6306. All items relevant to Book Reviews should be mailed to: Yar D. G. Bratcher, Book Review Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Emory University; 859 Petite Lane; Lithonia, Georgia 30058 Cover map: Compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodi Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XXIV 1999 Number 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor, Amos J. Beyan West Virginia University Associate Editor, Konia T. Kollehlon Book Review Editor, Yar D. G. Bratcher Trinity College, Washington, D.C. Emory University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD C. William Allen-University of South D. Elwood Dunn-The University Carolina-Spartanburg of the South Bertha B. Azango-University of Liberia M. Alpha Bah-College of Charleston Warren d'Azevedo-University of Nevada Momo K. Rogers-Kpazolu Media Christopher Clapham-Lancaster Enterprises University Yekutiel Gershoni-Tel Aviv University Thomas Hayden-Society of African Lawrence B. Breitborde-Knox College Missions Romeo E. Philips-Kalamazoo College Svend E. Holsoe-University of Delaware Henrique F. Tokpa-Cuttington University Coroann Okorodudu-Rowan College College of N.J. LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS Joseph Holloway-President Timothy A. Rainey California State University-Northridge Johns Hopkins University Cyril Broderick-Vice President Emmanuel Dolo Delaware State University University of Minnesota Dianne Oyler-Secretary-Treasurer Ciyata Coleman Fayetteville State University Clark Atlanta University Arnold Odio-Parliamentarian Albany State College FORMER EDITORS D. Elwood Dunn Svend E. Holsoe Edward J. Biggane C. William Allen Jo Sullivan Edited at the Department of History, West Virginia University. The editors and Advisory Board gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Eberly College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of History at West Virginia University in the production of the Journal. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS 111 President William R. Tolbert, Jr. of the Republic of Liberia Addresses His People By President William R. Tolbert, Jr. 1 Valedictory Address of William R. Tolbert, Jr. By William R. Tolbert, Jr. 17 Approaches to the Development and Implementation of a Bilingual Educational Programme in Liberia By Robert H. Brown 30 Environmental Challenges to Liberian Agriculture By Cyril E. Broderick, Sr. and James L. S. Kiazolu 53 Book Reviews Adeleke, Tunde, UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission By Amos J. Beyan 66 Adeleke, Tunde, UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission By Okia J. Opolot 70 Moses, William Jeremiah, Classic Black Nationalism from the American Revolution to Marcus Garvey By Katherine Olukemi Bankole. 73 Warner, J. Ninsel, Africa and Children By Robert H. Brown 79 New Publications and Theses on or Relevant to Liberia 81 Documents 83 A refereed journal that emphasizes the social sciences, humanities, and the natural sciences, the Liberian Studies Journal is a semiannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. The annual subscription rate is US$40.00, US$15.00 for students, and US$50.00 for institutions, and includes membership in the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. All manuscripts and related matters should be addressed to Dr. Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506- 6306. Subscriptions and other business matters should be directed to Dr. Dianne Oyler, Secretary-Treasurer; Liberian Studies Association, Inc.; Fayetteville State University; P.O. Box 14613; Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301-4297. Copyright © 1999 by the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. ISSN 0024 1989 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor President William R. Tolbert, Jr. of the Republic of Liberia Addresses His People William R. Tolbert, Jr. Three weeks have passed since we witnessed the horrible tragedy of April 14, 1979. As government intensifies its efforts to heal the wounds, lift the national spirit and advance the task of reconstruction, I consider it most propitious and incumbent upon me to come to this sacred national shrine, the Centennial Memorial Pavilion, where I took the Oath of Office on January 3, 1972, seven years and four months ago, to speak to the Nation from the very depths of my heart. Since the violent Civil Disturbances which disrupted our peace and threatened our economy and our progress, I have had cause to speak to you on various occasions-through your chosen representatives and the mass media. A number of other Official Statements and press releases have been made on that dastardly event including the upheaval. We have also released a small pamphlet portraying an Official Account of the events of that day. It should now be clear to all that that occurrence was a direct result of an illegal demonstration in defiance of Law and was designed and executed by a group of misguided persons calling themselves the Progressive Alliance of Liberia, aided and abetted by its internal and external collaborators, using the rice-price issue as an alibi. As I see it, the true objective of the illegal and diabolical action was to create a civil disturbance so as to adversely affect our economy and destabilize our government. Thanks to the protective shield of Almighty God who has guided this Nation throughout these 132 years of its history, and the vigilant action of a united people, their design was frustrated. However, our hearts are pained and our heads are bowed over the loss of precious human lives, the destruction of millions of dollars of valuable property and the disrepute brought upon our cherished image of stability and peaceful existence. May Almighty God grant to the souls of those departed, a blissful repose, and comfort the hearts of all bereaved ones. President Tolbert presented this speech on May 5, 1979, some three weeks following the infamous so-called "rice riot" that almost overthrew his government. Liberian Studies Journal, XXIV, 2 (1999) PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 2 ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA, MAY 5, 1979 I have not therefore come merely to reiterate the gory details of what transpired on that day; nor have I come to narrate Government's immediate responses, for this is amply revealed in the Official Account which has been released. Instead, I have come, My Fellow Citizens and Friends, to pour out to you my spirit. I have come to speak to you frankly and candidly about our national promise and prospects. In so doing, I consider it vital and significant that I call to your remembrance the vision which I saw for our Republic as conveyed in my First Inaugural Address delivered from this hallowed shrine on January 3, 1972. And I quote: I view this Nation as an energized Republic, totally involved in reconstruction and development. With an accent on youth and speed, and on competence and effectiveness, I see a dynamic nation propelled by forces of measured movements and lasting results. With undiminishing faith, I see shrinking areas of rural underdevelopment and, rising in their place, I watch the emergence of an increasing consortium