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Foreign Heroes and Catholic Villains: Radical 1 Foreign Heroes and Catholic Villains: Radical Protestant Propaganda of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Submitted by Darren Paul Foster to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Modern Languages In April 2012 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgements There are a number of people and institutions that have helped this dissertation to take shape. I would like to thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council of the United Kingdom for their funding of a Masters in European Languages and Cultures. This enabled me to undertake specialized courses in preparation for the doctoral degree. I also feel hugely indebted to a number of institutions whose grants funded the entire period of research needed for the dissertation. These are the German Academic Exchange Service, the University of Exeter, the Rolf and Ursula Schneider Foundation of the Duke August Library in Wolfenbüttel, and the Institute for European History in Mainz. Thank you also to the Bessie Rook Memorial Fund, which kindly provided me with a travel grant to Germany. I would also like to express a heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Dr Sara Smart, a Doktormutter in the best sense of the word, whose guidance, helpfulness and support were second to none. My gratitude also goes to Professor Gert Vonhoff for his careful reading of early drafts and his advice for corrections, Dr Ulrike Zitzlsperger and Professor Mara Wade for their recommendations on adding greater depth to the thesis, and Professor Doktor Esther Beate-Körber for her help with funding applications. In addition, the staff of the Herzog August Library, including the very helpful Dr Gillian Bepler, was instrumental in helping the dissertation to take form. The sources of the Duke August Library make up the majority of those used in this dissertation, and the ideal conditions for study at the library contributed to its production. My thanks also goes to three special friends, Giulia Frontoni, Jasmin Allousch, and Christian Mossmann, for their help in many different ways, and I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents Desmond and Audrey Foster, as well as to my partner Matthew Emery, for their unfailing support and love throughout the process. Augsburg, September 2012 3 Abstract My dissertation examines radical Protestant propaganda of the Thirty Years’ War (1618- 1648). It investigates the radicals’ depiction of foreign allies of the German Protestants as well as the presentation of German Catholic leaders in pamphlets and broadsheets of the war. Through analysis of representative sources portraying Prince Bethlen Gabor of Transylvania and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, it examines the arguments used to gain support for foreign Protestant figureheads among the moderates of the Protestant camp. The dissertation also investigates the presentation of Emperor Ferdinand II and Duke Maximilian of Bavaria in order to determine how propagandists denounced German Catholic rulers as no longer worthy of German Protestant allegiance or tolerance. My conclusion demonstrates how radical propagandists sought to change moderate Protestant attitudes towards German Catholic rulers and foreign allies through a cohesive and sophisticated campaign. 4 Table of Contents Title Page 1 Acknowledgements 2 Abstract of Thesis 3 Table of Contents 4 Introduction 6 Purpose 8 Who Were the Radicals 11 Reformation Propaganda and the Thirty Years’ War 16 Magdeburg and the Thirty Years’ War 19 Resistance Theory 21 Propaganda Concept 22 Propaganda in the Empire 25 Broadsheets and Pamphlets 29 Structure of Dissertation Chapter One: Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania 30 Historical Introduction 40 State of Research 42 Primary Materials 50 Protestant Propaganda on the Jesuits 54 Section One: The Portrait of a Christian Prince 62 Section Two: The Virtuous Liberator 73 Section Three: The Avenger of Catholic Abuse 84 Section Four: In Defence of the Faith 100 Conclusion 103 Chapter Two: Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 114 Historical Introduction 118 Primary Materials 130 State of Research 144 Section One: The Benefits of Swedish Invasion 151 Section Two: A Divine Mission 156 Section Three: The Pious Army 170 Section Four: Foreigners of Pedigree 174 The Issue of Otherness Conclusion 5 Chapter Three: Duke Maximilian of Bavaria Historical Introduction 179 State of Research 191 Primary Materials 197 Section One: A Bear Brought to Heel 200 Section Two: The Foolish and Sinful Bear 216 Section Three: Bavaria, Catholics, and the Antichrist 227 Section Four: A Sinner Receiving Treatment 240 Section Five: The Indigestible Politics of the Duke 255 Conclusion 263 Chapter Four: Emperor Ferdinand II Historical Introduction 265 State of Research 273 Primary Materials and Context of Propaganda 277 Section One: Warning, Imperial Jesuit Plans Afoot 286 Section Two: Ferdinand II, A Spanish-Jesuit Coup 302 Spain: A Fearsome Catholic Power 314 Section Three: Spain and Austria in [Un]holy Union 325 Section Four: The Hispanized Austrian House of Habsburg 337 Conclusion 348 Conclusion to Dissertation 351 Primary Materials Bibliography 364 Secondary Materials Bibliography 377 6 Introduction This dissertation examines radical Protestant propaganda of the Thirty Years’ War. It focuses on publications which supported foreign allies of the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, as well as writing that denounced leading German Catholics. It aims to find out if, and how, radical writers were able to persuade a German Protestant audience to support foreign rulers who intervened in the conflict, and it asks whether the same group of writers was able to argue convincingly that German Catholic leaders should be rejected. My examination seeks to draw out the details of an ambitious and sophisticated campaign that tried to pressure a moderate German audience into accepting foreign allies and denouncing native German Catholic authorities as hostile enemies. The focus of my work stems from my interest in the role that propaganda played in the Thirty Years’ War, and to the extent it contributed to intensifying hostilities between the Protestant and Catholic camps in the Empire. I am particularly interested in the way in which the Protestant camp reacted to foreign powers which claimed to be intervening on its behalf. While the propaganda on the most famous of these foreign ‘assistants’, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, has been the subject of several studies, propaganda on another foreign ally, Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, has not. I examine both figures individually and comparatively. By analyzing a range of representative sources, I aim to establish the detail of the campaign to gain support for these foreign rulers and their forces. In addition, I shall examine whether similar propagandistic techniques were employed in the depiction of each ruler. By means of an assessment of the arguments and images used by the propagandists, I will consider the extent to which the propaganda would have been effective in moulding readers’ attitudes towards these figures. 7 The other two figures I examine are Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and Emperor Ferdinand II. Neither of these Catholic leaders has been studied comprehensively from the angle of radical Protestant propaganda. Through an examination of representative sources, I seek to gauge how radical propagandists attempted to change the moderate Protestants’ attitudes towards them. I will focus in particular on patterns of repetition which point to a concerted, cohesive campaign designed to forge new attitudes. In the same way that I examine arguments employed to make the foreign allies appear worthy of the respect of moderate German Protestants, so I will ascertain whether exactly the opposite arguments were used in propaganda attacking the German Catholic leaders. Specifically, I will consider whether the repeated criticisms directed at the Duke and the Emperor aimed to alienate these figures from a German Protestant audience. Finally, I aim to look beyond the individual examples of propaganda with their praise or criticism of the four leaders to consider their overall impact. Were radical propagandists able to convince the audience that invading foreign rulers had the interests of the German Protestants at heart? And were the images and arguments created by radical writers powerful enough to persuade a moderate audience that turning its back on representatives of imperial Catholic authority was the only legitimate option? This gives rise to the important question of whether the representations of German Catholic leaders and the foreign allies were part of an overarching campaign to re-orient the German Protestants towards alternative figures of authority. 8 Who Were the Radicals? My investigation focuses on propaganda produced by the radicals of the Protestant camp. But who were the radical Protestants? Put simply, the radicals were a minority of the Protestant camp who produced the majority of its propaganda. They are called radicals because of the attitudes they held, which contrasted with those of the other two factions of the Protestant camp known as the moderates and the conservatives.
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