THE MAKING OF THE NATIONS GERMANY VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED IN THIS SERIES FRANCE By Cecil Headlam, m.a. COXTAIXING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS AND 16 MAPS AND SMALLER FIGURES IN THE TEXT " It is a sound and readable sketch, which has the signal merit of keeping^ what is salient to the front." British Weekly. SCOTLAND By Prof. Robert S. Rait CONTAINING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS AND 11 MAPS AND SMALLER FIGURES IN THE TEXT of "His 'Scotland' is an equally careful piece work, sound in historical fact, critical and dispassionate, and dealing, for the most part, with just those periods in which it is possible to trace a real advance in the national develop- ment."—Athenceum. SOUTH AMERICA By W. H. KoEBEL CONTAINING 32 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS AND 10 MAPS AND SMALLER FIGURES IN THE TEXT " Mr. Koebel has done his work well, and by laying stress on the trend of Governments and peoples rather than on lists of Governors or Presidents, and by knowing generally what to omit, he has contrived to produce a book which meets an obvious need. ' —Morning Post. A. AND C. BLACK, 4 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. AGENTS AMERICA .... THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE. NEW YORK AUSTEALA8IA . OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 20- FLINDERS Lane. MELBOURNE CANADA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA. LTD. St. Marti.n's House, 70 Bond street, TORONTO RiDLA MACMILLAN 4 COMPANY, LTD. MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY 309 Bow Bazaar STREBT, CALCUTTA ^. Rischgits QUEEN LOUISE (lT7G-lS10), WinOW OF FREDERICK -WILLIAM III. OF PRUSSIA. Her patriotism anil self-sacrifice after the disaster of Jena have given her a liigli place in the affections of the German nation. From the portrait by Joseph Grassi in the Hohenzollern Museum. ^ THE MAKING OF THE NATIONS GERMANY BY A. W. HOLLAND SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF ST. JOHN S COLLEGE, OXFORD AUTHOR OF " GERMANY TO THE PRESENT DAY " WITH THIRTY-TWO FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC., AND MAPS AND PLANS IN THE TEXT Y ADAM df CHARLES BLACK LONDON MCMXIV PREFACE The aim of this volume is to trace, through its many vicissitudes, the development of the German nation. At the present day, especially when so much is heard about Germany and the Germans, it is surely necessary that the large reading public should be familiar with the outlines of German history, and should have a clear idea of how the Empire of William II. came into being. The present book is intended to meet this need. Authorities are not quoted, but every care has been taken to insure accuracy and to take into account the results of recent scholarship. CONTENTS CHAPTKR PAGE I. EARLY INHABITANTS ..... 1 II. THE MIGRATIONS OF THE GERMANS - - -13 III. GERMANY AND THE FRANKS - - - - 24 '- - IV. THE FOUNDATION OF THE GERMAN KINGDOM ^ 37 ^-^ V. OTTO THE GREAT AND HIS SUCCESSORS - - - 48 — VI. GERMANY AND THE PAPACY - - - - 62 VU. THE EARLY HOHENSTAUFEN KINGS - - - 76 " Vm. FREDERICK II. AND THE FIRST HABSBURGS - - % IX. THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY AND ITS KINGS - - 102 X. MEDIEVAL GERMANY - - - - - 114 XI. THE REIGNS OF SIGISMUND AND FREDERICK III. - 128 XII. MAXIMILIAN AND THE EARLY YEARS OF CHARLES V. - 139 XIII. THE PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION - - - 154 XIV. RELIGIOUS DISCORDS ..... Ig7 XV. THE THIRTY YEARS" WAR . - - . 177 XVI. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST FRENCH AGGRESSION - - 196 XVII. THE GROWTH OF PRUSSIA THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION ...... 208 XVin. THE WARS OF FREDERICK THE GREAT - - - 221 XIX. GERMANY BEFORE THE FRENCH REVOLUTION - - 234 XX. GERMANY AND NAPOLEON .... 242 XXI. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA PROGRESS OF GERMANY AFTER THE WAR ..... 255 XXII. AUSTRIA VERSUS PRUSSIA ..... 269 XXIU. THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR AND THE NEW GERMAN EMPIRE 283 XXIV. THE REIGN OF WILLIAM II. - - - - 294 INDEX ....... 303 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PRINTED SEPARATELY FROM THE TEXT QUEEN LOUISE ....-- Frontispiece FAcma PAGE THE ROMAN GATEWAY AT TRIER - - - - 17 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE CATHEDRAL - - - - - 32 TWO FAMOUS GERMAN CROWNS - - - - - 49 - - OTTO II., EMPEROR OF GERMANY, AND HIS SPOUSE 53 THE CHURCH OF THE APOSTLES AT COLOGNE - - - 64 WORMS CATHEDRAL - - - - - - 69 FREDERICK BARBAROSSA AS A CRUSADER - - - 76 THE EFFIGIES OF HENRY THE LION. DUKE OF SAXONY AND BAVARIA, AND HIS WIFE - - - - - 81 COLOGNE CATHEDRAL - - - - - - 96 COUNT RUDOLPH OF HABSBURG - - - . 101 THE UPPER PORTION OF THE MAGNIFICENT MONUMENT OF HENRY VII. (henry OF LUXEMBURG) - - - 108 THE CROWNING OF A GERMAN EMPEROR - - - - 113 R0THENBUR6-0N-THE-TAUBER ..... 117 TOMB OF ERNEST, DUKE OF SAXONY AND ARCHBISHOP OF MAGDE- BURG ....... 124 HEIDELBERG CASTLE .--... 128 A GERMAN STANDARD-BEARER OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY - 133 THE TOMB OP THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN I. AT INNSBRUCK - 140 MONUMENT OF RUDOLF VON SCHERENBERG, PRINCE BISHOP OF WtJBZBURQ -....-. 145 LUTHER'S ROOM AT THE WARTBURG .... 149 FREDERICK III., THE WISE, ELECTOR OF SAXONY - - 156 THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF MUHLBBKG - 160 vii viii LIST OF 1 LLUSTRATIONS FACING PAOK JAN TSERKLAES VON TILLY) .... 181 (COUNT COUNT ALBERT VON WALLENSTEIN - - - - 188 - - - - - FREDERICK I., KING OF PRUSSIA 21 3 THE ELECTRESS SOPHIA OF HANOVER .... 220 FREDERICK THE GREAT -.--.. 241 GERHARD LEBERECHT VON BLUCHER - - - - 256 PRINCE METTERNICH ...... 201 THE CONFERENCE AT DRESDEN, 1850 ... - 268 WILLIAM I., SEVENTH KING OF PRUSSIA AND FIRST GERMAN EMPEROR .-.--.- 277 OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD, PRINCE VON BISMARCK - - - 284 FEINTED IN THE TEXT PAOK CHARLEMAGNE'S SIGNATURE TO A CHARTER, SIGNED AT KURSTEIN, AUGUST 31, 790 - - - - - - 29 EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE, A.D. 814 - - 35 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY - - 83 EUROPE IN 1470 .------ 136 WITTENBERG ....... 145 DR. MARTIN LUTHER ...... 147 PHILIPP MELANCHTHON - - - - . - 157 THE EMPEROR FERDINAND II. - - - - - 179 THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE IMPERIAL AND SWEDISH ARMIES AT THE BATTLE OF LUTZEN, 1632 - - . - 188 GERMANY AT THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA. 1648 - - 193 PRUSSIA, SHOWING EXPANSION OF TERRITORY, 1648-1795 - 237 GERMANY IN 1815 - - - - - - 257 GERMANY CHAPTER I EARLY INHABITANTS The story of the making of the German nation is one of the most fascinating in history, but it is also one of the most complicated. There are several reasons for this, the chief, perhaps, being the lengthy and involved con- nection between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. But whatever they were, the fact remains that the work of making Germany into a nation was a long and tedious task. England and France were nations in every sense before the close of the Middle Ages; hi the succeeding years they were destined to enlarge then borders, to absorb kingdom or duchy, but the nation, the mark of which is a certain feeling of unity among the people, with a recognized head and centre of attraction—the sovereign —was in existence all the time. With Germany it was quite otherwise. In the Middle Ages, and after, this land had upon its soil not one nation, but many. The Bavarian had little in common with the Prussian, or the Austrian with the Saxon. True, all were constituents of the Holy Roman Empke, but we may add to V^oltaire's sarcastic epigi'am, and assert that this was not a nation any more than it was Holy, or Roman, or an Empu'e. Traces of palaeolithic man have been found in Germany, and discoveries have revealed some of his tools and weapons, made of bone as well as of stone. Then, after 1 2 GERMANY the glacial epoch, perhaps about 4000 B.C., the land was mhabited by neoUthic man. He lived amid forests of fir in a climate which was very much as it is to-day. About the end of the neoUthic period—2000 B.C. or thereabouts—there are evidences of a considerable civili- zation. The arts of spinning and pottery were practised, and tliis means that clotliing, other than skins, was worn, and that earthenware vessels were used when eating and di'inking. A settled home, although probably only a trench dug in the hillside, was smTounded by an area of cultivated land, and enriched by herds of domestic animals —cattle, sheep, and goats—which provided their masters with meat and milk. There was a certain amount of one article bartered for another commerce, being ; hunting was carried on; religious rites were practised; and the dead were bmied with great and elaborate care. The succeeding epoch, which lasted for about 2,000 years, or imtil almost the beginnmg of the Christian era, saw other advances, trivial indeed to those who have witnessed the marvels of a single centiuy—the nineteenth —but yet of tremendous importance in the onward pro- gi'ess of mankind. Copper, bronze, and then kon came into use. The women began to wear ornaments and the men to bear swords; the pottery was much more artistic, and the growth of trade led to the introduction of coins. Stern necessity taught the value of defensive works, and there is evidence that rude fortresses were erected, while about the same time the people learned to build better homes, and to increase the variety, and improve the quality of then arms. With the incm-sion of the Romans into Central Em'ope, ethnogi-aphy, taking the place of archaeology, becomes om- guide. In the centm'ies immediately before the open- ing of the Christian era the inhabitants of Germany appear to have been mamly of Celtic race, but m the north-west THE GERMAN TRIBES 3 portion of the country a different people had settled, a people belonging to the race we now call Teutonic. Both Celts and Teutons belonged to the great Indo- Germanic or Aryan race, and had come originally from Asia; but at the time of which we speak there was a certain differ- ence between them. This had been noticed about 330 B.C. by a traveller, Pytheas of Massilia; and then, nearly three hundred years later, Julius Csesar, who in 59 B.C.