CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE LINCOLN HEIGHTS JAIL LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

Prepared for:

City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering Environmental Management Group 1149 S. Broadway, Suite 600 Los Angeles, California 90015-2213

Prepared by:

AECOM 401 West A Street, Suite 1200 San Diego, California 92101

Authors:

Jeremy Hollins, M.A. Monica Mello, M.A. Linda Kry, B.A.

September 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Report Organization ...... 1 Project Description...... 1 Project Location ...... 2 Regulatory Setting ...... 2 State Regulations ...... 2 Local Regulations ...... 7

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT SETTING...... 11 Environmental Setting ...... 11 Cultural Setting ...... 11 Prehistory ...... 11 Paleo-Indian Period...... 11 Early Period (5000 to 3000 B.C.) ...... 11 Middle Period (3000 B.C. to A.D. 1000) ...... 12 Late Period (A.D. 1000 to 1782) ...... 12 Historic Context ...... 13 Development of Lincoln Heights ...... 14 Lincoln Heights Jail and the Evolution of the Los Angeles Jail System ...... 15 Bloody Christmas ...... 17

CHAPTER 3 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 21 Cultural Resources Records Search ...... 21 Supplemental Research ...... 23 California Department of Transportation Historic Bridge Inventory ...... 23 Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments ...... 24 Sacred Lands File Search and Native American Contact ...... 24 Other Archival Research ...... 25

CHAPTER 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY SURVEY ....27 Archaeological Survey Methodology ...... 27 Archaeological Survey Results ...... 27 Architectural History Survey Methodology ...... 27 Architectural History Survey Results ...... 28 Architectural Description ...... 28 Character-Defining Features ...... 31 Historical Evaluation ...... 32 Integrity Analysis ...... 37 Summary ...... 38

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page i CHAPTER 5 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 39 Archaeological Recommendations ...... 39 Architectural History Recommendations ...... 40

CHAPTER 6 PROJECT PERSONNEL ...... 43

REFERENCES CITED ...... 45

APPENDICES A Native American Contact B DPR 523 Forms C Records Search D Photographs

Page ii Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Regional Location Map...... 4 2 Project Location Map ...... 10

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Previous Surveys Conducted within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area ...... 21 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area ...... 23 3 Historic Bridges within 250 feet of the Project Area ...... 24 4 Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments within 250 feet of the Project Area ...... 24

LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

1 Lincoln Heights Jail, 401 Avenue 19, view facing east (1936, Los Angeles Public Library) ...... 29 2 Lincoln Heights Jail 1949 Modern addition, view facing southwest (Undated, City of Los Angeles) ...... 29

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page iii

Page iv Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This following report has been prepared by AECOM as part of the Cultural Resources Assessment for the Lincoln Heights Jail and has been completed in compliance with the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The City of Los Angeles is considering the potential redevelopment of the Lincoln Heights Jail (project), located at 401 Avenue 19, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County (Assessor’s Parcel Number 5447-005-900). The building is currently vacant and has not been used as a jail since 1965. Most recently, in 2014, the building was used as a theater and temporary administrative offices for a nonprofit organization. Future tenant(s) at the Lincoln Heights Jail will be required to bring the building and its systems into compliance with current codes and standards, including those related to the Americans with Disabilities Act, fire and life safety, earthquake, and elevators. The purpose of this assessment is to provide information on the presence and significance of cultural resources located within the project area, consisting of the Lincoln Heights parcel, and is intended to help guide future decisions regarding the redevelopment of the Lincoln Heights Jail.

As part of this assessment, AECOM conducted archival research and completed surveys to identify cultural resources within the project area. Additionally, AECOM also conducted a cultural resources records search at the South Central Coastal Information Center housed at California State University, Fullerton, and supplemental research with various agencies and groups. The records search and supplemental research revealed that the entirety of the project area has been previously surveyed and evaluated. The Lincoln Heights Jail building is the only known or recorded cultural resource previously identified within the project area and is currently listed as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (LAHCM) 587.

AECOM contacted tribal parties interested in the property for information regarding Native American cultural resources within or near the project area, and to solicit any concerns. A letter was sent to the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on July 1, 2016, to request a Sacred Lands File search. The NAHC responded by email on July 6, 2016. The NAHC identified 13 Native American representatives who may have knowledge of resources in or near the project area. Each of these individuals was contacted by letter or email on July 7, 2016. Those who did not respond were contacted by telephone on July 15, 2016. In the course of the follow-up calls, three individuals provided limited information concerning Native American cultural resources in the area, and expressed concerns regarding the sensitivity of the project area.

An architectural history survey and an archaeological survey of the Lincoln Heights Jail was completed on July 6, 2016. The architectural history survey analyzed the current conditions, alterations, historic integrity, and retention of character-defining features of the buildings within the project area, as well as compared in-field observations with background information. The archaeological survey focused on the identification of surface evidence of archaeological materials within the project area. The surveys identified one previously recorded cultural resource within the project area (the Lincoln Heights Jail, a listed LAHCM), and no additional cultural resources.

The historical evaluation of the Lincoln Heights Jail completed as part of this assessment found the property eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and California Register

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page ES-1 of Historical Resources for its association with significant events in Los Angeles, and for its architectural design and construction. In addition, the property retains its characteristics to continue to qualify as an LAHCM. Therefore, the property is a historical resource for purposes of CEQA.

This assessment recommends that any future developments in the project area be planned and designed consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings or the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings, in order to reduce impacts to the property to a less than significant level. Specifically, as part of a Rehabilitation Treatment, any future developments should retain, restore, repair, and appropriately replace portions of the property from its period of significance that contribute to its historic integrity, while making other slight compatible alterations in non-character-defining features and spaces that preserve the property’s historical and architectural value. In addition, due to the archaeological sensitivity of the project area and environs, archaeological and Native American monitoring is recommended during ground- disturbing activities in previously undisturbed areas.

Page ES-2 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This cultural resources assessment was prepared for the potential redevelopment of the Lincoln Heights Jail (project), and was completed in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 21000 et seq., and the State CEQA Guidelines, California Code of Regulations Section 15000 et seq. Cultural resources for purposes of this assessment are defined as prehistoric and historic-period buildings, structures, objects, sites, landscapes, and districts.

REPORT ORGANIZATION

This report is organized following the Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format guidelines, Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR), Office of Historic Preservation, State of California, 1990. These guidelines provide a standardized format and suggested report content, scaled to the size of a project. This report includes discussions of the project, location, setting, applicable regulations, environmental setting, prehistoric and historic contexts, research methodologies and results, Native American contact and coordination, survey methodologies and findings, significance evaluations (per the federal, state, and local criteria), and recommendations to minimize impacts.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The City of Los Angeles is considering the redevelopment of the subject parcel that contains the Lincoln Heights Jail, though a specific future use or project has not been identified to date. The property was last used as a jail in 1965 and was most recently used as administrative offices for the Bilingual Foundation for the Arts. It has also been used intermittently as a filming location.

The future tenant(s) at the Lincoln Heights Jail will be required to bring the building and its systems into compliance with current codes and standards, including those related to the Americans with Disabilities Act, fire and life safety, earthquake, and elevators. The scope of the work will depend on the proposed future use and any change to the existing facility to accommodate that use. A structural and seismic capacity analysis of the property completed in 1997 determined no apparent major structural damage. However, more recently and since 2014, the jail has been subject to vandalism and has fallen into disrepair. Hazardous material reports completed in November 2014 indicate that the property contains asbestos-containing materials, lead-based paint, and miscellaneous hazardous materials including polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorofluorocarbons, and mercury (City of Los Angeles 2014). Therefore, any reuse of the building will require removal of hazardous materials in order to make the building habitable, and addressing any structural or seismic vulnerabilities that may exist.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 1 PROJECT LOCATION

The project is located east of the Los Angeles River in the neighborhood of Lincoln Heights in the City of Los Angeles at 401 Avenue 19, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County. More specifically, the project is located on the Los Angeles U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-Minute Topographic Map, Township 1S, Range 13W, Section 15 (Figure 1). The subject property encompasses an approximately 3.37 acre irregular-shaped parcel developed with a five-story, 229,120 square foot vacant jail building in the central portion of the property and two single-story buildings occupied by the City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) in the southern portion. The Lincoln Heights Jail occupies the east portion of the parcel and has an east-facing orientation. The property is situated on a wedge-shaped parcel bordered by the Los Angeles River and the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the west, Avenue 19 to the northeast, the confluence of the Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles River to the north, and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Metro (Metro) Gold Line to the southeast. The project area encompasses the Lincoln Heights Jail located at 401 Avenue 19, Los Angeles, California. The subject parcel is Assessor’s Parcel Number 5447-005-900.

REGULATORY SETTING

The following summarizes the relevant regulations and policies for the CEQA-level assessment of the project. Federal regulations are not included, such as Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) or the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), since a federal nexus for the project does not exist.

State Regulations

Compliance procedures are set forth in CEQA, California PRC Sections 15064.5 and 15126.4. The primary applicable state laws and codes are presented below.

California Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (2001) In the California Health and Safety Code, Division 7, Part 2, Chapter 5 (Sections 8010–8030), broad provisions are made for the protection of Native American cultural resources. The Act sets the state policy to ensure that all California Native American human remains and cultural items are treated with due respect and dignity. The Act also provides the mechanism for disclosure and return of human remains and cultural items held by publicly funded agencies and museums in California. Likewise, the Act outlines the mechanism with which California Native American tribes not recognized by the federal government may file claims to human remains and cultural items held in agencies or museums.

California Public Resources Code, Section 5020 This California code created the California Historic Landmarks Committee in 1939, and authorizes DPR to designate Registered Historical Landmarks and Registered Points of Historical Interest.

California Public Resources Code, Section 5097.9 Procedures are detailed under California PRC Section 5097.9 for actions taken whenever Native American remains are discovered. No public agency, and no private party using or occupying

Page 2 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail public property, or operating on public property, under a public license, permit, grant, lease, or contract made on or after July 1, 1977, shall in any manner whatsoever interfere with the free

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 3 OVERVIEW MAP

Los Angeles

Legend Project Components

0 0.125 0.25 0.5

Miles

401 Avenue 19 Los Angeles, CA 90031 Lincoln Heights Jail Regional Location Map

Date: 7/20/2016 Project: 60508389

NORTH Figure 1 Path: C:\GIS Data\Projects\60508389.1 Lincoln Heights Jail\MXD\Figure-1_Lincolnheights_20160720.mxd | Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N expression or exercise of Native American religion as provided in the U.S. Constitution and the California Constitution; nor shall any such agency or party cause severe or irreparable damage to any Native American sanctified cemetery, place of worship, religious or ceremonial site, or sacred shrine located on public property, except on a clear and convincing showing that the public interest and necessity so require. The California Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), pursuant to Sections 5097.94 and 5097.97, shall enforce the provisions of this chapter.

California Health and Safety Code, Section 7050.5 Under this code, every person who knowingly mutilates or disinters, wantonly disturbs, or willfully removes any human remains in or from any location other than a dedicated cemetery without authority of law is guilty of a misdemeanor, except as provided in California PRC Section 5097.99. In the event of discovery or recognition of any human remains in any location other than a dedicated cemetery, there shall be no further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent remains until the coroner of the county in which the human remains are discovered has determined the remains to be archaeological. If the coroner determines that the remains are not subject to his or her authority, and if the coroner recognizes the human remains to be those of a Native American, or has reason to believe that they are those of a Native American, he or she shall contact, by telephone within 24 hours, the NAHC.

California Health and Safety Code, Section 7051 Under this code, every person who removes any part of any human remains from any place where it has been interred, or from any place where it is deposited while awaiting interment or cremation, with intent to sell it or to dissect it, without authority of law, or written permission of the person or persons having the right to control the remains under Section 7100, or with malice or wantonness, has committed a public offense that is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison.

California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section 4307 Under this state preservation law, no person shall remove, injure, deface, or destroy any object of paleontological, archaeological, or historical interest or value.

California Environmental Quality Act CEQA and its guidelines (CERES 2009) require the evaluation of potential impacts to “historical resources” that are defined as resources listed in or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR). Under California PRC Section 5024.1, the CRHR was established to serve as an authoritative guide to the state’s significant historical and archaeological resources. The CRHR consists of historical resources that are (a) listed automatically, (b) listed following procedures and criteria adopted by the State Historical Resources Commission, and/or (c) nominated by an application and listed after a public hearing process. The criteria for listing historical resources in the CRHR are consistent with those developed by the National Park Service for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), but have been modified for state use to include a range of historical resources that better reflect the history of California.

Generally, under CEQA, a historical resource (including the historic built-environment and historic and prehistoric archaeological resources) is considered significant if it meets one of the

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 5 four (4) criteria for listing in the CRHR. These criteria are set forth in CEQA Section 15064.5 and defined as any resource that:

1. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States; 2. Is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history; 3. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values; or 4. Has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

Historical resources must also possess integrity, possess the authenticity of a historical resource’s physical identity evidenced by the survival of characteristics that existed during the resource’s period of significance, and retain enough of this historic character or appearance to be recognizable as a historical resource and to convey the reasons for this significance. Integrity is evaluated with regard to the retention of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Historical resources may include built environment and archaeological resources, as well as “unique paleontological resources” or “unique geologic features.” In addition to historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP that are automatically considered historical resources under CEQA, the CRHR includes designated California Historic Landmarks, California Points of Historical Interest, and certain locally identified historic resources (see Local Regulations section below). CEQA also requires that mitigation measures to reduce or avoid impacts to historical resources be incorporated into a project, and a range of alternatives be considered that could substantially lessen significant impacts to historical resources. Section 15064.5 of CEQA also assigns special importance to human remains and specifies procedures to be used when Native American remains are discovered. These procedures are detailed under California PRC Section 5097.98.

Though the project does not have a federal nexus, the NRHP eligibility of the Lincoln Heights Jail was considered in order to assess its significance at a national level, since it is presently a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (LAHCM)-listed resource. To determine if a property is eligible for listing in the NRHP, it must meet one of the criteria for evaluation by being associated with an important historic context and retaining a sufficient amount of its historic integrity. The following are the eligibility criteria for NRHP listing:

(A) That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or (B) That are associated with the lives of significant persons in our past; or (C) That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or

Page 6 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

(D) That have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory.

Impacts to “unique archaeological resources” are also considered under CEQA, as described under PRC Section 21083.2. A unique archaeological resource implies an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that without merely adding to the current body of knowledge there is a high probability that it meets one of the following criteria:

(a) The archaeological artifact, object, or site contains information needed to answer important scientific questions, and there is a demonstrable public interest in that information; (b) The archaeological artifact, object, or site has a special and particular quality, such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type; or (c) The archaeological artifact, object, or site is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person.

The lead agency shall first determine whether an archaeological resource is a historical resource before evaluating the resource as a unique archaeological resource (CEQA Guidelines 15064.5 [c] [1]). A nonunique archaeological resource is an archaeological artifact, object, or site that does not meet the above criteria. Impacts to nonunique archaeological resources and resources that do not qualify for listing in the CRHR receive no further consideration under CEQA.

Under CEQA, a project would result in a significant impact to historical resources if it results in a direct or indirect substantial adverse change to the resource. A significant impact would occur if a project would directly or indirectly diminish any of the characteristics that qualify or define a historical resource. A significant impact may be resolved with mitigation measures to avoid the impact or to reduce the impact to a level of less than significant.

Assembly Bill 52 This bill provides a new definition of cultural resource, tribal cultural resource, which is separate from the definitions for “historical resource” and “archaeological resource.” A tribal cultural resource is defined as sites, features, places, cultural landscapes, sacred places, and objects with cultural value to a California Native American tribe. Assembly Bill 52 also provides both federal and non-federally recognized tribes the right to formal consultation with project lead agencies.

Local Regulations

The following section contains the policies of the City of Los Angeles and the Central City Community Plan Area as applicable toward cultural resources.

City of Los Angeles Environmental Quality Act Guidelines The City of Los Angeles Environmental Quality Act Guidelines (1981, amended July 31, 2002) contains three articles. Article I declares that, in 2002, the City adopted the State CEQA Guidelines, contained in Title 15, California Code of Regulations, Sections 150000 et seq., and incorporates all future amendments and additions to those guidelines as may be adopted by the State. Article II defines the activities by City agencies that are exempt from the requirements of CEQA. Article III defines the categorical exemptions, which are organized by classes of projects

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 7 that have been determined not to have a significant effect on the environment and are therefore exempt from the provisions of CEQA.

City of Los Angeles, Administrative Code, Division 22, Chapter 9, Article 1 (Ordinance No. 178,402), 1962 Ordinance No. 178,402 established the Cultural Heritage Commission to identify and protect architectural, historical, and cultural buildings, structures, and sites that are important to the City of Los Angeles’ history and cultural heritage. The Cultural Heritage Commission oversees the designation and protection of LAHCMs. LAHCMs are defined as any site (including significant trees or other plant life located on site), building, or structure of particular historic or cultural significance to the City of Los Angeles, including historic structures or sites, that:

 Reflect or exemplify the broad cultural, political, economic, or social history of the nation, state, or community; or  Are identified with historic personages or important events in the main currents of national, state, or local history; or  Embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural-type specimen, are inherently valuable for a study of a period, style, or method of construction; or  Are notable works of a master builder, designer, or architect whose individual genius influenced his or her age.

City of Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 2, Section 12.20.3 (Ordinance No. 175891), 1979 (amended 2004) This code contains procedures for the designation and protection of new Historic Preservation Overlay Zones (HPOZs) for any area of the City of Los Angeles with buildings, structures, landscaping, natural features, or lots having historic, architectural, cultural, or aesthetic significance. The ordinance describes the powers and duties of HPOZ boards and the review processes for projects within HPOZs. The City of Los Angeles Department of Planning establishes and administers HPOZs in concert with the city council.

City of Los Angeles General Plan, Conservation Element, 2001 The Conservation Element contains the following objectives pertaining to the protection of the archaeological, paleontological, cultural, and historic resources in the City of Los Angeles:

 Protect the City of Los Angeles’ archaeological and paleontological resources for historical, cultural, research and/or educational purposes.  Protect important cultural and historical sites and resources for historical, cultural, research, and community educational purposes.

The identification and protection of significant archaeological and paleontological sites and/or resources known to exist or identified during land development, demolition, or property modification activities is to be achieved through the establishment of permit processing, monitoring, enforcement, and periodic revision of regulations and procedures by the departments of Building and Safety, City Planning, and Cultural Affairs.

Page 8 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

City of Los Angeles, Cultural Heritage Masterplan, 2000 The Cultural Heritage Masterplan is a multifaceted historic preservation strategy to address major preservation issues and to guide and coordinate preservation activity in the City of Los Angeles. The document establishes a citywide framework for developing public policies involving the preservation and care of the City’s cultural resources and contains numerous important policy recommendations on historic preservation within the City.

Cornfield Arroyo Specific Plan, 2012 The Cornfield Arroyo Specific Plan is intended to implement the Central City North, Northeast Los Angeles, and Silverlake/ Echo Park/ Elysian Valley Community Plans. The Specific Plan identifies the need to respect historically significant buildings and reconnect historical communities. In addition, the Specific Plan seeks to guide future development toward preserving the area’s historic character through the preservation and/or rehabilitation of eligible resources.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 9 OVERVIEW MAP

UV2 Lacy St San Fernando Rd 110 5 UV Avenue 19 ¨¦§

110 Hwy

¤£101 UV10 ¨¦§10

110 Hwy Legend Project Components Subject Property Parcel 5447-005-900 Avenue 21

Gatehouse

1949 Modern Addition

1931 Art Deco Building

Ancilary Building 1

Barranca St Humboldt St

Ancilary Building 2

Elysian Park Dr 0 75 150 300 San Fernando Rd

Avenue 19 Feet

401 Avenue 19

Avenue 18 Los Angeles, CA 90031

Barranca St Lincoln Heights Jail Project Location Map

Date: 7/20/2016 Project: 60508389

NORTH Figure 2 Path: C:\GIS Data\Projects\60508389.1 Lincoln Heights Jail\MXD\Figure-2_Lincolnheights_20160720.mxd | Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT SETTING

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The project is located in a relatively flat area of the western Los Angeles Basin. The basin is formed by the Santa Monica Mountains to the northwest, the San Gabriel Mountains to the north, and the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains to the east. The basin was formed by alluvial and fluvial deposits derived from these surrounding mountains. Prior to urban development and the channelization of the Los Angeles River, the Los Angeles Basin, including the project area (located directly on the east bank of the present-day Los Angeles River channel), was likely covered with marshes, thickets, riparian woodland, and grassland. Prehistorically, the floodplain forest of the Los Angeles Basin formed one of the most biologically rich habitats in Southern California. Willow, cottonwood, and sycamore, and dense underbrush of alder, hackberry, and shrubs once lined the Los Angeles River as it passed near present-day downtown Los Angeles. Although, historically, most of the Los Angeles River was dry for at least part of the year, shallow bedrock in what is now the Elysian Park area north of downtown forced much of the river’s underground water to the surface. This allowed for a steady year-round flow of water through the area that later became known as downtown Los Angeles.

CULTURAL SETTING

Prehistory

Following the seminal work of William Wallace (1955) and Claude Warren (1968), the prehistory of the Southern California coastal region is typically divided into Early, Middle, and Late Periods, with an initial Paleo-Indian period dating to the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Paleo-Indian Period

In the Southern California coastal region, the earliest evidence of human occupation comes from a handful of sites with early tools and some human remains that have been dated from 7,000 years ago to greater than 10,000 years old. These include the nearby Baldwin Hills and Los Angeles Mesa sites where construction activities in the 1920s and 1930s uncovered human remains in deep alluvial deposits. The human remains were tentatively dated to 10,000 to more than 20,000 years old (Moratto 1984:53). Recent research into the Los Angeles Mesa materials suggests that the early dates should be considered tentative, and that some studies suggest a date of no more than 5,000 years old for some of the individuals (Brooks et al. 1990).

Early Period (5000 to 3000 B.C.)

Although people are believed to have inhabited what is now Southern California beginning at least 11,000 years B.C. (Arnold et al. 2004), the first solid evidence of human occupation in the Los Angeles Basin dates to roughly 7000 B.C. and is associated with a period known as the Early Period or the Millingstone Horizon (Wallace 1955; Warren 1968). Millingstone Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 11 populations established permanent settlements that were located primarily on the coast and in the vicinity of estuaries, lagoons, lakes, streams, and marshes where a variety of resources, including seeds, fish, shellfish, small mammals, and birds, were exploited. Early Period occupations are typically identified by the presence of handstones (manos) and millingstones (metates). Sites from this time period typically contain shell middens, large numbers of milling implements, crude core and cobble tools, flaked stone tools, distinctive cogged stone implements, and infrequent side-notched dart points (Fenenga 1953). The focus at inland sites appears to be in plant food processing and hunting. Along the coast, populations invested in maritime food gathering strategies, including close-shore and deep-sea fishing, as well as shellfish collection (Grenda 1997).

Middle Period (3000 B.C. to A.D. 1000)

Although many aspects of Millingstone culture persisted, by 3000 B.C., a number of socioeconomic changes occurred, as understood through changes in material culture (Erlandson 1994; Wallace 1955; Warren 1968). These changes are associated with the period known as the Middle Period or Intermediate Horizon (Wallace 1955). The mortar and pestle were introduced during this period, suggesting an increased reliance on hard plant foods such as acorns (Altschul and Grenda 2002). Increasing population size coincides with intensified exploitation of terrestrial and marine resources (Erlandson 1994). This was accomplished, in part, through use of new technological innovations such as the circular shell fishhook on the coast, and, in inland areas, use of the mortar and pestle to process an important new vegetal food staple, acorns, and the dart and atlatal, resulting in a more diverse hunting capability (Warren 1968). A shift in settlement patterns from smaller to larger and more centralized habitations is understood by many researchers as an indicator of increasingly territorial and sedentary populations (Erlandson 1994). During the Middle Period, specialization in labor emerged, trading networks became an increasingly important means by which both utilitarian and nonutilitarian materials were acquired, and travel routes were extended. Archaeological evidence suggests that the margins of numerous rivers, marshes, and swamps within the Los Angeles River Drainage served as ideal locations for prehistoric settlement during this period. These well-watered areas contained a rich collection of resources and are likely to have been among the more heavily trafficked travel routes.

Late Period (A.D. 1000 to 1782)

The Late Prehistoric period, spanning from approximately A.D. 1000 to the Spanish Mission era, is the period associated with the florescence of contemporary Native American groups. The Late Period is notable for a dramatic increase in the number of habitation and food processing sites. These sites include more bone tools, numerous types of Olivella shell beads, circular fishhooks, and occasional pottery vessels (Miller 1991). Between A.D. 1000 and 1250, small arrow-sized projectile points, of the Desert side-notched and Cottonwood triangular series, were adopted along what is now the Southern California coast (Altschul and Grenda 2002). Following European contact, glass trade beads and metal items also appeared in the archaeological record. Burial practices shifted to cremation in what is now the Los Angeles Basin and northern Orange County. However, at many coastal and most Channel Island sites, interment remained the common practice (Moratto 1984).

Page 12 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

Some researchers argue that the changes seen at the beginning of this period reflect the movement of Shoshonean speakers from the eastern deserts into the area that is now the Southern California coast. Some researchers, though, suggest that the movement of desert- adapted Shoshonean speakers occurred as much as 2,000 years earlier (Bean and Smith 1978; Sutton 2009).

At the time of European contact, the project vicinity was occupied by Shoshonean-speaking Gabrielino people who controlled what is now the Los Angeles Basin and Orange County down to Aliso Creek (Kroeber 1925). The northern San Fernando Valley was the northernmost extent of the territory occupied by people who the Spanish referred to as the Fernadeño, whose name was derived from nearby Mission San Fernando. The Fernadeño spoke one of four regional Uto- Aztecan dialects of Gabrielino, a Cupan language in the Takic family, and were culturally identical to the Gabrielino. The Tataviam and Chumash, of the Hokan Chumashan language family, lived to the north and west of this territory, respectively, and it is likely that the territorial boundaries between these linguistically distinct groups fluctuated in prehistoric times (Bean and Smith 1978; Shipley 1978).

Occupying what is now the southern Channel Islands and adjacent mainland areas of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, the Gabrielino are reported to have been second only to their Chumash neighbors in terms of population size, regional influence, and degree of sedentism (Bean and Smith 1978). The Gabrielino are estimated to have numbered around 5,000 in the pre- contact period (Kroeber 1925). Maps produced by early explorers indicate that at least 26 Gabrielino villages were within proximity to known Los Angeles River courses, while an additional 18 villages were reasonably close to the river (Gumprecht 1999) Prehistoric subsistence consisted of hunting, fishing, and gathering. Small terrestrial game was hunted with deadfalls, rabbit drives, and by burning undergrowth, and larger game such as deer were hunted using bows and arrows. Fish were taken by hook and line, nets, traps, spears, and poison (Bean and Smith 1978; Reid 1939 [1852]). The primary plant resources were the acorn, gathered in the fall and processed with mortars and pestles, and various seeds that were harvested in late spring and summer and ground with manos and metates. The seeds included chia and other sages, various grasses, and islay or holly leafed-cherry (Reid 1939 [1852]).

HISTORIC CONTEXT

The project area contains the Lincoln Heights Jail property, which was developed in the early 20th century. As a result, the historic context focuses on the relevant historic themes associated with the buildings and structures present within the project. To develop an evaluative historic context and an assessment of the potential of intact subsurface archaeological sites, the following historic themes and topics were investigated and are discussed in more detail below:

 Development of Lincoln Heights  Evolution of the Los Angeles Jail System  Mexican-American and Police Relations in Los Angeles (Bloody Christmas)

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 13 Development of Lincoln Heights

During the first three decades of the 20th century, more than two million people moved to Los Angeles County, transforming it from a largely agricultural region into a major metropolitan area. By 1945, Los Angeles had undertaken 95 annexations, expanding from a 28-square-mile agrarian pueblo into a densely populated city covering more than 450 square miles (Robinson 1979:245). As a result, the Los Angeles landscape underwent dramatic changes in order to accommodate its increasing urban population. The completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad link from San Francisco to the transcontinental railroad increased trade and transportation and contributed to the area’s prosperity and growth. Los Angeles’ population had grown from 11,000 in 1880 to 319,000 in 1910. The local economy transitioned from agrarian to industrial, and the outlying areas were more densely developed for industrial, commercial, and residential uses.

The Lincoln Heights area was first subdivided in 1873 by John Strolher Griffin, Hancock M. Johnston, and former state governor John Gates Downey. The area developed into the community of East Los Angeles in the 1880s, and was considered Los Angeles’ first suburban community. Lincoln Heights, similar to other suburban communities of Los Angeles, was a home to many immigrant groups, including Irish, Russian, Mexican, German, Japanese, and Chinese immigrants. These communities in northeast and east Los Angeles were some of the first points of entry for the many immigrant groups that came to Southern California (City of Los Angeles 2007). Boyle Heights and Lincoln Heights, in particular, were home to many immigrants arriving in either the country or the region for the first time (City of Los Angeles 2007).

The name of the community was changed in 1913 to Lincoln Heights with the opening of Lincoln High School. The community expanded during the early 20th century and several civic buildings such as the Lincoln Heights Branch Library (1916), the 1937 Department of Water and Power Building, and the Lincoln Heights Fire Station No. 1 (1940) were constructed to serve the growing community (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).

As the community grew, more transportation infrastructure was added to connect Lincoln Heights to Downtown. The main north-south arterial road through the community was San Fernando Road, which ran along the original Avenue 20, and the community grew around this arterial roadway, with infill development occurring in the original subdivisions. San Fernando Road was also signed as Highway 99 prior to the 1950s. As part of the community growth, monumental bridges were constructed over the Los Angeles River to relieve traffic in the area and convey new neighborhood identities. In 1910, Henry G. Parker and Hugo Eckardt constructed the first monumental bridge across the Los Angeles River, the North Main Street Bridge (Rathburn 2011). In 1911, the Buena Vista Viaduct (North Broadway-Buena Vista Bridge) was completed (Rathburn 2011). Designed by Homer Hamlin and Alfred P. Rosenheim, the North Broadway-Buena Vista Bridge was one of the longest and widest concrete arch bridges in the state at the time of its construction. In addition, the North Spring Street Viaduct, built in 1929, was added to relieve traffic on the North Broadway Bridge. Many of these structures became major focal points through the local communities, along with the Los Angeles River, reflective of the City Beautiful Movement, which connected public works with monumental designs and aesthetics.

Page 14 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

By the end of World War II, Lincoln Heights transformed into a predominantly working class neighborhood. This transformation was accelerated by the construction of the Golden State Freeway (Interstate 5) in the 1950s, which replaced the north-south Route 99 that used San Fernando Road and Avenue 20, and split Lincoln Heights in half at its core, affecting the community’s coherence, boundaries, and development patterns that has persisted through the present day (Rathburn, 2011).

Lincoln Heights Jail and the Evolution of the Los Angeles Jail System

One of the earliest services cities have historically provided for its residents was an organizational home for crime control. The jail system for Los Angeles began with a small adobe building that was constructed prior to the 1850s on Fort Moore Hill near present-day downtown Los Angeles. Prisoners were not held in barred cells and were chained to iron protrusions attached to large logs placed inside the jail or in the surrounding yard (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). The adobe jail was replaced in 1889 by a more substantial facility located within the Central Police Station and City Hall on Second Street between Broadway and Spring Street. The Central Station moved from the City Hall location to the newly constructed Central Jail located at 326-328 West First Street in 1896. As the City grew, there was a need for an expanded jail and police system (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). These pressures resulted in the police department’s expansion into Boyle Heights with Hollenbeck Station in the late 1880s and in Lincoln Heights with the East Side Police Station at the turn of the century.

Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps from 1906 indicate early development of the Branch City Jail in Lincoln Heights. The East Side Police Station (identified on the Sanborn Map as the Branch City Jail), served as an auxiliary jail for the Central Police Station. In 1921, a separate jail division was named to operate the facility in Lincoln Heights (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). Subdivision maps from 1887 (Subdivision Map, 1897) show no building located on the property and a city map from 1894 shows no buildings located on the property (Semi-Tropic Homestead Company, 1894). By 1906, the southern and central portions of the subject property had been improved with stock yards and livestock corrals, including a stable, office structure, shed, and railroad platform in the southeastern portion (Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1906). At this time, residential structures and associated outbuildings were present in the northern portion of the property. In 1909, the central portion of the property had been redeveloped with the Branch City Jail. Baist’s Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles shows the East Side Police Station (Branch City Jail) on the property in 1912 and again in 1921 (Baist 1912, 1921).

By the 1920s, overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions had put considerable strain on the building. During this period, prisoners at the Lincoln Heights facility were completing menial and excruciating tasks like breaking rocks delivered from a nearby quarry (Los Angeles Time, 1922). A 1929 Los Angeles Times article describes that sanitary conditions at the East Side Police Station were so poor that a ballot measure was introduced to build a new facility at the location, which ultimately became the current Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Times 1929). In 1931, the City of Los Angeles constructed the Art Deco portion of the current Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Times 1931). The building was designed by the Los Angeles City Construction

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 15 Department under Superintendent C.O. Brittain (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).

When the jail opened, it was capable of housing 750 male inmates and 150 female inmates. The Lincoln Heights Jail was among the first jails in the state to incorporate the 24-hour court system model in order to expedite the judicial process and alleviate overcrowding (Los Angeles Times 1931). The Lincoln Heights Jail also housed briefly several high-profile or well-known criminals, including Al Capone during the early 1930s. Prior to being transferred to Alcatraz Penitentiary in 1934, Capone spent time in the Atlanta Penitentiary and the Lincoln Heights Jail (Hughes 2014).

In addition to the new jail, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) underwent several other landmark developments during the 1930s. For instance, the Chief of Police from 1929 to 1933, Roy E. Steckel, implemented the Department’s first air patrol fixed-wing squadron and police radio communication system with switchboards located in City Hall and a transmitter located in Elysian Park west of the Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Police Museum 2016).

The first Chief Jailer at the Lincoln Heights Jail was John L. Shand. Chief Shand, born in Scotland in 1867, joined the Los Angeles police force in 1895. He was assigned in 1896 to the Central Police Station Jail on Second and Spring Streets. Shand was later assigned in 1907 to the Lincoln Heights subdivision of the jail system. By 1912, Shand became the Chief Jailer in charge of all city division jails. When the Lincoln Heights Jail was erected in 1931, Shand transferred to the facility and became the first Chief Jailer at the Lincoln Heights Jail. He continued working for the police department as the Chief Jailer until his retirement in 1936, and he passed away in 1942 (Los Angeles Times 1936, 1942).

By the 1940s, additional overcrowding became a problem at the Lincoln Heights Jail. The Los Angeles Times reported in 1947 that the funding for a new addition to the jail would move forward (Los Angeles Times 1947). There were community efforts to halt construction of the addition because the urban jailhouse model was being replaced by larger and more remote facilities with open recreational grounds. As penitentiaries became the subject of public attention and the recipient of more large sums of government money, many prisons across the country quickly shed their urban origins and moved to the countryside (Monkkonen 1990). Despite attempts to prevent the Lincoln Heights Jail expansion, the last remnants of the original 1909 East Side Police Station were demolished to make way for the jail expansion, with the addition completed in 1949.

In Los Angeles, arrests for activities classified as “sex crimes” dramatically increased in the years following World War II, as a result of the City implementing a campaign against all forms of non-heterosexual behavior from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. As part of the vice crackdown, the police hired actors to entrap unsuspecting gay men; they also attempted to suppress expressions of sexual identity expression by making arrests for masquerading and impersonation (De Simone et al 2011). The Lincoln Heights Jail housed a large number of inmates who had been arrested for homosexual activity, leading to the operation of a separate wing with the derogatory nickname “The Fruit Tank” (LA Conservancy 2016). The inmates in this wing were not only intimidated and discriminated against by the police, but also harassed by other inmates (Hurewitz 2007).

Page 16 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

The Modern style addition was designed by Gordon B. Kaufmann and Jesse E. Stanton; both prominent Los Angeles architects. Most notably, Kauffmann was the architect of the Hoover Dam and the Los Angeles Times Building, and was responsible for several historically significant residences in Los Angeles, including the Kaufmann House. Stanton designed the eastern addition to Los Angeles City Hall and the Los Angeles Mall. Together, they designed the Honnold Library on the Claremont College campus in 1952 (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).

At its peak, the Lincoln Heights Jail was capable of housing 4,000 inmates (Los Angeles Times 1965). Prisoners were housed in multi-unit cell blocks with up to four people residing in one cell (Los Angeles Police Beat 1948). During the early 1950s, the expanded Lincoln Heights Jail was praised by visiting officials and considered a model correctional facility (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). Prisoners were given various jobs to perform. In 1948, female prisoners at Lincoln Heights made 500 stuff toy animals for needy children in the community (Los Angeles Police Beat 1948). Conditions and correctional methods at the Lincoln Heights Jail reflected an overall change in penitentiary systems where the focus shifted from solitude to the notion of imprisonment with the intent to rehabilitate (Monkkonen 1990).

By the late 1950s, further overcrowding prompted the County of Los Angeles to take over most of the responsibilities of the entire Los Angeles city jail system (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). In 1965, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Lincoln Heights Jail closed that year over concern of overcrowding and sanitation, following the Watts Riots during the same year. The building was primarily used as a holding cell for intoxicated and impaired individuals until its abandonment. The building was later used as filming location for Hollywood, and as a youth training and employment facility for the federally funded Model Cities Program (Los Angeles Times 1970, 1973).

The Los Angeles Times reported in 1984 that, in addition to being used as a filming location, the building also housed community programs such as a youth athletic club and the Bilingual Foundation of the Arts (Los Angeles Times 1984). According to the Los Angeles Times in 1987, the jail was also used as a storage facility for props and Hollywood artifacts, including a Norman Rockwell painting of Gary Cooper and a pair of Fred Astaire’s dancing shoes (Los Angeles Times 1987). In 1993, the building was designated as an LAHCM by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). The City found the building significant because it “exemplifies the evolution of the LAPD and jail system from 1931 through the following three and a half decades (Inter-Departmental Correspondence, October 13, 1993).”

Bloody Christmas

On Christmas Eve, 1951, two officers of the LAPD were dispatched to the Showboat Bar on Riverside Drive northeast of downtown Los Angeles responding to a call regarding seven young men who were reported as being intoxicated. After arriving on the scene, a fight broke out between the men and the police officers. A neighboring resident eventually broke up the fight, which left the two officers beaten and their assailants escaping before backup forces could arrive. The LAPD located and arrested the seven men involved in the fight, five of whom were Mexican-American. The men were taken to the LAPD Central Division, where a Christmas party

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 17 was being held. At that point, several intoxicated officers began to severely beat the prisoners in retaliation to the report of the injured members of the police force. The injuries sustained by the prisoners included a ruptured bladder, a smashed cheekbone, and paralysis on one side of a man’s face after being kicked in the temple. After the initial beating at Central Station, the police moved the prisoners to the Lincoln Heights Jail where the beatings continued. On the afternoon of Christmas Day 1951, the prisoners were released from the Lincoln Heights Jail on bail (Buntin 2009). The event was depicted in the award-winning film L.A. Confidential in 1997.

Newspaper coverage of the event was scarce in the immediate aftermath of the beatings. The National Voice reported the event on January 3, 1952, making no mention of the police beatings. The article included a photo of six of the seven prisoners looking beat up and disheveled with two smiling officers. The photo includes the caption “Six Young ‘Men of Distinction’” and mentions that the seventh prisoner, who was not pictured, was at the Los Angeles General Hospital prison ward (National Voice, 1952). However, within a month, Los Angeles newspapers had begun to devote almost daily coverage to the trial of the seven prisoners.

This event became known as “Bloody Christmas” by the media. Ultimately, eight police officers were indicted and two were convicted of police brutality and sentenced to two years in prison (Sacramento Bee 1952). Historian Edward J. Escobar called this a “watershed event,” arguing that the event “initiated a fifty-year period in which the department’s [LAPD’s] identity emerged as the protector of the white middle and working classes from the city’s minority community.” Simultaneously, Escobar argued the Mexican-American community’s “vigorous response to Bloody Christmas demonstrated the community’s growing political power and sophistication.” The events of Bloody Christmas and the public relations response mobilized by the LAPD as a result of the trial and brutality investigations that followed created the groundwork from which the LAPD would respond to racially charged police brutality for decades to come including the Watts Riots in 1965 (Escobar 2003).

This event brought to the public attention issues involving brutality within the LAPD as well as a dramatic expression of the increased political power of the Mexican-American community in Los Angeles in the 1950s. The rallying of the Mexican-American community behind the seven victims of police brutality helped to sway public opinion, and resulted in brutality probes into the LAPD. Police response to this event marked the beginning of a culture of denial against such accusations as well as the resistance to interference by bureaucratic forces over the conduct and discipline of the police department. “Bloody Christmas” is an important part of the history of Los Angeles within the context of the prevalent, frequent, and high profile instances of police brutality, particularly against minorities.

Parcel Specific History The subject property was vacant, undeveloped land prior to 1900. Subdivision maps from 1887 (Subdivision Map, 1897) show no building located on the property and a city map from 1894 shows no buildings located on the property (Semi-Tropic Homestead Company, 1894). By 1906, the southern and central portions of the subject property had been improved with stock yards and livestock corrals, including a stable, office structure, shed, and railroad platform in the southeastern portion (Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1906). At this time, residential structures and associated outbuildings were present in the northern portion of the property. In 1909, the central portion of the subject property had been redeveloped with the Branch City Jail.

Page 18 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

Baist’s Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles shows the East Side Police Station (Branch City Jail) on the property in 1912 and again in 1921 (Baist 1912, 1921). Additions to the jail building were completed by 1913. Sometime prior to 1920, the northern portion of the subject property had been improved as part of the Los Angeles Rock Crushing Plant No. 1 and the southern portion with agricultural land (row crops). The Los Angeles Rock Crushing Plant No. 1 extended on to the land adjacent to the northeast of the subject property (now North Avenue 19). Between 1923 and 1928, the southern portion of the subject property was improved with two structures associated with the Branch City Jail, which included a paint shop, miscellaneous storage, supply room, garage repairing area, and a carpentry shop. By 1931, the Branch City Jail building had been demolished and a portion of the existing Lincoln Heights Jail structure was constructed. By 1938, the existing railroad tracks along the western perimeter of the subject property had been developed and the Los Angeles Rock Crushing Plant No. 1 had been demolished, which was replaced by North Avenue 19 in its existing configuration. In 1948, the existing structure along the southeastern perimeter had been constructed, which was used for receiving and storing jail supplies (AECOM 2016).

Overcrowding at the facility eventually led to the expansion of the jail in the early 1950s. The Los Angeles Times reported in 1947 that the funding for the construction of the new addition to the jail would move forward (Los Angeles Times 1947). Between 1949-1950, the existing Lincoln Heights Jail structure was improved with additions to its current configuration. Historic aerial images first depict the property in 1948 as a T-shaped building on a larger parcel with four associated buildings (NETR Online 1948). Other property improvements included a 150-gallon diesel fuel tank and two 10,000-gallon fuel oil (diesel) underground storage tanks (USTs) and a gasoline storage area in the southern portion. The jail facility ceased operations in 1965. Sometime between 1964 and 1970, the storage and shop structure in the southern portion of the subject property, along the western perimeter, which included the gasoline storage area, was demolished and replaced with the existing corrugated metal structure used for storage. Since the 1970s, the subject property has been vacant and/or been utilized by various companies for storage or office purposes. The City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) has occupied the southern portion of the subject property since 1996, for office and storage use. The subject property has also been utilized intermittently through the years as a filming location. The 1931 building that currently remains on the parcel is the oldest building on the parcel.

Los Angeles directories list the Lincoln Heights Jail at this location in 1926, 1927, 1929, and 1932 (Los Angeles Directory Company, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932). Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps from 1920 show a rectangular reinforced concrete building built in 1909 with an auto garage addition on the north elevation and a large rectangular addition on the east elevation, both constructed in 1913. The map identifies the building as the “Branch City Jail” (Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1920).

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 19

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CHAPTER 3 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

Archival research for this project was conducted on July 13, 2016, at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) housed at California State University, Fullerton. The research focused on the identification of previously recorded cultural resources within a 0.25-mile radius of the project area. See Appendix C for records search results.

CULTURAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH

The cultural resources records search at SCCIC included review of previously recorded archaeological site records and reports; historic site and property inventories; and historic maps, including Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps. Inventories of the NRHP, CRHR, California State Historic Resources Inventory, California Historical Landmarks, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Historic Bridge Inventory, and California Points of Interest were also reviewed to identify cultural resources within both the project area and study area. The records search revealed that 26 cultural resource investigations were previously conducted within a 0.25- mile radius of the project area, with one located entirely within the project area (Table 1).

Table 1. Previous Surveys Conducted within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area

Report Author (LA-) Description Date Arrington, Cindy and 8255 Cultural Resources Final Report of Monitoring and Findings for 2006 Nancy Sikes the Qwest Network Construction Project State of California: Volumes I and II Ashkar, Shahira 4834 Cultural Resources Inventory Report for Williams 1999 Communications, Inc. Proposed Fiber Optic Cable System Installation Project, Los Angeles to Anaheim, Los Angeles and Orange Counties Blodgette, Leslie M. 1747 Archaeological Resources Assessment and Impact Analysis for 1989 the Proposed Elysian Reservoir Roof Project, City of Los Angeles, California Borg, Roger 6362 Finding of Effect on Historic Properties Arroyo Seco Parkway 1994 and Four Level Interchange California Department 4386 Cultural Resources Overview Los Angeles County Metropolitan 1993 of Transportation Trasportation Authority’s Interstate Commerce Commission Abandonment Exemption Pasadena-Los Angeles Light Rail Transit Project Castanon, David 11529 Arroyo Seco Channel Project in the Cities of Los Angeles and 2008 Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California City of Los Angeles 4044 Environmental Impact Report: Seismic Retrofit of Olympic 1995 Boulevard and North Broadway Bridges Over the Angeles River Dewitt, John 6360 City of Los Angeles/cornfields Site Eda Grant Application 2000 Dolan, Christy and 10541 Finding of Effect for the Proposed Arroyo Seco Bike Path, Los 2005 Monica Strauss Angeles County, California

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 21 Report Author (LA-) Description Date Ehringer, Candace, 12526 Santa Clarita Valley Sanitation District Chloride TMDL 2013 Katherine Ramirez, and Facilities Plan Project, Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment Michael Vader Engineering 1992 Metro Pasadena Project Preliminary Engineering Structural 1992 Management Feasibility for the Los Angeles River Crossing Consultants Greenwood, Roberta S. 6837 Cultural Resources Monitoring: Northeast Interceptor Sewer 2003 Project Lee, Portia 4218 Seismic Retrofit of North Broadway Bridge Over the Los n.d. Angeles River Lee, Portia 9489 Arroyo Seco Parkway Historic District 2005 Meiser, M.K. 11231 Historic American Engineering Record Arroyo Seco Flood 2009 Control Channel, Los Angeles County, California McLean, Deborah K. 3960 Archaeological Assessment for Pacific Bell Mobile Services 1998 Telecommunications Facility La 108-01, 2000 North Figueroa Street, City and County of Los Angeles, California McMorris, Christopher 7425 City of Los Angeles Monumental Bridges 1900-1950: Historic 2004 Context and Evaluation Guidelines McMorris, Christopher 7427 Caltrans Historic Bridge Inventory Update: Metal Truss, 2004 Movable, and Steel Arch Bridges Peak & Associates, Inc. 2950 Consolidated Report: Cultural Resource Studies for the 1992 Proposed Pacific Pipeline Project Shepard, Richard S. 7554 Preliminary Cultural Resources Assessment: Elysian Reservoir 2005 Project, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California Slawson, Dana N. 4624* Historical Resources Assessment for the Proposed 1999 Rehabilitation of the Lincoln Heights Youth Center and Boxing Gymnasium Snyder, John W., 8252 Request for Determination of Eligibility for Inclusion in the 1986 Stephen Mikesell, and National Register of Historic Places/Historic Bridges in Pierzinski California: Concrete Arch, Suspension, Steel Girder and Steel Arch Sylvia, Barbara 6345 Highway Project Description to Grind and Cold Plane Existing 2001 Asphalt and Concrete Pavement, Place Rubberized Asphalt Concrete and Replace Existing Lane Stripes with Thermoplastic Striping on Northbound Route 110 to Northbound Route 5 Connector Tang, Bai “Tom” 10638 Preliminary Historical/Archaeological Resources Study, 2010 Southern California Regional Rail Authority (SCRRA) River Subdivision Positive Train Control Project, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California Tetra Tech, Inc. 3497 Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Report Pasadena- 1994 Los Angeles Light Rail Transit Project Tetra Tech, Inc. 3498 Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Report Pasadena-Los 1994 Angeles Light Rail Transit Project *Surveys overlapping with the project area. n.d. = no date.

Page 22 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

The records search also indicated that two cultural resources have been previously recorded within 0.25-mile radius of the project area (Table 2). Neither occurs within the project area.

Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 0.25 Mile of the Project Area

P-Number (P-19-) Description Time Period Eligibility Status 003685 Historic Refuse Scatter 1920s–1950s Not evaluated

186859 Arroyo Seco Flood Control 1935–1947 3S: Appears eligible for listing in Channel National Register as a separate property.

P-19-003685 is a historic refuse scatter consisting of bricks, glass soda bottles, and commercial and industrial refuse that dates between the 1920s and 1950s, and is associated with a former rail yard. It was recorded in 2003 and is located immediately east of the project area.

P-19-186859 is the Arroyo Seco Flood Control Channel that extends from downtown Los Angeles to northern Pasadena, in Los Angeles County. The Channel is approximately 10 miles long, extending from the Devil’s Gate Dam to its confluence at the Los Angeles River, just north of downtown Los Angeles. Due to a 90-year period of flooding in Los Angeles between 1825 and 1914, the Los Angeles County Flood Control District was formed. It is located immediately north of the project area. Because the Arroyo Seco was a contributing factor to the Los Angeles River flooding, plans were made to channelize it. The Arroyo Seco was constructed between 1935 and 1947. The resource was evaluated in 2003 and was assigned status code 3S, which indicates that the Arroyo Seco Flood Control Channel appears eligible for listing in the NRHP as a separate property.

SUPPLEMENTAL RESEARCH

Inventories of the NRHP, CRHR, California State Historic Resources Inventory, California Historical Landmarks, Caltrans Historic Bridge Inventory, California Points of Interest, and LAHCMs were also reviewed to identify cultural resources within both the project area and within 250 feet of the project area. Only the bridge inventory and LAHCM listings had information relevant to the project area.

California Department of Transportation Historic Bridge Inventory

The Caltrans Historic Bridge Inventory was completed in 1986, and most recently updated in 2016, and includes NRHP evaluation information for most state and local agency bridges in the state. A search of the Caltrans Historic Bridge Inventory listings revealed one unevaluated bridge within 250 feet of the project area (Table 3).

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 23 Table 3: Historic Bridges within 250 feet of the Project Area

Bridge Number Location Description 53C1092 Between Lacy Street and Avenue 19 Overpass, built in 1931, is a pony plate girder Humboldt Street, approximately 50 bridge. The bridge is 99 feet in length and serves both feet southeast of the Lincoln commuter and freight rail. The Avenue 19 Overpass is listed Heights Jail as unevaluated.

Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments

LAHCMs are sites in Los Angeles that have been designated by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission and are included on the local register of historic resources. A search of the LAHCMs found one listing, the Lincoln Heights Jail (LAHCM-587), within the project area, and no additional resources within 250 feet of the project area (Table 4).

Table 4: Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments within 250 feet of the Project Area

Monument Number (LAHCM-) Address Description 587 401 Avenue 19 The Lincoln Heights Jail is composed of two primary elements, an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949.The Lincoln Heights Jail was designated as an LAHCM in 1993 for its association with the evolution of the Los Angeles Police Department and jail system with a period of significance 1931–1965.

SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH AND NATIVE AMERICAN CONTACT

A letter was sent to the NAHC via post mail, e-mail, and fax on July 1, 2016. The letter requested that a SLF check be conducted for the project and that contact information be provided for Native American groups or individuals that may have concerns about cultural resources in the project area. The NAHC responded in an e-mail dated July 6, 2016, with “negative results” for the Sacred Lands File search. But the response also noted that the “absence of specific site information in the sacred lands file does not indicate the absence of cultural resources” in any project area. The NAHC then provided a list of 13 individuals who may have knowledge of cultural resources in the project area.

Letters were mailed to each individual provided on the NAHC contact list on July 7, 2016. Maps depicting the project area and response forms were attached to each letter. One response was received from Mr. Andrew Salas via e-mail on July 12, 2016. AECOM followed up on July 15, 2016, with telephone calls to those individuals who did not respond to the letters on July 15, 2016. In the course of the follow-up calls, three individuals provided limited information concerning Native American cultural resources in the area, and expressed concerns regarding the sensitivity of the project area.

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Further details of the Native American contact program are contained in Appendix A.

OTHER ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

Research was conducted in person or remotely to develop an evaluative historic context to place the resources in the project area in their proper time, theme, and place. The following sources were accessed:

 The 1993 LAHCM Nomination for the Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).  City of Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources  Los Angeles Historic Resources Survey website (SurveyLA 2016)  California Office of Historic Preservation Listed Historical Resources  Los Angeles Central Library  City of Los Angeles Police Department website  Los Angeles Police Museum  Los Angeles City Directory (1926, 1927, 1929, and 1932)  Los Angeles Department of Planning  NETR Online Historic Aerials  Current aerial imagery available through internet search engines and GIS software  Online Archive of California  Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps  The California Digital Newspaper Collection at the Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California Riverside  Calisphere Digital Library  1887 Subdivision of City Lands in East Los Angeles and the Arroyo Seco Map  Hazardous Materials Inspection Report for the Commercial Property Old Lincoln Heights Jail. 2014  Newspaper and magazine articles from the Los Angeles Times, LIFE magazine, National Voice, Mirror, Daily News, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, Rancho Park Star, Citizen News, California Eagle, Westwood Hills Press, Valley Times, and Sacramento Bee  The University of Southern California Digital Library  Lincoln Heights Preservation Plan, 2007  Los Angeles Conservancy

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 25

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CHAPTER 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY SURVEY

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODOLOGY

An archaeological survey of the Lincoln Heights Jail was completed by Ms. Linda Kry on July 6, 2016, under the direction of Ms. Christy Dolan, who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Part 61) in Archaeology. The archaeological survey focused on the identification of surface evidence of archaeological materials within the project area. The intent was to locate any unknown archaeological resources. A survey of the entire project area was previously conducted and more than 95 percent of the project area is developed. As a result, the surveyor focused on areas of undeveloped or presumed undisturbed exposed ground surfaces and inspected those areas diligently.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS

The goals of the survey were to identify any previously recorded or previously unknown cultural resources within the project area and to evaluate potential for any buried resources. All visible ground soil observed was from landscaping activities and was therefore nonnative. The archaeological survey of the project area did not result in the discovery of any archaeological resources.

All observed ground soil was associated with landscaping along the frontage of the property along Avenue 19, and a small gardening bed along the northern façade of an ancillary building, to the southwest of the jail. The soils within these areas were heterogeneous. The soil along the eastern boundary of the property, on Avenue 19, consisted of medium brown-colored, fine- to coarse-grained, sandy-silt that is lightly compacted and poorly sorted. The soils within the gardening bed consisted of a tan-colored, fine-grained, clayey, sandy-silt that that has a light to medium compaction and is poorly sorted. Both types observed do not appear native and have been disturbed continuously as a result of landscaping and/or gardening activities associated with the maintenance of the property. See Appendix D for photographs depicting the project area.

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY SURVEY METHODOLOGY

An architectural history survey of the Lincoln Heights Jail was completed by Ms. Monica Mello on July 6, 2016. Ms. Mello meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards (36 CFR Part 61) in the disciplines of Architectural History and History. The survey analyzed the current conditions, historic integrity, and retention of character-defining features, as well as compared in-field observations with background information. The survey also considered the potential indirect effects to nearby historical resources that may be caused by visual, audible, or atmospheric intrusions; shadow effects; vibrations from construction activities; or any potential change in access or use to nearby historical resources.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 27 Following completion of the field survey, the Lincoln Heights Jail was recorded and evaluated on the appropriate DPR 523 series forms (refer to Appendix B).

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY SURVEY RESULTS

Within the project area is one previously recorded property: the Lincoln Heights Jail. This property is listed as a Historic-Cultural Monument (LAHCM 587). The following provides an architectural description, discussion of character-defining features, evaluation summary, and integrity analysis of the property. See Appendix D for photographs depicting the project area.

Architectural Description

The Lincoln Heights Jail is composed of two primary elements, an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949. The 1931 building was built by the Los Angeles City Construction Department. The 1949 addition was designed by Gordon B. Kaufman and Jesse E. Stanton. Erected as the Los Angeles City Jail and Lincoln Heights Police Station, the five-story concrete building has a façade punctuated by panels and pilasters. The building’s flat roof headed by parapets, Moderne style light fixtures, stylized floral motif panels, central tower, and symmetrical design reflect design philosophies of the Art Deco style, popular between the 1920s and the commencement of World War II (Plate 1). While the 1949 building addition’s lack of decoration, simple volume, and concrete construction reflect design philosophies of the Modern style popular from the late 1920s to the 1970s, the Modern era in the United States is most closely associated with the two decades following World War II (Plate 2).

The Lincoln Heights Jail is located at 401 Avenue 19 in Los Angeles, California. It occupies the east portion of the lot and has an east-facing orientation. The property is situated on a wedge- shaped parcel bordered by the Los Angeles River and the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the west, Avenue 19 to the northeast, the confluence of the Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles River to the north, and the Metro Gold Line to the southeast. The building has an irregular plan and is five stories in height, with a two-story kitchen annex added to the southwestern portion of the 1931 Art Deco building. The parcel is primarily hardscaped with grass and trees planted along the eastern elevation of the building. The surrounding buildings are primarily industrial and are located to the east and south of the parcel. There are two ancillary buildings to the south, a prefabricated corrugated steel structure (Ancillary Building 1) and a one-story Modern style office building (Ancillary Building 2). To the north, there is a polygonal concrete gate house with a flat roof attached the concrete masonry unit perimeter wall. See Figure 1, Regional Location Map, and Figure 2, Project Location Map, for more information.

The Lincoln Heights Jail was constructed on a concrete foundation. The southern portion of the building is clad in stuccoed concrete plaster. The northern portion of the building has a ground floor clad in stone veneer and upper stories clad in concrete. Together, the Art Deco building and Modern style addition presents a unified façade. Various spherical surface-mounted bollards are located along the building’s wall junctions and the perimeter wall terminuses. The fenestration has undergone some damages but retains its original location, size, shape, frames, and many of its original panes.

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Plate 1: Lincoln Heights Jail, 401 Avenue 19, view facing east (1936, Los Angeles Public Library)

Plate 2: Lincoln Heights Jail 1949 Modern addition, view facing southwest (Undated, City of Los Angeles)

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 29 The 1931 portion of the Lincoln Heights Jail, located to the south, is 201 feet in length. The building has massive and simplified forms. It is five stories in height and has 15 bays, a flat roof headed by parapets, and an above-ground basement level. The 1931 building windows consist of double-hung and fixed and hopper metal frame windows that are recessed with no surrounds. The fenestration is symmetrical, with a single-width window row at each end of the structure, followed by four paired lights. The central projection (façade) has three single-width lights, flanked on either side by a paired row. On the first-story, windows are paired, narrow rectangular lights; at the basement level, the window bays are slightly smaller and paired. The basement- level bays and many of the first-story bays are covered by wooden boards. Pillars between the window bays are fluted. Flat dentil ornamentation spans the lintels of the ground floor windows and the wall spandrels.

The building’s façade is on the east elevation, and is flanked by panels with vertical fluting and two stylized floral motif panels above the entry. A concrete stoop with metal open handrails leads to the main entry of the building, which is recessed and centered on the façade. The entry is infilled with wooden boards; however, the original block glass transom above the door remains intact. Two Art-Deco style light fixtures frame the entry.

The 1949 addition’s façade is also on the east elevation and is 215 feet in length. Double terrazzo stairways lead to a common landing. The landing is framed by rectangular concrete planters. At the top of the landing, a single set of wide steps lead to the 1949 addition entry. This entry is recessed and centered; the front door has been replaced with a metal roll-up garage door. Above the entrance is a cantilevered overhang. The windows on the first floor are recessed fixed units; the upper floors have projecting, hopper metal frame windows with wide surrounds. The windows are arranged symmetrically in horizontal bands.

The south elevation faces a paved surface parking lot, the two ancillary buildings, and the Metro Gold Line tracks. The south elevation has a two-story building addition (kitchen annex), and ground- and basement-level entryways. The first-story windows barred. The entryway to the east is accessed by a metal straight-run stairway with open guardrails and handrails, open risers, and textured plate treads. The door is a nonhistoric steel door; the transom above the door is infilled with a steel plate. The centrally located entryway is accessed by a cast concrete straight-run stairway with similar metal railings. There is a loading ramp that descends to the basement level leading to steel double doors.

The west elevation (rear façade) is composed of the two-story kitchen annex and cell blocks. The kitchen annex has one paired, barred window, a steel double door with a wide surround, and three rectangular vents along the upper portion of the wall. The central projection is largely unadorned; there is a single window located at the upper corner of the tower, four corridor openings with metal guardrails, and a first-story loading dock. To the north are the cell blocks with hopper metal frame windows that are recessed with no surrounds. Several of the west elevation entryways have been sealed with metal plates. The west elevation of the 1949 addition has windows that are arranged symmetrically in horizontal bands with metal awnings.

The north elevation is largely unadorned. There are only windows on the basement, first, and fifth stories. On the first story is a single and tripartite window grouping, and on the fifth story is

Page 30 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail a ribbon window arrangement. The basement-level bays have been infilled with wooden boards. The north elevation entry is a wooden panel door accessed by concrete steps.

Based on existing photographs (since the interior was not available during the survey), the interior of the Lincoln Heights Jail reflects its function and consists of cell blocks and former support spaces and offices. The interior spaces include the former theater, cell blocks, offices, lobby, court rooms, boiler room, mechanical room, storage areas, penthouse, gymnasium, kitchens, restrooms, and administrative areas. The floors are concrete. The building’s ceilings are exposed framework, with the exception of the ceilings in the first-floor theater area, which are suspended acoustical tile and glued acoustical ceiling tile (City of Los Angeles 2014). Approximately one-third of the area on the second through fifth floors has cells, which formerly housed one to four inmates. These cell blocks adjoin a common accessible plumbing chase. The remaining areas on the second and fifth floors contain dormitory-style housing with adjoining toilet rooms. Steel bar partitions separate secure areas and compartmentalize the second floor only. Bars have been removed from the third, fourth, and fifth floors. The cells are made of steel plates with bar grate fronts. The cells have wall mounted steel accessories, including one to four bunks with separate lavatories and toilet fixtures. There are various door types within the building. Individual cells have manually operated sliding bar gates and the doors to the cell blocks are generally bar grate swing doors (City of Los Angeles 2014). Most doors within the facility are manually operated solid swing doors (City of Los Angeles 2014).

Alterations have been made to the building. Historic aerial images first depict the building in 1948 as a T-shaped building on a larger parcel with four associated buildings (NETR Online 1948). Between 1948 and 1952, the two associated buildings on the north of the parcel were removed and replaced with the 1947 addition to the north elevation (NETR Online 1952). Between 1952 and 1972, one of the associated buildings on the south of the parcel was reduced in size (NETR Online 1972). Between 1972 and 1980 the southernmost associated building, separate from the main jail complex, on the parcel appears to have been altered by the replacement of the roof (NETR Online 1980). The two associated buildings have been occupied by LADOT for offices and storage since 1996. Between 1980 and 2003, the roof on the second associated building on the southern portion of the parcel was replaced (NETR Online 2003). No further alterations or additions were visible in the historic aerials from 2004 and 2015 (NETR Online 2004; Google Earth Imagery 2008, 2011, 2015). Several windows and doors are infilled with wooden boards or metal plates. Several doors have been replaced. The 1949 addition entrance to the jail has been replaced with a metal roll-up garage door. Multiple glass panes are missing from windows throughout the building. Despite these alterations, all of which are reversible with the exception of the 1949 addition entrance, the building generally retains much of its original materials and design elements. The building has had its interiors remodeled or partitioned. In 1974, the first-floor corridor was altered to conform to fire regulations.

Character-Defining Features

1931 Art Deco Building The Art Deco character-defining features present on the 1931 portion of the building are:

 An entryway on the primary façade flanked by panels with vertical fluting and Art Deco style light fixtures

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 31  Two stylized floral motif panels above the entryway on the primary façade  A block glass transom over the wooden doors recessed beneath the entryway  A central tower (though not pronounced) in the center of the primary façade  Panels and pilasters with vertical fluting present on all façades of the 1931 building  Symmetrical design  Monumental massing  A flat roof headed by parapets

These character-defining features appear in good condition and are unchanged from the original construction.

1949 Modern Addition The character-defining features of the Modern style that are present on the 1949 portion of the building are:

 Concrete construction  Simple volume  Lack of decoration and details

These character-defining features appear in good condition and are unchanged from the original construction.

Historical Evaluation

NRHP Criterion A/CRHR Criterion 1 (Event) The Lincoln Heights Jail has played an important role in law enforcement with Los Angeles, associated with major trends like the overcrowding of facilities, 24-hour court system models, discriminatory detention and treatment of non-heterosexuals, and sanitation reform. However, the jail is most closely associated with the 1951 incident known as “Bloody Christmas.” On Christmas Eve, 1951, the LAPD located and arrested seven men involved in a fight, five of whom were Mexican-American. The men were taken to the LAPD Central Division where several intoxicated officers began to severely beat the prisoners. After the initial beating at Central Station, the police moved the prisoners to the Lincoln Heights Jail where the beatings continued. On the afternoon of Christmas Day 1951, the prisoners were released from the Lincoln Heights Jail on bail (Buntin 2009). Throughout 1952, there was extensive newspaper coverage of the event and subsequent investigations. Ultimately, eight police officers were indicted and two were convicted of police brutality and sentences to two years in prison (Sacramento Bee 1952). Historian Edward J. Escobar called this a “watershed event,” arguing that the event “initiated a fifty-year period in which the department’s [LAPD’s] identity emerged as the protector of the white middle and working classes from the city’s minority community.” Simultaneously, Escobar argued the Mexican-American community’s “vigorous response to Bloody Christmas demonstrated the community’s growing political power and sophistication.” The events of Bloody Christmas and the public relations response mobilized by the LAPD as a result of the trial and brutality investigations that followed created the groundwork from which the LAPD would respond to racially charged police brutality for decades to come, including the Watts Riots in 1965 (Escobar 2003). As a result of these considerations, the property is eligible

Page 32 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail under NRHP Criterion A and CRHR Criterion 1 for its association primarily with the Bloody Christmas event and its relationship to Mexican-American civil rights and the evolution of the LAPD, particularly in casting to light issues involving brutality.

NRHP Criteria B/CRHR Criteria 2 (People) Since establishment, the Lincoln Heights Jail was a high-traffic, high-volume facility, therefore numerous incarcerated persons and LAPD personnel have been associated with the building. The most significant persons/groups directly associated with the building are Chief Jailer John L. Shand and Chief of Police Roy E. Steckel.

John L. Shand, born in Scotland in 1867, joined the Los Angeles police force in 1895. He was assigned to the Central Police Station Jail on Second and Spring Streets in 1896. Shand was later assigned to the Lincoln Heights subdivision of the jail system in 1907. By 1912, Shand became the Chief Jailer in charge of all city division jails. When the Lincoln Heights Jail was erected in 1931, Shand transferred to the facility and became the first Chief Jailer at the Lincoln Heights Jail. He continued working for the police department as the Chief Jailer until his retirement in 1936, and he died in 1942 (Los Angeles Times 1936, 1942). Although Chief Jailer John L. Shand is associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail, and was its first Chief Jailer, the bulk of his contributions to the LAPD occurred while working in the earlier Central Station auxiliary jail building located on the subject parcel, which has since been demolished. Furthermore, Shand’s contributions to the department align with general duties that would have been assigned to similar jailers across the state. Shand does not appear to have had a significant impact on the development of the region or the evolution of the Los Angeles jail system or events associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail.

Roy E. Steckel was the Los Angeles Chief of Police from 1929 to 1933. When the Lincoln Heights Jail opened in 1931, Chief Steckel implemented the Department’s first air patrol fixed- wing squadron and police radio communication system with switchboards located in City Hall and a transmitter located in Elysian Park west of the Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Police Department 2016). During the 1932 Summer Olympic Games, Chief Steckel headed the Olympic Police Headquarters at the Coliseum and was recognized for the low crime rates during the Games (Los Angeles Police Department 2016). Chief Steckel’s administration ended in 1933 when former Chief of Police James E. Davis returned to office (Los Angeles Police Department 2016). In 1939, Steckel and several other LAPD personnel were included in a controversial mass “police purge” from the department; Steckel retired but later became involved in council hearings and investigations into LAPD “purges” and policies (Los Angeles Times 1942). Although Chief of Police Roy E. Steckel is directly associated with the development and evolution of the LAPD during the 1930s, his accomplishments are not directly associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail. While Chief of Police, Steckel worked out of several locations, including the Lincoln Heights Jail, Central Police Station, and Olympic Police Headquarters at the Coliseum, and the Lincoln Heights Jail is not illustrative of any productive contributions by him.

Ultimately, the Lincoln Heights Jail is not associated with the lives of persons significant in the past. Due to the high-traffic, high-volume nature of the facility, there appears no direct linkage between the property and significant persons. Therefore, the property does not appear directly associated with any individual’s accomplishments or illustrate any important achievements by

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 33 any individuals or groups. As a result, the Lincoln Heights Jail is not eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion B and CRHR listing under Criterion 2.

NRHP Criterion C/CRHR Criterion 3 (Design/Construction) The Lincoln Heights Jail is comprised of two primary elements, an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949. The 1931 building was built by the Los Angeles City Construction Department. Architects Gordon B. Kaufman and Jesse E. Stanton designed the 1949 addition.

1931 Art Deco Building

The Art Deco style building proliferated on main streets and commercial rows throughout the nation during the 20th century and Modern style architecture was popular during the mid-20th century. The Art Deco style, popular between the 1920s and the commencement of World War II, is characterized by a linear, hard-edge composition often with a vertical emphasis; windows arranged in sunken vertical panels; the elimination of any classical or medieval termination at the top of the building; symmetry and balance for each elevation; the frequent use of a central tower with a summit that recedes in a stepped pattern; flat roofs usually headed by parapets; a tendency for buildings to be monumental, formal, and heavy; and ornamentation of zigzags, chevrons, sun bursts, spirals, stylized plant motifs, and stylized animals (Blumenson 1981:77; Gebhard and Winter 1985:489). The application of Art Deco style to large institutional buildings such as jails is characterized by the frequent use of a central tower, symmetry, ornamentation, pilasters, geometric patterns, a flat roof headed by parapets, and monumental massing.

The Lincoln Heights Jail 1931 Art Deco Building possesses several character-defining features and stylistic details associated with the Art Deco style. These include an entryway on the primary façade flanked by panels with vertical fluting and Art Deco style light fixtures; stylized floral motif panels; panels and pilasters with vertical fluting; a central tower; symmetrical design; monumental massing; and flat roof headed by parapets.

1949 Modern Addition

Modern style architecture began in the late 1920s and early 1930s and extended through the 1970s, although the Modern era in the United States is most closely associated with the two decades following World War II. The overarching label of “Modern,” although imprecise, can generally be characterized in institutional and commercial buildings by those exhibiting simple volumes and a lack of decorative detail. Additional characteristics include the use of building materials in place of decorative details, and the use of natural colors and textures of materials to embellish a building (i.e., employing brick or concrete for decorative effect). The Modern era was a time during which new materials and construction methods were explored. For example, curtain wall construction, a characteristic construction style of this era, utilizes aluminum frames for window walls in place of steel, and new material combinations were developed for use in the solid spandrel panels that separate them. Additional examples include thin shell construction, folded plate construction, and the hyperbolic paraboloid (Painter 2010).

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The Lincoln Heights Jail 1949 Modern Addition possesses several character-defining features and stylistic details associated with the Modern style. These include lack of decoration, simple volume, and concrete construction.

There is no master architect or builder associated with the 1931 portion of the building; however, Gordon B. Kaufmann and Jesse E. Stanton, both prominent architects in Los Angeles, designed the 1949 addition. Of the two, Kaufmann may be considered a master as the architect of such prominent buildings and structures as the Los Angeles Times Building and the Hoover Dam. Although Kaufmann is a well-known architect, the Lincoln Heights Jail is not a representative example of his overall compendium of work.

Ultimately, the Lincoln Heights Jail appears eligible as an important example of a type, period, or method of construction: Art Deco and Modern style architecture, with a period of significance from 1931 through 1949. The Lincoln Heights Jail at 421-449 North Avenue 19 is an excellent example reflecting the 20th century trends of both Art Deco and Modern style architecture and the distinctive features of both styles are present in the building. Art Deco features such as streamlined elements and decorative fluting are prominent on the 1931 portion of the building and the unadorned concrete and lack of decorative detail are primary features of the 1949 Modern addition. Therefore, the Lincoln Heights Jail appears eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion C and the CRHR under Criterion 3.

NRHP Criterion D/CRHR Criterion 4 (Information Potential) The Lincoln Heights Jail is not likely to yield information regarding history or prehistory. It does not appear eligible under NRHP Criterion D and CRHR Criterion 4. LAHCM Evaluation The Lincoln Heights Jail was previously listed by the City of Los Angeles on its local register as an LAHCM in 1993 (LAHCM 587). It was listed for its historic significance to the City of Los Angeles because it “exemplifies the evolution of the LAPD and jail system from 1931 through the following three and a half decades” (City of Los Angeles 1993). Due to the age of the nomination, no specific LAHCM criteria were identified. The following provides an updated LAHCM evaluation for the Lincoln Heights Jail.

The property at 401 Avenue 19, the Lincoln Heights Jail, is significant for its important role in law enforcement in Los Angeles, the evolution of the LAPD and jail system, discriminatory detention and treatment of non-heterosexuals during the mid-twentieth century, and its association with the 1951 incident known as “Bloody Christmas.” By the 1920s, overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions had put considerable strain on the Lincoln Heights Jail and East Side Police Station. These pressures prompted the City to build a new facility at the location in 1931. The 1931 Art Deco building was expanded in 1949 with a Modern style addition. The jail was in operation from 1931 to 1965. The jail is most closely associated with the 1951 incident known as “Bloody Christmas.” On Christmas Eve, 1951, the LAPD located and arrested seven men involved in a fight, five of whom were Mexican-American. The men were taken to the LAPD Central Division where several intoxicated officers began to severely beat the prisoners. After the initial beating at Central Station, the police moved the prisoners to the Lincoln Heights Jail where the beatings continued. On the afternoon of Christmas Day 1951, the prisoners were released from the Lincoln Heights Jail on bail (Buntin 2009). Throughout 1952, there was

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 35 extensive newspaper coverage of the event and subsequent investigations. Ultimately, eight police officers were indicted and two were convicted of police brutality and sentenced to two years in prison (Sacramento Bee 1952). Historian Edward J. Escobar called this a “watershed event,” arguing that the event “initiated a fifty-year period in which the department’s [LAPD’s] identity emerged as the protector of the white middle and working classes from the city’s minority community.” Simultaneously, Escobar argued the Mexican-American community’s “vigorous response to Bloody Christmas demonstrated the community’s growing political power and sophistication.” The events of Bloody Christmas and the public relations response mobilized by the LAPD as a result of the trial and brutality investigations that followed created the groundwork from which the LAPD would respond to racially charged police brutality for decades to come, including the Watts Riots in 1965 (Escobar 2003). As a result, the property meets this part of the LAHCM criteria for its role with this event and its reflection of Los Angeles community and law enforcement events.

The Lincoln Heights Jail is not identified with historic personages or with important events in the main currents of national, state or local history. Since the Lincoln Heights Jail was established, it was a high-traffic, high-volume facility; therefore, numerous incarcerated persons and LAPD personnel have been associated with the building. The most significant persons/groups directly associated with the building are the building’s first jailer, Chief Jailer John L. Shand, and former Chief of Police Roy E. Steckel. Although Chief of Police Roy E. Steckel is directly associated with the development and evolution of the LAPD during the 1930s, his accomplishments are not directly associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail. While Chief of Police, Steckel worked out of several locations, including the Lincoln Heights Jail, Central Police Station, and Olympic Police Headquarters at the Coliseum, and the Lincoln Heights Jail is not illustrative of any productive contributions by him. Furthermore, Shand’s contributions to the LADP align with general duties that would have been assigned to similar jailers across the state. Therefore, the property does not appear directly associated with any individual’s accomplishments or illustrate any important achievements by any individuals or groups, and thereby does not meet the eligibility standards under this criterion.

The Lincoln Heights Jail does embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen, inherently valuable for a study of a period, style, or method of construction. The Lincoln Heights Jail comprises two primary elements: an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949. The Lincoln Heights Jail 1931 Art Deco Building possesses several character-defining features and stylistic details associated with the Art Deco style. These include an entryway on the primary façade flanked by panels with vertical fluting and Art Deco style light fixtures; stylized floral motif panels; panels and pilasters with vertical fluting; a central tower; symmetrical design; monumental massing; and flat roof headed by parapets. In addition, the Lincoln Heights Jail 1949 Modern Addition possesses several character-defining features and stylistic details associated with the Modern style. These include lack of decoration, simple volume, and concrete construction. As such, the building meets the criteria as a LAHCM under this guidance.

The property at 401 Avenue 19 is not a notable work of a master builder, designer, or architect whose individual genius influenced his or her age. Prominent Los Angeles-based architects Gordon B. Kaufmann and Jesse E. Stanton designed the 1949 Modern addition. Of the two, Kaufmann may be considered a master as the architect of such prominent buildings and

Page 36 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail structures as the Los Angeles Times Building and the Hoover Dam. Although a recognized master designed the 1949 Modern addition, the Lincoln Heights Jail is not representative of Kauffmann’s body of work.

Research conducted for this project finds that the status of the Lincoln Heights Jail is unchanged from the building’s LAHCM nomination, and finds the building retains its key characteristics and historical associations to continue to quality as an LAHCM. In summary, due to its reflection of the institutional and cultural history of Los Angeles, the Lincoln Heights Jail meets the LAHCM criteria for listing in the local register.

Integrity Analysis

In addition to meeting one of the criteria, a property must also retain its historic integrity. Historic integrity is the ability of the property to convey its historical significance and consists of seven aspects: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Location Location is defined as the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the event occurred. The Lincoln Heights Jail retains a high degree of integrity in its location. The building has not been moved since it was constructed.

Design Design is defined as the combination of elements that create the form, plan, structure, and style of a property, and results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of the property. Both the 1931 and 1949 sections of the Lincoln Heights Jail have not been significantly or permanently altered to a point that would compromise the form, plan, space, structure, or style of the building. With the exception of nonhistoric storefront window and door replacements on the 1949 addition, which do not compromise the design and are reversible, no significant nonhistoric changes have been made to the property. Therefore, the Lincoln Heights Jail maintains integrity of design.

Setting Setting is defined as the physical environment of a historic property. Historic topographic maps and aerial photographs indicate that the area surrounding the Lincoln Heights Jail has undergone moderate change over the years. While there has been nonhistoric industrial developments surrounding the jail, there is still an urban hardscape environment that conveys the character of the location during the period of significance. Therefore, the property retains its integrity of setting.

Materials Materials are the physical elements that were combined during a particular period of time in a particular pattern of construction to form a historic property. The Lincoln Heights Jail retains several original materials including its concrete exterior cladding, stone veneer exterior cladding, and reinforced concrete structure. As a whole, the property possesses a moderate level of integrity of materials.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 37 Workmanship Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. Although the property has had several alterations, the Lincoln Heights Jail retains its integrity of workmanship because the building is recognizable as an interpretation of its style and property type, and resembles its historic character. Overall, several methods of construction and evidence of crafts are still apparent in the general form, function, and appearance of the building. Distinctive elements from its two phases of construction are still extant and represent the physical evidence of people from that time and place. The building displays characteristics of Art Deco and Modern designs, and the workmanship is based on common traditions of that period.

Feeling Feeling is the property’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of historic features that together convey the property’s historic character. The Lincoln Heights Jail is an imposing building that conveys not only its use as a jail, but exhibits several distinct characteristics of the architectural styles in which both sections of the building were constructed. Therefore, the Lincoln Heights Jail maintains its integrity of feeling. The property evokes a historic sense from the 1930s through the 1950s, which is when its periods of significance occurred.

Association Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. Since portions of the building associated with Bloody Christmas in 1951 remain intact, the Lincoln Heights Jail maintains its integrity of association. The property has a direct link to an important event that affected the policies and procedures of the LAPD, as well as shaped community relations for several decades after.

Summary

In conclusion, the Lincoln Heights Jail retains its historic integrity and the property meets NRHP Criteria A and C, CRHR Criteria 1 and 3, and the LAHCM criteria.

The Lincoln Heights Jail retains sufficient historical integrity and character-defining features to convey its significance associated with historic events and trends: the evolution of the LAPD and jail system, and Bloody Christmas 1951; and as an important example of type period, or method of construction: Art Deco and Modern architecture. Though the building has seen alterations, the building retains a sufficient amount of historic integrity to convey its significance and to qualify as a historical resource for purposes of CEQA.

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CHAPTER 5 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Although no significant surface evidence of archaeological resources was encountered during the cultural resources survey, it is possible that subsurface archaeological materials may be encountered during ground-disturbing activities associated with the project. The lack of surface items could be due to flood action and other previous disturbance and should not be taken as a sign of lack of subsurface resources.

The background research conducted indicates a high probability for buried archaeological resources within the project area. The project area is in the general vicinity of known Gabrielino villages, located on the banks of an important water source, the Los Angeles River. Due to the movement of the Los Angeles River and the Arroyo Seco, a tributary, prehistoric archaeological resources may be deeply buried in the project area. In addition, the project area is directly west of and less than 0.25 mile of Elysian Park, the oldest city park in Los Angeles, which has a wide and varied history of its own. Moreover, the Los Angeles Plaza, the historic heart of El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles, is less than 2 miles southwest of the project area. In addition to potentially uncovering Native American cultural resources, the possibility of unearthing buried sites related to historic use of the project area is possible.

Archaeological resources may lie beneath the surface obscured by pavement or vegetation. Because the potential to encounter archaeological resources exists for the proposed project, it is recommended that the lead agency for CEQA retain a qualified archaeological monitor, working under the supervision of a qualified archaeological Principal Investigator during all ground- disturbing activities, including, but not limited to, trenching, grading, and excavation. Prior to excavation, it is recommended that the archaeologist prepare a monitoring plan that lays out the procedures for monitoring. Because levels of disturbance cannot easily be assessed on this parcel, the plan should include a provision for the Principal Archaeologist to make adjustments to the level of monitoring (for instance, deciding in the field that further monitoring is not necessary in heavily disturbed areas). The archaeological monitor will conduct worker training prior to the initiation of ground-disturbing activity to inform workers of the types of resources that may be encountered and apprise them of appropriate handling of such resources. The archaeological monitor will have the authority to redirect construction equipment in the event potential archaeological resources are encountered. In the event archaeological resources are encountered, the client will be notified immediately and work in the vicinity of the discovery will halt until appropriate treatment of the resource is determined by the qualified archaeological Principal Investigator in accordance with California PRC Section 21083.2(i).

In addition, due to the sensitivity of the project area for prehistoric resources, it is recommended that the lead agency for CEQA retain a qualified Native American monitor, to monitor ground- disturbing activities along with the archaeological monitor. This monitor must have the authority to divert work to quickly and safely examine potential Native American cultural materials. If any Native American cultural material is encountered within the project area, further consultation with interested Native American parties should be conducted to apprise them of any such

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 39 findings and solicit any comments they may have regarding appropriate treatment and disposition of the resources. If human remains are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity of the discovery will be suspended and the Los Angeles County Coroner will be contacted. If the remains are deemed Native American in origin, the County Coroner will contact the NAHC, which will identify a Most Likely Descendant pursuant to PRC Section 5097.98 and California Code of Regulations Section 15064.5. Work may resume at the landowner’s discretion, but will only commence after consultation and treatment are concluded. Work may continue on other parts of the project while consultation and treatment are conducted.

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY RECOMMENDATIONS

The Lincoln Heights Jail is a historical resource. The following assesses the potential improvements to determine if a significant impact would occur to the historical resource.

As a historical resource, to minimize any impacts to a level less than significant, this analysis finds that any proposed alterations planned for the Lincoln Heights Jail should be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, particularly the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. Per the National Park Service, rehabilitation is defined as the process of returning a property to a state of utility, through repair or alteration, which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions and features of the property that are significant to its historic, architectural, and cultural values. Rehabilitation assumes that at least some repair or alteration of the historic building will be needed to provide for an efficient contemporary use; however, these repairs and alterations must not damage or destroy materials, features, or finishes that are important in defining the building's historic character. The Standards for Rehabilitation include the following, taking into consideration economic and technical feasibility of the repairs to the historic resource:

1. A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment. 2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of historic materials or alteration of features and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided. 3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken. 4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in their own right shall be retained and preserved. 5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property shall be preserved. 6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible,

Page 40 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence. 7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. 8. Significant archaeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken. 9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction shall not destroy historic materials that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment. 10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.

In conclusion, as a property that qualifies as a historical resource for purposes of CEQA that is a local register listed property (LAHCM 587) and eligible for listing in the NRHP and CRHR, any improvements planned for the property should be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, in order for the project to have a less than significant impact on the Lincoln Heights Jail.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 41

Page 42 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

CHAPTER 6 PROJECT PERSONNEL

The architectural history component of this study was undertaken by Architectural Historians Mr. Jeremy Hollins and Ms. Monica Mello. The archaeological component of this study was undertaken by Archaeologists Ms. Christy Dolan and Ms. Linda Kry. Ms. Dolan also provided the overall quality assurance and control.

Mr. Hollins has a master of arts (MA) degree in public history, and a bachelor of arts (BA) degree in history (environmental) and has been performing cultural resources assessments for over 10 years in California. He has completed numerous transportation projects throughout Los Angeles County, including several seismic bridge rehabilitations for Caltrans, the Palmdale to Los Angeles High Speed Rail Project, the Metro Westside Extension Project, and the Historic American Engineering Report for the Commodore Schuyler Heim Bridge. He has recorded and evaluated for eligibility a range of resources, through technical reports, DPR 523 series forms, Historic American Building Survey reports, cultural landscape reports, historic structures reports, and resolution documents. He has a detailed knowledge of the laws and ordinances that affect historic properties, such as Section 106 of the NHPA, CEQA, NEPA, Section 4(f), California PRC, State Historic Building Code, and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Prior to working for AECOM, Mr. Hollins was employed by IS Architecture, the New School of Architecture, and the La Jolla Historical Society. He also meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards Professional Qualifications Standards in Architectural History and History.

Ms. Dolan is a Registered Professional Archaeologist with an MA in anthropology, and a BA in history and anthropology. She has more than 20 years of experience in the study of historic period archaeological and architectural resources. She meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards Professional Qualifications Standards in Archaeology and History. Her archaeological experience includes document research; surveys; and excavations of 18th, 19th, and 20th century sites in California, Arizona, Washington, Nevada, Colorado, Missouri, Virginia, Washington, DC, and throughout New England. Ms. Dolan has authored documents that represent the results of historic studies, surveys, inventories, evaluations, and preservation plans. Ms. Dolan has conducted numerous architectural surveys and is conversant with architectural styles and terminology for a broad array of structures, including military, industrial, municipal, commercial, and residential buildings. She has completed many special studies of the built environment, including National Register nominations, Historic American Buildings Survey, Historic American Engineering Record, and National Historic Landmark nominations. She has a broad knowledge of material culture, building styles, and structural engineering practices in the 19th and 20th centuries. Ms. Dolan oversaw the preparation of the archaeological survey and assessment for the La Cienega Interceptor Sewer Rehabilitation Project on behalf of the City of Lost Angeles Bureau of Engineering.

Ms. Mello has an MA in public history, and a BA in history. Prior to working for AECOM, Ms. Mello was employed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation Photographic Archives, and the California Department of Water Resources, California Environmental Resources Evaluation System. At AECOM, Ms. Mello has completed projects for Amtrak, City

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 43 of Los Angeles, City of San Diego, San Diego Gas and Electric, and Caltrans. She has experience developing historic contexts; completing archival research, data collection, and organization; and recording and evaluating historical theaters, hotels, commercial buildings, ranches and rural properties.

Ms. Kry has a BA in anthropology. She is an archaeologist with 10 years of experience in cultural resource management within Los Angeles County, Imperial County, and the Mojave Desert. At AECOM, Ms. Kry has developed considerable expertise with all aspects of cultural resources investigations including managing field surveys and lab analysis. Ms. Kry has assisted in the management of cultural resource specialists who conduct various types of cultural resources compliance including phase 1 surveys, construction monitoring, Native American consultation, archaeological testing and treatment, and historic resource significance evaluations. In addition, Ms. Kry has assisted in projects for Caltrans, City of Los Angeles, City of Seal Beach, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.

Page 44 Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

REFERENCES CITED

AECOM 2016 “Draft Report Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Lincoln Heights Jail 401 North Avenue 19 Los Angeles, California 90031” Prepared for City of Los Angeles.

Altschul, Jeffrey H., and Donn R. Grenda 2002 Islanders and Mainlanders: Prehistoric Context for the Southern California Bight. Tucson, AZ: SRI Press.

Arnold, J. E., M. R. Walsh, and S. E. Hollimon 2004 The Archaeology of California. Journal of Archaeological Research 12:1–73.

Baist, G.W.M. 1912 Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles.

1921 Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles.

Bean, Lowell John, and Charles R. Smith 1978 Gabrielino. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 538–562. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 9, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Bell, Horace 1881 Reminiscences of a Ranger or Early Times in Southern California. Yarnel, Caystile, and Mathes, Los Angeles.

Blumenson, J.J.G. 1981 Identifying American Architecture: A Pictorial Guide to Styles and Terms. 1600- 1945. New York, American Association for State and Local History, 1981:77.

Brooks, Sheilagh, Richard H. Brooks, G. E. Kennedy, J. Austin, James R. Firby, Louis A. Payen, Peter J. Slota, Jr., Christine A. Prior, and R. E. Taylor 1990 The Haverty Human Skeletons: Morphological, Depositional, and Geochronological Characteristics. Journal of California and Great Basin Archaeology 12(1): 60–83.

Buntin, John 2009 LA Noir. New York, Harmony Books, 2009:178-183.

California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) 2009 CEQA Guidelines. Available at http://resources.ca.gov/ceqa/guidelines/. Accessed August 13, 2014.

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Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 45 1990 Archeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format. Department of Parks and Recreation, State of California, Sacramento.

Chace, Paul G. 1979 Assessment of an Archaeological Feature beneath the Merced Theatre Building, El Pueblo de los Angeles State Historic Park. Report prepared for El Pueblo de los Angeles State Historic Park. On file, South Central Coastal Information Center.

City of Los Angeles, Department of General Services 2014 Hazardous Materials Inspection Report for the Commercial Property Old Lincoln Heights Jail, Los Angeles.

City of Los Angeles Inter-Departmental Correspondence 1993 Final Determination of Monument Status of the Lincoln Heights Jail/ Los Angeles City Jail. October 13.

City of Los Angeles, Planning Department 2007 Lincoln Heights Preservation Plan.

De Simone, Tom, Teresa Wang, Melissa Lopez, Diem Tran, Andy Sacher, Kersu Dalal, and Justin Emerick 2001 Images of America: Lavender Los Angeles, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC

Erlandson, Jon M. 1994 Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. Plenum Press, NY.

Escobar, Edward J. 2003 “Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s.” The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 2 (May 2003): pp. 171-199.

Fenenga, Franklin 1953 The Weights of Chipped Stone Points: A Clue to Their Functions. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9(3): 309–323.

Gebhard, David, and Robert Winter 1985 An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles. Layton, Utah, Gibbs Smith, 1985: 489.

Google Earth 2008 Imagery

2011 Imagery

2015 Imagery

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Grenda, Donn Robert 1997 Site Structure, Settlement Systems, and Social Organization at Lake Elsinore, California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona.

Guinn, James Miller 1915 History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs. Historic Record Company, Los Angeles.

Gumprecht, Blake 1999 The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Hughes, John Russell 2014 The Mafia Court: Corruption in Chicago. Trine Day LLC, Waterville, OR.

Hurewitz, Daniel 2007 Bohemian Los Angeles and the Making of Modern Politics. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Los Angeles Conservancy (LA Conservancy) 2016 “Lincoln Heights Jail” https://www.laconservancy.org/locations/lincoln-heights- jail. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1926 Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1927 Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1929 Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1932 Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Police Department 2016 Available online at http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd.

Los Angeles Police Beat 1948 “City Jail.” Vol. VIII, No. 5, January 1948.

Los Angeles Police Museum 2016 Documents on file, available at http://laphs.org/. Accessed July 13, 2016.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 47 2016 Documents on file, available at http://laphs.org/. Accessed July 13, 2016.

Los Angeles Public Library, Lincoln Heights Jail, images on file.

Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation 2013 Available at http://larivercorp.org/. Accessed January 10.

Los Angeles Times 1922 “Prisoners to Bust ‘Em Up.” January 21, 1922.

1929 “Ballot on New Jail Proposed.” March 16, 1929.

1931 “City Officials Go to Jail.” July 30, 1931.

1936 “Long Service Nears End: Shand Asks Retirement.” January 25, 1936.

1942 “Obituary.” November 22, 1942.

1947 “Council Turns Down Move to Halt Jail Construction.” December 10, 1947.

1965 “Lincoln Heights Jail to Close.” June 11, 1965.

1970 “Cold Cells Come Back to Life.” April 16, 1970.

1973 “Nonsense, Says Official: Ghostly Sounds Still Heard in Old Lincoln Heights Jail.” September 14.

1984 “Abandoned Prison Serves Community.” March 11.

1987 “Rare Hollywood Artifacts Waste Away Behind Bars.” October 20.

1997 “The ‘Bloody Christmas’ of 1951.” December 21.

Map Showing Subdivision of City Lands in East Los Angeles and the Arroyo Seco. 1887.

Miller, Bruce W. 1991 The Gabrielino. Los Osos, CA: Sand River Press.

Monkkonen, Eric H. 1990 America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities & Towns 1780-1980. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Moratto, Michael J. 1984 California Archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.

National Voice

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1952 “Officers Beaten in Bar Brawl; Seven Men Jailed.” January 3, 1952.

NETR Online 2013 Historic Aerials. 1948, 1952, 1972, 1980, 2003, 2004, 2005. Available at http://www.historicaerials.com. Accessed July, 25, 2016.

Painter, Diana J. 2010 Montana Post-World War II Architectural Survey and Inventory Historic Context and Survey Report.

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Pitt, Leonard, and Dale Pitt 1997 Los Angeles A to Z. Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1997: 255–256.

Reid, Hugo 1939 [1852] Letters on the Los Angeles County Indians. In, A Scotch Paisano in Old Los Angeles, by Susanna Bryant Dakin, pp. 215–286. University of California Press.

1977 [1851] The Decay of the Mission. In Los Angeles, Biography of a City, edited by John Caughey and LaRee Caughey, pp. 102–104. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Rathburn Sorrell, Tanya 2011 Historic Resources Survey: Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan Area, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.

Robinson, W. W. 1979 Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Sacramento Bee 1952 “Police Brutality Brings Merited Jail Sentence.” October 4.

Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1920 Los Angeles. New York: Sanborn Map and Publishing Company, Limited. 1920.

Semi-Tropic Homestead Company 1894 Map of Los Angeles, California.

Shipley, William F. 1978 Native Languages of California. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 80–90. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 49 Sutton, Mark Q. 2009 People and Language: Defining the Takic Expansion into Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 41(2&3): 31–93.

Wallace, William J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11(3): 214–230.

Warren, Claude N. 1968 Cultural Traditions and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by Cynthia Irwin- Williams. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology 1(3): 1–14.

Wilkman, Jon, and Nancy Wilkman 2006 Picturing Los Angeles. Gibbs Smith, Salt Lake City.

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Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail Page 51

APPENDIX A

Native American Contact

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

AECOM 300 South Grand Avenue, 8th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90071 T 213.593.8100 F 213.593.7715 www.AECOM.com

July 1, 2016

Katy Sanchez Native American Heritage Commission 1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 [email protected]

Subject: Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project - Sacred Lands File Search

Dear Ms. Sanchez:

AECOM has been retained by the City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering (BOE) to request that the Native American Heritage Commission conduct a Sacred Lands File search for the Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project (Project). The proposed project is located within the Los Angeles 1966 (Photo revised 1981; Minor revision 1994) United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute quadrangle map, and is indicated on the enclosed map (Enclosure 1).

The proposed Project is located in the City of Los Angeles in fully urbanized areas and is located near the confluence of the Arroyo Seco and the Los Angeles River. The site on which the jail stands upon is irregular in shape and is bordered by the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the west, beyond which lies the Los Angeles River; Avenue 19 to the northeast; and the Metro Gold Line to the southeast. The purpose of the Project is to provide the City of Los Angeles a current assessment of the Lincoln Heights Jail to assist in determining future uses and improvements of the property.

The goal of this letter, in addition to acquainting you with this Project, is to request that you check the Sacred Lands File records to identify any previously recorded sites in the Project area.

Thank you for your assistance. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions about this Project.

Sincerely,

Linda Kry, B.A. AECOM Archaeologist [email protected] D: 213-593-8000 or 213-435-5846

AECOM 300 S. Grand Avenue, 8th Floor Los Angeles, CA, USA 90071

Enclosure: Project Area Map Legend

Project Area Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed Source: ESRI 2012 USGS 7.5' Quadrangle: Los Angeles 1981

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 I Miles Project Area Map Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project

AECOM 300 South Grand Avenue, 8th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90071 T 213.593.8100 F 213.593.7715 www.AECOM.com

July 7, 2016

Gabrielino/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians Anthony Morales, Chairperson P.O. Box 693 San Gabriel, CA 91778 [email protected]

Subject: Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project

Dear Mr. Morales:

AECOM has been retained by the City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering (BOE) to conduct Native American contact for the Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project (Project). The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a Sacred Lands File search for the Project, and identified you as an individual who may have knowledge of cultural resources in or near the Project area. The proposed Project is located within an un-sectioned portion of Township 1 South and Range 13 West of the Los Angeles 1966 (Photo revised 1981; Minor revision 1994) United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute quadrangle map, and is indicated on the enclosed map (Enclosure 1).

The proposed Project is located in the City of Los Angeles in fully urbanized areas and is located near the confluence of the Arroyo Seco and the Los Angeles River. The site on which the jail stands upon is irregular in shape and is bordered by the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the west, beyond which lies the Los Angeles River; Avenue 19 to the northeast; and the Metro Gold Line to the southeast. The purpose of the Project is to provide the City of Los Angeles a current assessment of the Lincoln Heights Jail to assist in determining future uses and improvements of the property.

The response form (Enclosure 2) is provided to help us identify and address your concerns with this Project. Return of this form does not imply that you approve or disapprove of the Project nor does it limit your opportunity to comment at a later time. Please return the response form to the address shown below with the self-addressed stamped envelope provided (Enclosure 3) no later than August 7, 2016.

Thank you for your assistance. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions about this Project.

Sincerely,

Linda Kry, B.A. AECOM Archaeologist [email protected] D: 213-593-8000 or 213-435-5846

AECOM 300 S. Grand Avenue, 8th Floor Los Angeles, CA, USA 90071

AECOM 300 South Grand Avenue, 8th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90071 T 213.593.8100 F 213.593.7715 www.AECOM.com

Enclosures: 1. Project Area Map 2. Response Form 3. Self- Addressed Stamped Envelope

Legend

Project Area Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed Source: ESRI 2012 USGS 7.5' Quadrangle: Los Angeles 1981

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 I Miles Project Area Map Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project NATIVE AMERICAN RESPONSE FORM

Please circle appropriate response below.

I/We (would like) (would not like) to be contacted. You may contact me/us at the address and phone number below.

I/We (do) (do not) have concerns. They are outlined below:

______

Please Print Name, Tribal Office/Affiliation, Address, and Phone Number

______

______Signature Date

Please return completed form no later than August 7, 2016 to:

Linda Kry, B.A. AECOM 300 S. Grand Avenue 8th Floor Los Angeles, CA, USA 90071 Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project Native American Consultation Table

Date of Native American Written Follow-Up Contact Letter Sent Reply Phone Calls Notes Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: Chairperson Morales stated that Anthony Morales 07/15/2016 his tribe has been involved in Gabrielino/Tongva San other projects with different Gabriel Band of Mission Second Call: companies in and around the Indians N/A Project area. He also stated that the Project area is sensitive for cultural resources due to the Project’s proximity to the Los Angeles River and Elysian Park Chairperson 07/07/2016 07/12/16 via N/A Chairperson Salas stated that the Andrew Salas e-mail project is located in proximity to Gabrielino Band of a known village site, making the Mission Indians – Kizh project location sensitive for Nation cultural resources. Chairperson Salas also provided a map showing Gabrielino tribal territory. In addition, Chairperson Salas requested that all ground disturbing activities be monitored by both an archaeological monitor and a Native American monitor from his tribe. Director of Cultural 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Resources 07/15/2016 Called the number provided, the Daniel McCarthy tribal office receptionist San Manuel Band of Second Call: answered. The receptionist Mission Indians 08/04/2016 directed the call the Mr. McCarthy’s voicemail inbox. A voicemail message was left for Daniel McCarthy.

Second Call: Was informed by the office receptionist that the new Director of Cultural Resources is Lee Clauss. The call was transferred to Mr. Clauss and a message was left in his voicemail inbox. Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Goldie Walker 07/15/2016 Left a voicemail message for Serrano Nation of Chairperson Goldie Walker. Mission Indians Second Call: 08/04/2016 Second Call: Tried leaving a message in Chairperson Walker’s voicemail inbox but it was full. Date of Native American Written Follow-Up Contact Letter Sent Reply Phone Calls Notes Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: John Valenzuela 07/15/2016 Left a voicemail message for San Fernando Band of Chairperson John Valenzuela. Mission Indians Second Call: 08/04/2016 Second Call: Left a voicemail message for Chairperson John Valenzuela. Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Julie Lynn Tumamait- 07/15/2016 Left a voicemail message for Stennslie Chairperson Julie Lynn Barbareno/Ventureno Second Call: Tumamait-Stennslie. Band of Mission Indians 08/04/2016 Second Call: Could not leave a message for Chairperson Julie Lynn Tumamait-Stennslie as her inbox was full. Co-Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Linda Candelaria 07/15/2016 Left a voicemail message for Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe Co-Chairperson Linda Second Call: Candelaria. 08/04/2016 Second Call: Left a voicemail message for Co-Chairperson Linda Candelaria. Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Lynn Valbuena 07/15/2016 Called the number provided, the San Manuel Band of tribal office receptionist Mission Indians Second Call: answered. The receptionist 08/04/2016 directed the call the Ms. Valbuena’s voicemail inbox. A voicemail message was left for Chairperson Lynn Valbuena.

Second Call: Receptionist transferred the call to Chairperson Valbuena’s assistant, Kate Larson. Ms. Larson was unavailable so a message was left in her voicemail inbox for Chairperson Valbuena. Date of Native American Written Follow-Up Contact Letter Sent Reply Phone Calls Notes Tribal Chair 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: Mr. Dorame stated that he has Robert F. Dorame 07/15/2016 worked considerably in the Gabrielino Tongva vicinity of the Project area for Indians of California Second Call: other projects. He mentioned Tribal Council N/A that the village sites of Yangna and Maawnga are in the vicinity of the Project area and that the village sites likely extend more than 1-mile in every direction. Mr. Dorame stated that he would try to provide tribal documents regarding the Project area via e-mail. This document was received on 07/21/2016 via e-mail and on 07/22/2016 via post mail. Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Robert Martin, 07/15/2016 Called phone number provided, Chairperson tribal office receptionist Morongo Band of Second Call: transferred the call to Mission Indians 08/04/2016 Chairperson Robert Martin. He was not available and a message was left with the receptionist, Jennifer Leal. Ms. Leal then requested that a copy of the letter be sent to her via e-mail. Per Ms. Leal’s request, the letter was resent via e-mail on 07/15/2016. Ms. Leal confirmed that she received the letter via e- mail on 07/18/2016.

Second Call: Receptionist answered and transferred the call to Mr. Martin’s assistant, Jennifer Leal. She was unavailable and a message was left for Mr. Martin on Ms. Leal’s voicemail inbox. President 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Rudy Ortega 07/15/2016 Called phone number provided, Fernandeno Tatavium was transferred to Mr. Rudy Band of Mission Indians Second Call: Ortega’s voicemail inbox by the 08/04/2016 tribal office receptionist. Left a voicemail message.

Second Call: Receptionist transferred call to Mr. Ortega. He was unavailable so a message was left with the receptionist. Date of Native American Written Follow-Up Contact Letter Sent Reply Phone Calls Notes Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Sandonne Goad 07/15/2016 Left a voicemail message for Gabrielino/Tongva Chairperson Sandonne Goad. Nation Second Call: 08/04/2016 Second Call: Left a voicemail message for Chairperson Sandonne Goad. Chairperson 07/07/2016 N/A First Call: First Call: Vincent Armenta 07/15/2016 Called the number provided, the Santa Ynez Band of tribal office receptionist Mission Indians Second Call: answered. A message was taken 08/04/2016 by the receptionist for Chairperson Vincent Armenta.

Second Call: Receptionist stated that Mr. Vincent Armenta is no longer with the tribal office. The new Chairperson is Kenneth Khan. The receptionist transferred the call to Chairperson Khan’s assistant, Kerry Dodson. Ms. Dodson was unavailable so a message was left in her voicemail inbox for Chairperson Khan.

GABRIELENO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS - KIZH NATION Historically known as The San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians recognized by the State of California as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles basin

To our future business partners re: DBE/MBE Certification (June 2016)

I am pleased to announce to lead agencies that the Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians, LLC has met the Requirements and qualifications and is now certified as a Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) with the Department of Transportation CUCP (Regulation 49 CFR Part 26; verification #43503) listed under the following areas of expertise: NAICS 2007 541620 (Environmental consulting services), 541690 (other scientific and consulting services) and 541990 (all other professional, scientific and technical services. In addition, we are also now a Minority Business Enterprise (MBE) with the Supplier Clearinghouse (pursuant to Commission General Order 156; verification order #16000312) and thus listed in the CUCP. Now we are able to partner with you to help you meet your small business/DBE goals.

Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians, LLC has developed partnerships between our Tribe and local professionals to provide the following services:

 Cultural, Archaeological, Paleontological  Cultural, Archaeological, Paleontological & & Biological consulting Biological surveys and reports

 GIS mapping & consulting  Restoration/revegetation design,  Historical research installation & maintenance  CEQA/NEPA Compliance (AB52/SB18)  Invasive species ID and removal  Native American monitoring  Grading, grubbing and vegetation removal  Traditional cultural places consultation  Legal refuse site for disposal of native vegetation

Land stewardship and professional services have been created by our Tribe to support the various development and land rehabilitation efforts occurring throughout our historic tribal territory. Our environmental services combine our elder’s cultural knowledge of land management practices attained over a millennia of generations with modern collegiate scientific knowledge attained by our younger generations of tribal members. This combination of old and new enables us to bring a sound and practical foundation that can handle any array of environmental services land stewardship projects.

If any of these services can be of use to you for any of your projects, please contact us at your convenience. We thank you again for your earnest interest in supporting our Tribe's efforts to sustain and build upon the natural integrity, beauty, and provisions that our land has always provided. Together, our land can still provide for the generations of tomorrow.

With gratitude,

Andrew Salas, Chairman cell (626)926-4131

Andrew Salas, Chairman Nadine Salas, Vice-Chairman Dr. Christina Swindall Martinez, secretary Albert Perez, treasurer I Martha Gonzalez Lemos, treasurer II Richard Gradias, Chairman of the council of Elders

PO Box 393 Covina, CA 91723 [email protected] [email protected]

GABRIELENO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS – KIZH NATION Historically known as The San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians Recognized by the State of California as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles basin

Dear Linda Kry, B.A. Archeologist AECOM

Subject: LINCOLN HEIGHTS JAIL ASSEMENT PROJECT

“The project locale lies in a Highly sensitive area where the Ancestral & traditional territories of the Kizh(Kitc) Gabrieleño villages such as Yangna , Mauangna and Otsungna, adjoined and overlapped with each other, at least during the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Periods. This area location was also historically known as the outskirts of what was called Dog Town (Chavez Revine ) one of the oldest Barrios in Los Angeles.. The homeland of the Kizh (Kitc) Gabrieleños , probably the most influential Native American group in aboriginal southern California (Bean and Smith 1978a:538), was centered in the Los Angeles Basin, and reached as far east as the San Bernardino-Riverside area. The homeland of the Serranos was primarily the San Bernardino Mountains, including the slopes and lowlands on the north and south flanks. Whatever the linguistic affiliation, Native Americans in and around the project area exhibited similar organization and resource procurement strategies. Villages were based on clan or lineage groups. Their home/ base sites are marked by midden deposits, often with bedrock mortars. During their seasonal rounds to exploit plant resources, small groups would migrate within their traditional territory in search of specific plants and animals. Their gathering strategies often left behind signs of special use sites, usually grinding slicks on bedrock boulders, at the locations of the resources. Therefore, in order to protect our resources, we're requesting one of our experienced & certified Native American monitors as well as a Arceo- Monitor to be on site during any & all ground disturbances (this includes but is not limited to pavement removal, pot-holing or auguring, boring, grading, excavation and trenching).

In all cases, when the NAHC states there are “No" records of sacred sites” in the subject area; they always refer the contractors back to the Native American Tribes whose tribal territory the project area is in. This is due to the fact, that the NAHC is only aware of general information on each California NA Tribe they are "NOT " the “experts” on our Tribe. Our Elder Committee & Tribal Historians are the experts and is the reason why the NAHC will always refer contractors to the local tribes.

In addition, we are also often told that an area has been previously developed or disturbed and thus there are no concerns for cultural resources and thus minimal impacts would be expected. I have two major recent examples of how similar statements on other projects were proven very inadequate. An archaeological study claimed there would be no impacts to an area adjacent to the Plaza Church at Olvera Street, the original Spanish settlement of Los Angeles, now in downtown Los Angeles. In fact, this site was the Gabrieleno village of Yangna long before it became what it is now today. The new development wrongfully began their construction and they, in the process, dug up and desecrated 118 burials. The area that was dismissed as culturally sensitive was in fact the First Cemetery of Los Angeles where it had been well documented at the Huntington Library that 400 of our Tribe's ancestors were buried there along with the founding families of Los Angeles (Pico’s, Sepulveda’s, and Alvarado’s to name a few). In addition, there was another inappropriate study for the development of a new sports complex at Fedde Middle School in the City of Hawaiian Gardens could commence. Again, a village and burial site were desecrated despite their mitigation measures. Thankfully, we were able to work alongside the school district to quickly and respectfully mitigate a mutually beneficial resolution.

Given all the above, the proper thing to do for your project would be for our Tribe to monitor ground disturbing construction work. Native American monitors and/or consultant can see that cultural resources are treated appropriately from the Native American point of view. Because we are the lineal descendants of the vast area of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, we hold sacred the ability to protect what little of our culture remains. We thank you for taking seriously your role and responsibility in assisting us in preserving our culture.

With respect,

Please contact our office regarding this project to coordinate a Native American Monitor to be present. Thank You

Andrew Salas, Chairman Nadine Salas, Vice‐Chairman Christina Swindall Martinez, secretary Albert Perez, treasurer I Martha Gonzalez Lemos, treasurer II Richard Gradias, Chairman of the council of Elders

PO Box 393 Covina, CA 91723 [email protected] [email protected]

Andrew Salas, Chairman Cell (626) 926-4131

Addendum: clarification regarding some confusions regarding consultation under AB52:

AB52 clearly states that consultation must occur with tribes that claim traditional and cultural affiliation with a project site. Unfortunately, this statement has been left open to interpretation so much that neighboring tribes are claiming affiliation with projects well outside their traditional tribal territory. The territories of our surrounding Native American tribes such as the Luiseno, Chumash, and Cahuilla tribal entities. Each of our tribal territories has been well defined by historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, and ethnographers – a list of resources we can provide upon request. Often, each Tribe as well educates the public on their very own website as to the definition of their tribal boundaries. You may have received a consultation request from another Tribe. However we are responding because your project site lies within our Ancestral tribal territory, which, again, has been well documented. What does Ancestrally or Ancestral mean? The people who were in your family in past times, Of, belonging to, inherited from, or denoting an ancestor or ancestors http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ancestral. . If you have questions regarding the validity of the “traditional and cultural affiliation” of another Tribe, we urge you to contact the Native American Heritage Commission directly. Section 5 section 21080.3.1 (c) states “…the Native American Heritage Commission shall assist the lead agency in identifying the California Native American tribes that are traditionally and culturally affiliated with the project area.” In addition, please see the map below.

CC: NAHC

Andrew Salas, Chairman Nadine Salas, Vice‐Chairman Christina Swindall Martinez, secretary Albert Perez, treasurer I Martha Gonzalez Lemos, treasurer II Richard Gradias, Chairman of the council of Elders

PO Box 393 Covina, CA 91723 [email protected] [email protected]

From: Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians To: Kry, Linda Cc: Christina Swindall; Matt Teutimez.Kizh Gabrieleno Subject: Subject: LINCOLN HEIGHTS JAIL ASSEMENT PROJECT Date: Tuesday, July 12, 2016 12:34:53 AM Attachments: Subject- LINCOLN HEIGHTS JAIL ASSEMENT PROJECT .docx GBMI_DBE-MBEannounce2016(2)-2.pdf

Dear Linda Please see attachments

Sincerely,

Andrew Salas, Chairman Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians - Kizh Nation PO Box 393 Covina, CA 91723 cell: (626)926-4131 email: [email protected] website: www.gabrielenoindians.org From: Robert F. Dorame To: Kry, Linda Subject: Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment project comments Date: Thursday, July 21, 2016 5:52:09 PM Attachments: Robert Dorame.vcf Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment project pg 1.jpg Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment project pg 2.jpg

Hi Linda: This is what I know first hand plus some of the information that is anecdotal but might tie into the project. You know me, more is better.

I hope this finds you well and I appreciate you contacting me. It was also good to know your parents are good. I wish we had a reason to go to their doughnut shop but probably just as well since we are trying to eat well for our age.

Take care – Robert

From: Jennifer Leal To: Kry, Linda Subject: RE: Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project Date: Monday, July 18, 2016 8:46:57 AM

Thank you Linda, I received this email.

Jennifer

From: Kry, Linda [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, July 15, 2016 4:04 PM To: Jennifer Leal Subject: Lincoln Heights Jail Assessment Project

Per our conversation today, Friday, July 15, 2016, I am resending the letter as requested. Please see attached.

Best,

Linda

Linda Kry, B.A. Archaeologist Design + Planning M 213.435.5846 or 562.787.0701 [email protected]

AECOM 300 S. Grand Avenue, 8th Floor Los Angeles, CA, USA 90071 T +1-213-593-8100 aecom.com

We’ve moved! As of May 23, 2016, AECOM’s Flower Street offices have relocated to One California Plaza. Please note our new address. Our phone details remain the same.

APPENDIX B

DPR 523 Forms

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # ______PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial ______

Page 1 of 26 *Resource Name or #: Lincoln Heights Jail

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: Los Angeles and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Sacramento Date: 2015 T 1S;R 13W¼ of ¼ of Sec 15; B.M. San Bernardino c. Address: 401 Avenue 19 City: Los Angeles Zip: 90031 d. UTM: Zone: 11S, 387005.52 mE/ 3771372.58 mN (NAD83/WGS84) (approximate centerpoint) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) The Lincoln Heights Jail is located at 401 Avenue 19 in Los Angeles, California. It occupies the east portion of the lot and has an east-facing orientation. The property is situated on a wedge-shaped parcel (APN 5447‐005‐900) bordered by the Los Angeles River and the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the west, Avenue 19 to the northeast, the confluence of the Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles River to the north, and the Metro Gold Line to the southeast.

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries) The Lincoln Heights Jail, constructed in 1931, is located in Los Angeles, California. The building is surrounded by urban and industrial areas. The following provides a discussion and synopsis of the building’s condition and design, materials, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries. See Continuation Sheet.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) HP13 – Community Center; HP4 –Ancillary Building; HP14 – Government Building

*P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.)

P5b. Description of Photo: P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) View facing northwest, 07/06/2016

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both 1931; City of Los Angeles

*P7. Owner and Address: City of Los Angeles

*P8. Recorded by: Monica Mello AECOM 401 W A Street Suite 1200 San Diego, CA 92101

*P9. Date Recorded: 07/25/2016

*P10. Survey Type: Reconnaissance

*P11. Report Citation: Cultural Resources Assessment for the Lincoln Heights Jail, prepared by AECOM for City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering, 2016. *Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet  Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List):

DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD Page 2 of 26 *NRHP Status Code: __ *Resource Name or # Lincoln Heights Jail B1. Historic Name: Los Angeles City Jail; Branch City Jail B2. Common Name: B3. Original Use: Jail B4. Present Use: vacant/ storage *B5. Architectural Style: Art Deco, Modern *B6. Construction History: (Construction date, alterations, and date of alterations) The Lincoln Heights Jail is comprised of two primary elements, an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949. Historic aerial images first depict the building in 1948 as a T-shaped building on a larger parcel with four associated buildings (NETR Online, 1948). Between 1948 and 1952, the two associated buildings on the north of the parcel were removed and replaced with a large addition to the north elevation (NETR Online, 1952). Between 1952 and 1972, one of the associated buildings on the south of the parcel was reduced in size (NETR Online, 1972). Between 1972 and 1980 the southernmost associated building on the parcel appears to have been altered by the replacement of the roof (NETR Online, 1980). Between 1980 and 2003 the roof on the second associated building on the southern portion of the parcel was replaced (NETR Online, 2003). No further alterations or additions were visible in the historic aerials from 2004 and 2015 (NETR Online, 2004; Google Earth Imagery 2008, 2011, 2015).

*B7. Moved? No Yes Unknown Date: Original Location: *B8. Related Features: none B9a. Architect: The 1931 building was built by the Los Angeles City Construction Department. The 1949 addition was designed by Gordon B. Kaufman and Jesse E. Stanton. b. Builder: Los Angeles City Construction Department *B10. Significance: Los Angeles Jail System; Police Brutality Area: Los Angeles Period of Significance: 1931 -1965; 1951 Property Type: Correctional Applicable Criteria: A and C (Discuss importance in terms of historical or architectural context as defined by theme, period, and geographic scope. Also address integrity.) The historical significance of the Lincoln Heights Jail was determined by applying the procedure and criteria for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility.

Based on site investigations and historic research, the Lincoln Heights Jail does appear to possess the requisite significance to be eligible for listing in the NRHP.

(See Continuation Sheet)

B11. Additional Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes)

*B12. References: (See Continuation Sheet)

B13. Remarks:

*B14. Evaluator: AECOM

*Date of Evaluation: 07/25/2016

(This space reserved for official comments.)

See Location Map

DPR 523B (1/95) *Required information

State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 3 of 26 *Resource Name or #: Lincoln Heights Jail

*Recorded by: AECOM *Date: 07/25/2016 Continuation  Update

*P3a. Description: (continued) The Lincoln Heights Jail is comprised of two primary elements, an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949 (Photographs 1 and 2). The 1931 building was built by the Los Angeles City Construction Department. The 1949 addition was designed by Gordon B. Kaufman and Jesse E. Stanton. Erected as the Los Angeles City Jail and Lincoln Heights Police Station, the five-story concrete building has a façade punctuated by panels and pilasters. The building’s flat roof headed by parapets, Art Deco style light fixtures; stylized floral motif panels; central tower; and symmetrical design reflect design philosophies of the Art Deco style, popular between the 1920s and the commencement of World War II. While 1949 building addition’s lack of decoration, simple volume, and concrete construction reflect design philosophies of the Modern style popular from the late 1920s to the 1970s, although the Modern era in the United States is most closely associated with the two decades following World War II.

The Lincoln Heights Jail is located at 401 Avenue 19 in Los Angeles, California (Photographs 1-24). It occupies the east portion of the lot and has an east-facing orientation. The property is situated on a wedge-shaped parcel bordered by the Los Angeles River and the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the west, Avenue 19 to the northeast, the confluence of the Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles River to the north, and the Metro Gold Line to the southeast. The building has an irregular plan and is five stories in height, with a two-story kitchen annex added to the southwestern portion of the 1931 Art Deco building. The parcel is primarily hardscaped with grass and trees planted along the eastern elevation of the building (Photograph 21). The surrounding buildings are primarily industrial and are located to the east and south of the parcel. There are two ancillary buildings to the south, a prefabricated corrugated steel structure (Ancillary Building 1) and a one-story Modern style office building (Ancillary Building 2) (Photographs 18 and 19). To the north, there is a polygonal concrete gate house with a flat roof attached the concrete masonry unit (CMU) perimeter wall (Photographs 16 and 17).

The Lincoln Heights Jail was constructed on a concrete foundation. The southern portion of the building is clad in stuccoed concrete plaster. The northern portion of the building has a ground floor clad in stone veneer and upper stories clad in concrete. Together, the Art Deco building and Modern style addition presents a unified façade (Photographs 2 and 7). Various spherical surface-mounted bollards are located along the building’s wall junctions and the perimeter wall terminuses. The fenestration has undergone some damages but retains its original location, size, shape, frames, and many of its original panes.

The 1931 portion of the Lincoln Heights Jail, located to the south, is 201 feet in length. The building has massive and simplified forms. It is five stories in height and has 15 bays, a flat roof headed by parapets, and an above-ground basement level. The 1931 building windows consist of double-hung and fixed and hopper metal frame windows that are recessed with no surrounds. The fenestration is symmetrical, with a single-width window row at each end of the structure, followed by four paired lights. The central projection (façade) has three single-width lights, flanked on either side by a paired row. On the first-story, windows are paired, narrow rectangular lights; at the basement level, the window bays are slightly smaller and paired. The basement-level bays and many of the first-story bays are covered by wooden boards. Pillars between the window bays are fluted. Flat dentil ornamentation spans the lintels of the ground floor windows and the wall spandrels.

The building’s façade is on the east elevation, and is flanked by panels with vertical fluting and two stylized floral motif panels above the entry (Photographs 3 and 4). A concrete stoop with metal open handrails leads to the main entry of the building, which is recessed and centered on the façade. The entry is infilled with wooden boards; however the original block glass transom above the door remains intact. Two Art-Deco style light fixtures frame the entry.

The 1949 addition’s façade is also on the east elevation and is 215 feet in length. Double terrazzo stairways lead to a common landing. The landing is framed by rectangular concrete planters (Photograph 6). At the top of the landing, a single set of wide steps lead to the 1949 addition entry. This entry is recessed and centered; the front door has been replaced with a metal roll-up garage door (Photograph 5). Above the entrance is a cantilevered overhang. The windows on the first floor are recessed fixed units; the upper floors have projecting, hopper metal frame windows with wide surrounds. The windows are arranged symmetrically in horizontal bands.

The south elevation faces a paved surface parking lot, the two ancillary buildings, and the Metro Gold Line tracks (Photographs 8- 10). The south elevation has a two-story building addition (kitchen annex), and ground- and basement-level entryways. The first- story windows barred. The entryway to the east is accessed by a metal straight-run stairway with open guardrails and handrails, open risers, and textured plate treads. The door is a nonhistoric steel door; the transom above the door is infilled with a steel plate. The centrally located entryway is accessed by a cast concrete straight-run stairway with similar metal railings. There is a loading ramp that descends to the basement level leading to steel double doors.

DPR 523L (1/95)

State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 4 of 26 *Resource Name or #: Lincoln Heights Jail

*Recorded by: AECOM *Date: 07/25/2016 Continuation  Update

The west elevation (rear façade) is comprised of the two-story kitchen annex and cell blocks (Photographs 11-13). The kitchen annex has one paired, barred window, a steel double door with a wide surround, and three rectangular vents along the upper portion of the wall. The central projection is largely unadorned; there is a single window located at the upper corner of the tower, four corridor openings with metal guardrails, and a first-story loading dock. To the north are the cell blocks with hopper metal frame windows that are recessed with no surrounds. Several of the west elevation entryways have been sealed with metal plates. The west elevation of the 1949 addition has windows that are arranged symmetrically in horizontal bands with metal awnings.

The north elevation is largely unadorned (Photographs 14 and 15). There are only windows on the basement, first, and fifth stories. On the first-story there is a single and tripartite window grouping, and on the fifth-story there is a ribbon window arrangement. The basement level bays have been infilled with wooden boards. The north elevation entry is a wooden panel door accessed by concrete steps.

Based on existing photographs (since the interior was not available during the survey), the interior of the Lincoln Heights Jail reflects its function and consists of cell blocks and former support spaces and offices. The interior spaces include the former theater, cell blocks, offices, lobby, court rooms, boiler room, mechanical room, storage areas, penthouse, gymnasium, kitchens, restrooms, and administrative areas. The floors are concrete. The building’s ceilings are exposed framework, with the exception of the ceilings in the first-floor theater area, which are suspended acoustical tile and glued acoustical ceiling tile (City of Los Angeles 2014). Approximately one-third of the area on the second through fifth floors has cells, which formerly housed one to four inmates. These cell blocks adjoin a common accessible plumbing chase. The remaining areas on the second and fifth floors contain dormitory-style housing with adjoining toilet rooms. Steel bar partitions separate secure areas and compartmentalize the second floor only. Bars have been removed from the third, fourth, and fifth floors. The cells are made of steel plates with bar grate fronts. The cells have wall mounted steel accessories, including one to four bunks with separate lavatories and toilet fixtures. There are various door types within the building. Individual cells have manually operated sliding bar gates and the doors to the cell blocks are generally bar grate swing doors (City of Los Angeles 2014). Most doors within the facility are manually operated solid swing doors (City of Los Angeles 2014).

Alterations have been made to the building. Historic aerial images first depict the building in 1948 as a T-shaped building on a larger parcel with four associated buildings (NETR Online 1948). Between 1948 and 1952, the two associated buildings on the north of the parcel were removed and replaced with the 1947 addition to the north elevation (NETR Online 1952). Between 1952 and 1972, one of the associated buildings on the south of the parcel was reduced in size (NETR Online 1972). Between 1972 and 1980 the southernmost associated building, separate from the main jail complex, on the parcel appears to have been altered by the replacement of the roof (NETR Online 1980). The two associated buildings have been occupied by LADOT for offices and storage since 1996. Between 1980 and 2003, the roof on the second associated building on the southern portion of the parcel was replaced (NETR Online 2003). No further alterations or additions were visible in the historic aerials from 2004 and 2015 (NETR Online 2004; Google Earth Imagery 2008, 2011, 2015). Several windows and doors are infilled with wooden boards or metal plates. Several doors have been replaced. The 1949 addition entrance to the jail has been replaced with a metal roll-up garage door. Multiple glass panes are missing from windows throughout the building. Despite these alterations, all of which are reversible with the exception of the 1949 addition entrance, the building generally retains much of its original materials and design elements. The building has had its interiors remodeled or partitioned. In 1974, the first-floor corridor was altered to conform to fire regulations.

*B10. Significance: (continued)

Development of Lincoln Heights

During the first three decades of the 20th century, more than two million people moved to Los Angeles County, transforming it from a largely agricultural region into a major metropolitan area. By 1945, Los Angeles had undertaken 95 annexations, expanding from a 28-square-mile agrarian pueblo into a densely populated city covering more than 450 square miles (Robinson 1979:245). As a result, the Los Angeles landscape underwent dramatic changes in order to accommodate its increasing urban population. The completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad link from San Francisco to the transcontinental railroad increased trade and transportation and contributed to the area’s prosperity and growth. Los Angeles’ population had grown from 11,000 in 1880 to 319,000 in 1910. The local economy transitioned from agrarian to industrial, and the outlying areas were more densely developed for industrial, commercial, and residential uses.

The Lincoln Heights area was first subdivided in 1873 by John Strolher Griffin, Hancock M. Johnston, and former state governor John Gates Downey. The area developed into the community of East Los Angeles in the 1880s, and was considered Los Angeles’ first suburban community. Lincoln Heights, similar to other suburban communities of Los Angeles, was a home to many immigrant

DPR 523L (1/95)

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CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 5 of 26 *Resource Name or #: Lincoln Heights Jail

*Recorded by: AECOM *Date: 07/25/2016 Continuation  Update

groups, including Irish, Russian, Mexican, German, Japanese, and Chinese immigrants. These communities in northeast and east Los Angeles were some of the first points of entry for the many immigrant groups that came to Southern California (City of Los Angeles 2007). Boyle Heights and Lincoln Heights, in particular, were home to many immigrants arriving in either the country or the region for the first time (City of Los Angeles 2007).

The name of the community was changed in 1913 to Lincoln Heights with the opening of Lincoln High School. The community expanded during the early 20th century and several civic buildings such as the Lincoln Heights Branch Library (1916), the 1937 Department of Water and Power Building, and the Lincoln Heights Fire Station No. 1 (1940) were constructed to serve the growing community (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).

As the community grew, more transportation infrastructure was added to connect Lincoln Heights to Downtown. The main north- south arterial road through the community was San Fernando Road, which ran along the original Avenue 20, and the community grew around this arterial roadway, with infill development occurring in the original subdivisions. San Fernando Road was also signed as Highway 99 prior to the 1950s. As part of the community growth, monumental bridges were constructed over the Los Angeles River to relieve traffic in the area and convey new neighborhood identities. In 1910, Henry G. Parker and Hugo Eckardt constructed the first monumental bridge across the Los Angeles River, the North Main Street Bridge (Rathburn 2011). In 1911, the Buena Vista Viaduct (North Broadway-Buena Vista Bridge) was completed (Rathburn 2011). Designed by Homer Hamlin and Alfred P. Rosenheim, the North Broadway-Buena Vista Bridge was one of the longest and widest concrete arch bridges in the state at the time of its construction. In addition, the North Spring Street Viaduct, built in 1929, was added to relieve traffic on the North Broadway Bridge. Many of these structures became major focal points through the local communities, along with the Los Angeles River, reflective of the City Beautiful Movement, which connected public works with monumental designs and aesthetics.

By the end of World War II, Lincoln Heights transformed into a predominantly working class neighborhood. This transformation was accelerated by the construction of the Golden State Freeway (Interstate 5) in the 1950s, which replaced the north-south Route 99 that used San Fernando Road and Avenue 20, and split Lincoln Heights in half at its core, affecting the community’s coherence, boundaries, and development patterns that has persisted through the present day (Rathburn, 2011).

Lincoln Heights Jail and the Evolution of the Los Angeles Jail System

One of the earliest services cities have historically provided for its residents was an organizational home for crime control. The jail system for Los Angeles began with a small adobe building that was constructed prior to the 1850s on Fort Moore Hill near present- day downtown Los Angeles. Prisoners were not held in barred cells and were chained to iron protrusions attached to large logs placed inside the jail or in the surrounding yard (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). The adobe jail was replaced in 1889 by a more substantial facility located within the Central Police Station and City Hall on Second Street between Broadway and Spring Street. The Central Station moved from the City Hall location to the newly constructed Central Jail located at 326-328 West First Street in 1896. As the City grew, there was a need for an expanded jail and police system (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). These pressures resulted in the police department’s expansion into Boyle Heights with Hollenbeck Station in the late 1880s and in Lincoln Heights with the East Side Police Station at the turn of the century.

Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps from 1906 indicate early development of the Branch City Jail in Lincoln Heights. The East Side Police Station (identified on the Sanborn Map as the Branch City Jail), served as an auxiliary jail for the Central Police Station. In 1921, a separate jail division was named to operate the facility in Lincoln Heights (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). Subdivision maps from 1887 (Subdivision Map, 1897) show no building located on the property and a city map from 1894 shows no buildings located on the property (Semi-Tropic Homestead Company, 1894). By 1906, the southern and central portions of the subject property had been improved with stock yards and livestock corrals, including a stable, office structure, shed, and railroad platform in the southeastern portion (Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1906). At this time, residential structures and associated outbuildings were present in the northern portion of the property. In 1909, the central portion of the property had been redeveloped with the Branch City Jail. Baist’s Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles shows the East Side Police Station (Branch City Jail) on the property in 1912 and again in 1921 (Baist 1912, 1921).

By the 1920s, overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions had put considerable strain on the building. During this period, prisoners at the Lincoln Heights facility were completing menial and excruciating tasks like breaking rocks delivered from a nearby quarry (Los Angeles Time, 1922). A 1929 Los Angeles Times article describes that sanitary conditions at the East Side Police Station were so poor that a ballot measure was introduced to build a new facility at the location, which ultimately became the current Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Times 1929). In 1931, the City of Los Angeles constructed the Art Deco portion of the current

DPR 523L (1/95)

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CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial

Page 6 of 26 *Resource Name or #: Lincoln Heights Jail

*Recorded by: AECOM *Date: 07/25/2016 Continuation  Update

Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Times 1931). The building was designed by the Los Angeles City Construction Department under Superintendent C.O. Brittain (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).

When the jail opened, it was capable of housing 750 male inmates and 150 female inmates. The Lincoln Heights Jail was among the first jails in the state to incorporate the 24-hour court system model in order to expedite the judicial process and alleviate overcrowding (Los Angeles Times 1931). The Lincoln Heights Jail also housed briefly several high-profile or well-known criminals, including Al Capone during the early 1930s. Prior to being transferred to Alcatraz Penitentiary in 1934, Capone spent time in the Atlanta Penitentiary and the Lincoln Heights Jail (Hughes 2014).

In addition to the new jail, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) underwent several other landmark developments during the 1930s. For instance, the Chief of Police from 1929 to 1933, Roy E. Steckel, implemented the Department’s first air patrol fixed-wing squadron and police radio communication system with switchboards located in City Hall and a transmitter located in Elysian Park west of the Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Police Museum 2016).

The first Chief Jailer at the Lincoln Heights Jail was John L. Shand. Chief Shand, born in Scotland in 1867, joined the Los Angeles police force in 1895. He was assigned in 1896 to the Central Police Station Jail on Second and Spring Streets. Shand was later assigned in 1907 to the Lincoln Heights subdivision of the jail system. By 1912, Shand became the Chief Jailer in charge of all city division jails. When the Lincoln Heights Jail was erected in 1931, Shand transferred to the facility and became the first Chief Jailer at the Lincoln Heights Jail. He continued working for the police department as the Chief Jailer until his retirement in 1936, and he passed away in 1942 (Los Angeles Times 1936, 1942).

By the 1940s, additional overcrowding became a problem at the Lincoln Heights Jail. The Los Angeles Times reported in 1947 that the funding for a new addition to the jail would move forward (Los Angeles Times 1947). There were community efforts to halt construction of the addition because the urban jailhouse model was being replaced by larger and more remote facilities with open recreational grounds. As penitentiaries became the subject of public attention and the recipient of more large sums of government money, many prisons across the country quickly shed their urban origins and moved to the countryside (Monkkonen 1990). Despite attempts to prevent the Lincoln Heights Jail expansion, the last remnants of the original 1909 East Side Police Station were demolished to make way for the jail expansion, with the addition completed in 1949.

In Los Angeles, arrests for activities classified as “sex crimes” dramatically increased in the years following World War II, as a result of the City implementing a campaign against all forms of non-heterosexual behavior from the late 1940s to the early 1960s,As part of the vice crackdown, the police hired actors to entrap unsuspecting gay men; they also attempted to suppress expressions of sexual identity expression by making arrests for masquerading and impersonation (De Simone et al 2011). The Lincoln Heights Jail housed a large number of inmates who had been arrested for homosexual activity, leading to the operation of a separate wing with the derogatory nickname “The Fruit Tank” (LA Conservancy 2016). The inmates in this wing were not only intimidated and discriminated against by the police, but also harassed by other inmates (Hurewitz 2007).

The Modern style addition was designed by Gordon B. Kaufmann and Jesse E. Stanton; both prominent Los Angeles architects. Most notably, Kauffmann was the architect of the Hoover Dam and the Los Angeles Times Building, and was responsible for several historically significant residences in Los Angeles, including the Kaufmann House. Stanton designed the eastern addition to Los Angeles City Hall and the Los Angeles Mall. Together, they designed the Honnold Library on the Claremont College campus in 1952 (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993).

At its peak, the Lincoln Heights Jail was capable of housing 4,000 inmates (Los Angeles Times 1965). Prisoners were housed in multi-unit cell blocks with up to four people residing in one cell (Los Angeles Police Beat 1948). During the early 1950s, the expanded Lincoln Heights Jail was praised by visiting officials and considered a model correctional facility (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). Prisoners were given various jobs to perform. In 1948, female prisoners at Lincoln Heights made 500 stuff toy animals for needy children in the community (Los Angeles Police Beat 1948). Conditions and correctional methods at the Lincoln Heights Jail reflected an overall change in penitentiary systems where the focus shifted from solitude to the notion of imprisonment with the intent to rehabilitate (Monkkonen 1990).

By the late 1950s, further overcrowding prompted the County of Los Angeles to take over most of the responsibilities of the entire Los Angeles city jail system (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). In 1965, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Lincoln Heights Jail closed that year over concern of overcrowding and sanitation, following the Watts Riots during the same year. The building was primarily used as a holding cell for intoxicated and impaired individuals until its abandonment. The building was

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later used as filming location for Hollywood, and as a youth training and employment facility for the federally funded Model Cities Program (Los Angeles Times 1970, 1973).

The Los Angeles Times reported in 1984 that, in addition to being used as a filming location, the building also housed community programs such as a youth athletic club and the Bilingual Foundation of the Arts (Los Angeles Times 1984). According to the Los Angeles Times in 1987, the jail was also used as a storage facility for props and Hollywood artifacts, including a Norman Rockwell painting of Gary Cooper and a pair of Fred Astaire’s dancing shoes (Los Angeles Times 1987). In 1993, the building was designated as an LAHCM by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission 1993). The City found the building significant because it “exemplifies the evolution of the LAPD and jail system from 1931 through the following three and a half decades (Inter-Departmental Correspondence, October 13, 1993).”

Bloody Christmas

On Christmas Eve, 1951, two officers of the LAPD were dispatched to the Showboat Bar on Riverside Drive northeast of downtown Los Angeles responding to a call regarding seven young men who were reported as being intoxicated. After arriving on the scene, a fight broke out between the men and the police officers. A neighboring resident eventually broke up the fight, which left the two officers beaten and their assailants escaping before backup forces could arrive. The LAPD located and arrested the seven men involved in the fight, five of whom were Mexican-American. The men were taken to the LAPD Central Division, where a Christmas party was being held. At that point, several intoxicated officers began to severely beat the prisoners in retaliation to the report of the injured members of the police force. The injuries sustained by the prisoners included a ruptured bladder, a smashed cheekbone, and paralysis on one side of a man’s face after being kicked in the temple. After the initial beating at Central Station, the police moved the prisoners to the Lincoln Heights Jail where the beatings continued. On the afternoon of Christmas Day 1951, the prisoners were released from the Lincoln Heights Jail on bail (Buntin 2009). The event was depicted in the award-winning film L.A. Confidential in 1997.

Newspaper coverage of the event was scarce in the immediate aftermath of the beatings. The National Voice reported the event on January 3, 1952, making no mention of the police beatings. The article included a photo of six of the seven prisoners looking beat up and disheveled with two smiling officers. The photo includes the caption “Six Young ‘Men of Distinction’” and mentions that the seventh prisoner, who was not pictured, was at the Los Angeles General Hospital prison ward (National Voice, 1952). However, within a month, Los Angeles newspapers had begun to devote almost daily coverage to the trial of the seven prisoners.

This event became known as “Bloody Christmas” by the media. Ultimately, eight police officers were indicted and two were convicted of police brutality and sentenced to two years in prison (Sacramento Bee 1952). Historian Edward J. Escobar called this a “watershed event,” arguing that the event “initiated a fifty-year period in which the department’s [LAPD’s] identity emerged as the protector of the white middle and working classes from the city’s minority community.” Simultaneously, Escobar argued the Mexican-American community’s “vigorous response to Bloody Christmas demonstrated the community’s growing political power and sophistication.” The events of Bloody Christmas and the public relations response mobilized by the LAPD as a result of the trial and brutality investigations that followed created the groundwork from which the LAPD would respond to racially charged police brutality for decades to come including the Watts Riots in 1965 (Escobar 2003).

This event brought to the public attention issues involving brutality within the LAPD as well as a dramatic expression of the increased political power of the Mexican-American community in Los Angeles in the 1950s. The rallying of the Mexican-American community behind the seven victims of police brutality helped to sway public opinion, and resulted in brutality probes into the LAPD. Police response to this event marked the beginning of a culture of denial against such accusations as well as the resistance to interference by bureaucratic forces over the conduct and discipline of the police department. “Bloody Christmas” is an important part of the history of Los Angeles within the context of the prevalent, frequent, and high profile instances of police brutality, particularly against minorities.

Parcel Specific History The subject property was vacant, undeveloped land prior to 1900. Subdivision maps from 1887 (Subdivision Map, 1897) show no building located on the property and a city map from 1894 shows no buildings located on the property (Semi-Tropic Homestead Company, 1894). By 1906, the southern and central portions of the subject property had been improved with stock yards and livestock corrals, including a stable, office structure, shed, and railroad platform in the southeastern portion (Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1906). At this time, residential structures and associated outbuildings were present in the northern portion of the property. In 1909, the central portion of the subject property had been redeveloped with the Branch City Jail. Baist’s Real

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Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles shows the East Side Police Station (Branch City Jail) on the property in 1912 and again in 1921 (Baist 1912, 1921). Additions to the jail building were completed by 1913. Sometime prior to 1920, the northern portion of the subject property had been improved as part of the Los Angeles Rock Crushing Plant No. 1 and the southern portion with agricultural land (row crops). The Los Angeles Rock Crushing Plant No. 1 extended on to the land adjacent to the northeast of the subject property (now North Avenue 19). Between 1923 and 1928, the southern portion of the subject property was improved with two structures associated with the Branch City Jail, which included a paint shop, miscellaneous storage, supply room, garage repairing area, and a carpentry shop. By 1931, the Branch City Jail building had been demolished and a portion of the existing Lincoln Heights Jail structure was constructed. By 1938, the existing railroad tracks along the western perimeter of the subject property had been developed and the Los Angeles Rock Crushing Plant No. 1 had been demolished, which was replaced by North Avenue 19 in its existing configuration. In 1948, the existing structure along the southeastern perimeter had been constructed, which was used for receiving and storing jail supplies (AECOM 2016).

Overcrowding at the facility eventually led to the expansion of the jail in the early 1950s. The Los Angeles Times reported in 1947 that the funding for the construction of the new addition to the jail would move forward (Los Angeles Times 1947). Between 1949- 1950, the existing Lincoln Heights Jail structure was improved with additions to its current configuration. Historic aerial images first depict the property in 1948 as a T-shaped building on a larger parcel with four associated buildings (NETR Online 1948). Other property improvements included a 150-gallon diesel fuel tank and two 10,000-gallon fuel oil (diesel) underground storage tanks (USTs) and a gasoline storage area in the southern portion. The jail facility ceased operations in 1965. Sometime between 1964 and 1970, the storage and shop structure in the southern portion of the subject property, along the western perimeter, which included the gasoline storage area, was demolished and replaced with the existing corrugated metal structure used for storage. Since the 1970s, the subject property has been vacant and/or been utilized by various companies for storage or office purposes. The City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) has occupied the southern portion of the subject property since 1996, for office and storage use. The subject property has also been utilized intermittently through the years as a filming location. The 1931 building that currently remains on the parcel is the oldest building on the parcel.

Los Angeles directories list the Lincoln Heights Jail at this location in 1926, 1927, 1929, and 1932 (Los Angeles Directory Company, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932). Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps from 1920 show a rectangular reinforced concrete building built in 1909 with an auto garage addition on the north elevation and a large rectangular addition on the east elevation, both constructed in 1913. The map identifies the building as the “Branch City Jail” (Sanborn Map and Publishing Company 1920).

Previous Evaluations In 1993, the building was designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (LAHCM 587) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission (Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission, 1993). The City found the building significant because it “exemplifies the evolution of the Los Angeles Police Department and jail system from 1931 through the following three and a half decades (Inter-Departmental Correspondence, October 13, 1993).”

Evaluation and Significance: The significance of Lincoln Heights Jail was determined by applying the criteria for NRHP eligibility. Based on site investigations and historic research, the Lincoln Heights Jail does appear to be eligible for listing on the NRHP as an individual resource.

NRHP Criterion A (Event): The Lincoln Heights Jail has played an important role in law enforcement with Los Angeles, associated with major trends like the overcrowding of facilities, 24-hour court system models, discriminatory detention and treatment of non-heterosexuals, and sanitation reform. However, the jail is most closely associated with the 1951 incident known as “Bloody Christmas.” On Christmas Eve, 1951, the LAPD located and arrested seven men involved in a fight, five of whom were Mexican-American. The men were taken to the LAPD Central Division where several intoxicated officers began to severely beat the prisoners. After the initial beating at Central Station, the police moved the prisoners to the Lincoln Heights Jail where the beatings continued. On the afternoon of Christmas Day 1951, the prisoners were released from the Lincoln Heights Jail on bail (Buntin 2009). Throughout 1952, there was extensive newspaper coverage of the event and subsequent investigations. Ultimately, eight police officers were indicted and two were convicted of police brutality and sentences to two years in prison (Sacramento Bee 1952). Historian Edward J. Escobar called this a “watershed event,” arguing that the event “initiated a fifty-year period in which the department’s [LAPD’s] identity emerged as the protector of the white middle and working classes from the city’s minority community.” Simultaneously, Escobar argued the Mexican-American community’s “vigorous response to Bloody Christmas demonstrated the community’s growing political power and sophistication.” The events of Bloody Christmas and the public relations response mobilized by the LAPD as a result of the trial and brutality investigations that followed created the groundwork from which the LAPD would respond to racially charged police brutality for decades to come, including the Watts Riots in 1965 (Escobar 2003). As a result of these considerations, the property is

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eligible under NRHP Criterion A and CRHR Criterion 1 for its association primarily with the Bloody Christmas event and its relationship to Mexican-American civil rights and the evolution of the LAPD, particularly in casting to light issues involving brutality.

NRHP Criterion B (Person): Since the Lincoln Heights Jail was established it was a high traffic, high volume facility, therefore numerous incarcerated persons and Los Angeles Police Department personnel have been associated with the building. The most significant persons/ groups directly associated with the building are Chief Jailer John L. Shand and Chief of Police Roy E. Steckel.

John L. Shand, born in Scotland in 1867, joined the Los Angeles police force in 1895. He was assigned to the Central Police Station Jail on Second and Spring Streets in 1896. Shand was later assigned to the Lincoln Heights sub division of the jail system in 1907. By 1912, Shand became the Chief Jailer in charge of all city division jails. When the Lincoln Heights Jail was erected in 1931, Shand transferred to the facility and became the first Chief Jailer at Lincoln Heights Jail. He continued working for the police department as the Chief Jailer until his retirement in 1936, and died in 1942 (Los Angeles Times 1936, 1942).

Although Chief Jailer John L. Shand is associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail, and was the first Chief Jailer at Lincoln Heights Jail, the bulk of his contributions to the LAPD occurred while working in the earlier Central Station auxiliary jail building located on the subject parcel, which has since been demolished. Furthermore, Shand’s contributions to the department align with general duties that would have been assigned to similar jailers across the state. Shand does not appear to have had a significant impact on the development of the region or the evolution of the Los Angeles jail system or events associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail.

Roy E. Steckel was the Los Angeles Chief of Police from 1929 to 1933. When the Lincoln Heights Jail opened in 1931, Chief Steckel implemented the Department’s first air patrol fixed wing squadron and police radio communication system with switchboards located in City Hall and a transmitter located in Elysian Park west of Lincoln Heights Jail (Los Angeles Police Department 2016). During the 1932 Summer Olympic Games, Chief Steckel headed the Olympic Police Headquarters at the Coliseum and was recognized for the low crime rates during the Games (Los Angeles Police Department 2016). Chief Steckel’s administration ended in 1933 when former Chief of Police James E. Davis returned to office (Los Angeles Police Department 2016). In 1939, Steckel along with several other LAPD personnel were included in a controversial mass “police purge” from the department; Steckel retired, but later became involved in council hearings and investigations into LAPD “purges” and policies (Los Angeles Times, 1942).

Although Chief of Police Roy E. Steckel is directly associated with the development and evolution of the LAPD during the 1930s, his accomplishments are not directly associated with the Lincoln Heights Jail. While Chief of Police, Steckel worked out of several locations including the Lincoln Heights Jail, Central Police Station, and the Olympic Police Headquarters at the Coliseum, and the Lincoln Heights Jail is not illustrative of any productive contributions by him.

Ultimately, the Lincoln Heights is not associated with the lives of persons significant in the past. Due to the high traffic, high volume nature of the facility, there appears no direct linkage between the property and significant persons. Therefore the property does not appear to be directly associated with any individual’s accomplishments or illustrate any important achievements by any individuals or groups. As a result, the Lincoln Heights Jail is not eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion B.

NRHP Criterion C (Design/Construction): The Lincoln Heights Jail is comprised of two primary elements, an Art Deco segment constructed in 1931 and a Modern addition constructed in 1949. The 1931 building was built by the Los Angeles City Construction Department. Architects, Gordon B. Kaufman and Jesse E. Stanton designed the 1949 addition.

1931 Art Deco Building The Art Deco style building proliferated on main streets and commercial rows throughout the nation during the 20th century and Modern style architecture was popular during the mid-20th century. The Art Deco style, popular between the 1920s and the commencement of World War II, is characterized by a linear, hard-edge composition often with a vertical emphasis; windows arranged in sunken vertical panels; the elimination of any classical or medieval termination at the top of the building; symmetry and balance for each elevation; the frequent use of a central tower with a summit that recedes in a stepped pattern; flat roofs usually headed by parapets; a tendency for buildings to be monumental, formal and heavy; and ornamentation of zigzags, chevrons, sun bursts, spirals, stylized plant motifs, and stylized animals (Blumenson 1981:77; Gebhard and Winter 1985:489). The application of Art Deco style to large institutional buildings such as jails is characterized by the frequent use of a central tower, symmetry, ornamentation, pilasters, geometric patterns, a flat roof headed by parapets, and monumental massing.

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The Lincoln Heights Jail 1931 Art Deco Building possesses several character defining features and stylistic details associated with the Art Deco style. These include: an entryway on the primary façade flanked by panels with vertical fluting and Art Deco style light fixtures; stylized floral motif panels; panels and pilasters with vertical fluting; a central tower; symmetrical design; monumental massing; and flat roof headed by parapets.

1949 Modern Addition Modern style architecture began in the late 1920s and early 1930s and extended through the 1970s, although the Modern era in the United States is most closely associated with the two decades following World War II. The overarching label of “Modern,” although imprecise, can generally be characterized in institutional and commercial buildings by those exhibiting simple volumes and a lack of decorative detail. Additional characteristics include the use of building materials in place of decorative details, and the use of natural colors and textures of materials to embellish a building (i.e., employing brick or concrete for decorative effect). The Modern era was a time during which new materials and construction methods were explored. For example, curtain wall construction, a characteristic construction style of this era, utilizes aluminum frames for window walls in place of steel, and new material combinations were developed for use in the solid spandrel panels that separate them. Additional examples include thin shell construction, folded plate construction, and the hyperbolic paraboloid (Painter 2010).

The Lincoln Heights Jail 1949 Modern Addition possesses several character defining features and stylistic details associated with the Modern style. These include: lack of decoration, simple volume, and concrete construction.

There is no master architect or builder associated with the 1931 portion of the building; however, Gordon B. Kaufmann and Jesse E. Stanton, both of whom were prominent architects in Los Angeles, designed the 1949 addition. Of the two, Kaufmann may be considered a master as the architect of such prominent buildings and structures as the Los Angeles Times Building and the Hoover Dam. Although Kaufmann is a well-known architect, the Lincoln Heights Jail is not a representative example of his overall compendium of work.

Ultimately, the Lincoln Heights Jail appears to be eligible as an important example of a type, period, or method of construction: Art Deco and Modern style architecture, with a period of significance from 1931 through 1949. The Lincoln Heights Jail at 421-449 North Avenue 19 is an excellent example reflecting the 20th century trends of both Art Deco and Modern style architecture because the distinctive features of both styles are present in the building. Art Deco features such as streamlined elements and decorative fluting are prominent on the 1931 portion of the building and the unadorned concrete and lack of decorative detail are primary features of the 1949 Modern addition. Therefore, the Lincoln Heights Jail appears eligible for NRHP listing under Criterion C.

NRHP Criterion D (Information Potential): The Lincoln Heights Jail is not likely to yield information regarding history or prehistory. It does not appear eligible under NRHP Criterion D.

Integrity Analysis In addition to meeting one of the criteria, a property must also retain its historic integrity. Historic integrity is the ability of the property to convey its historical significance, and consists of seven aspects: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Location Location is defined as the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the event occurred. The Lincoln Heights Jail retains a high degree of integrity in its location. The building has not been moved since it was constructed.

Design Design is defined as the combination of elements that create the form, plan, structure, and style of a property, and results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of the property. Both the 1931 and 1949 sections of the Lincoln Heights Jail have not been significantly or permanently altered to the point that would compromise the form, plan, space, structure, or style of the building. With the exception of non-historic storefront window and door replacements on the 1949 addition, which does not compromise the design and are reversible, no significant non-historic changes have been made to the property. Therefore, the Lincoln Heights Jail maintains integrity of design.

Setting Setting is defined as the physical environment of a historic property. Historic topographic maps and aerial photographs indicate that the area surrounding the Lincoln Heights Jail has undergone moderate change over the years. While there has been non-historic

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industrial developments surrounding the jail, there is still an urban hardscape environment that conveys the character of the location during the period of significance. Therefore, the property retains its integrity of setting.

Materials Materials are the physical elements that were combined during a particular period of time in a particular pattern of construction to form a historic property. The Lincoln Heights Jail retains several original materials including its concrete exterior cladding, stone veneer exterior cladding, and reinforced concrete structure. As a whole, the property possesses a moderate level of integrity of materials.

Workmanship Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. Although the property has had several alterations, the Lincoln Heights Jail retains its integrity of workmanship because the building is recognizable as an interpretation of its style and property type, and resembles its historic character. Overall, several methods of construction and evidence of crafts are still apparent in the general form, function, and appearance of the building. Distinctive elements from its two phases of construction are still extant, and represent the physical evidence of people from that time and place. The building displays characteristics of Art Deco and Modern designs, and the workmanship is based on common traditions of that period.

Feeling Feeling is the property’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of historic features that together convey the property’s historic character. The Lincoln Heights Jail is an imposing building that conveys not only its use as a jail, but exhibits several distinct characteristics of the architectural styles in which both sections of the building were constructed. Therefore, the Lincoln Heights Jail maintains its integrity of feeling. The property evokes a historic sense from the 1930s through the 1950s, which is when its periods of significance occurred.

Association Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. Since portions of the building associated with Bloody Christmas, 1951 remain intact; the Lincoln Heights Jail maintains its integrity of association. The property has a direct link to an important event that affected the policies and procedures of the LAPD, as well as shaped community relations for several decades after.

In conclusion, the Lincoln Heights Jail retains its historic integrity and the property meets NRHP Criterion A and C. Therefore, based on site investigations and historic research concluded to date the Lincoln Heights Jail appears eligible for listing on the NRHP as an individual resource.

*B12 References: (continued)

Baist, G.W.M. 1912. Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles.

Baist, G.W.M. 1921. Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Los Angeles.

Blumenson, J.J.G., 1981. Identifying American Architecture: A Pictorial Guide to Styles and Terms. 1600-1945. New York, American Association for State and Local History, 1981: 77.

Buntin, John. 2009.LA Noir. New York, Harmony Books, 2009:178-183.

City of Los Angeles, Department of General Services, 2014, Hazardous Materials Inspection Report for the Commercial Property Old Lincoln Heights Jail, Los Angeles.

City of Los Angeles Inter-Departmental Correspondence. Final Determination of Monument Status of the Lincoln Heights Jail/ Los Angeles City Jail. October 13, 1993.

City of Los Angeles, Planning Department, 2007. Lincoln Heights Preservation Plan.

City of Los Angeles, Planning Department, Survey Los Angeles, Photographs on file.

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De Simone, Tom, Teresa Wang, Melissa Lopez, Diem Tran, Andy Sacher, Kersu Dalal, and Justin Emerick. 2001, Images of America: Lavender Los Angeles, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC.

Escobar, Edward J. “Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s.” The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 2 (May, 2003): pp. 171-199.

Gebhard, David and Robert Winter. 1985. An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles. Layton, Utah, Gibbs Smith, 1985: 489.

Hurewitz, Daniel, 2007, Bohemian Los Angeles and the Making of Modern Politics. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Los Angeles Conservancy (LA Conservancy), 2016, “Lincoln Heights Jail” https://www.laconservancy.org/locations/lincoln-heights- jail. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1926. Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1927. Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1929. Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Directory Co. 1932. Los Angeles City Directory. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Directory Company.

Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission. “Historic-Cultural Monument Application – Lincoln Heights Jail/ Los Angeles City Jail.” October, 1993.

Los Angeles Police Department Online, 2016. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd.

Los Angeles Police Museum, 2016. http://laphs.org/.

Los Angeles Public Library, Lincoln Heights Jail, images on file.

Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation. 2013. http://larivercorp.org/. Accessed January 10, 2013.

Los Angeles Times. “Abandoned Prison Serves Community.” March 11, 1984.

Los Angeles Times. “Ballot on New Jail Proposed.” March 16, 1929.

Los Angeles Times. “City Officials Go to Jail.” July 30, 1931.

Los Angeles Times. “Cold Cells Come Back to Life.” April 16, 1970.

Los Angeles Times. “Council Turns Down Move to Halt Jail Construction.” December 10, 1947.

Los Angeles Times. “Lincoln Heights jail to Close.” June 11, 1965.

Los Angeles Times. “Prisoners to Bust ‘Em Up.” January 21, 1922.

Los Angeles Times. “Rare Hollywood Artifacts Waste Away Behind Bars.” October 20, 1987.

Los Angeles Times. “The ‘Bloody Christmas’ of 1951.” December 21, 1997.

Map Showing Subdivision of City Lands in East Los Angeles and the Arroyo Seco. 1887.

Monkekonen, Eric H. 1990, America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities & Towns 1780-1980. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

National Voice. “Officers beaten in Bar Brawl; Seven Men Jailed.” January 3, 1952.

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NETR Online. 2013. Historic Aerials. 1948, 1952, 1972, 1980, 2003, 2004, 2005. http://www.historicaerials.com. Accessed July 25, 2016.

Painter, Diana J. 2010. Montana Post-World War II Architectural Survey and Inventory Historic Context and Survey Report.

Perkins + Will Social Responsibility Initiative Annual Report No. 4. July 2012.

Pitt, Leonard and Dale Pitt. 1997. Los Angeles A to Z. Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1997: 255-256.

Rathburn Sorrell, Tanya. 2011, Historic Resources Survey: Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan Area, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.

Sacramento Bee, “Police Brutality Brings Merited Jail Sentence.” October 4, 1952.

Sanborn Map and Publishing Company. 1920. Los Angeles. New York: Sanborn Map and Publishing Company, Limited. 1920.

Semi-Tropic Homestead Company. 1894. Map of Los Angeles, California.

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Photographs/Images

Photograph 1, Lincoln Heights Jail, 401 Avenue 19, view facing east (Los Angeles Public Library)

Photograph 2, Lincoln Heights Jail 1949 Modern addition, view facing southwest (Survey Los Angeles)

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Photograph 2, East elevation, camera facing north (07/06/2016).

Photograph 3, East elevation, Art Deco building entrance, camera facing west (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 4, East elevation, Art Deco building entrance, camera facing west (07/06/2016).

Photograph 5, East elevation, Modern building entrance, camera facing southwest (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 6, East elevation, planters and terrazzo landing, camera facing northwest (07/06/2016).

Photograph 7, East elevation, building addition seam, camera facing west (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 8, East and south elevations, camera facing northwest (07/06/2016).

Photograph 9, South elevation, camera facing north (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 10, South and west elevations, camera facing east (07/06/2016).

Photograph 11, West elevation, camera facing northeast (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 12, West elevation, camera facing south (07/06/2016).

Photograph 13, West elevation, camera facing east (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 14, North elevation, camera facing south (07/06/2016).

Photograph 15, North and east elevation, camera facing southwest (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 16, guardhouse, camera facing east (07/06/2016).

Photograph 17, guardhouse, camera facing west (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 18, ancillary building 1, camera facing south (07/06/2016).

Photograph 19, ancillary building 2, camera facing south (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 20, ancillary buildings 1 and 2, camera facing north (07/06/2016).

Photograph 21, landscape elements, camera facing south (07/06/2016).

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Photograph 22, entry and bridge, camera facing east (07/06/2016).

Photograph 23, surface parking, camera facing north (07/06/2016).

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Page 26 of 26 *Resource Name or #: Lincoln Heights Jail

*Recorded by: AECOM *Date: 07/25/2016 Continuation  Update

Photograph 24, surface parking, camera facing east (07/06/2016).

DPR 523L (1/95)

10 § ¨ ¦

Figure 2 110 U V 10 U V _07/20/2016_ _07/20/2016_ 28 28 Feet Alec Stevenson of 5 § ¨ ¦ 401 Avenue 19 75 101 3 £ [

Project Components Project Parcel Property Subject 2

Los Angeles, CA 90031 U V OVERVIEW MAP OVERVIEW 0150300 Lincoln Heights Jail Project Location Map Lincoln Heights Jail Page *Drawn by: *Resourceor Name # (Assigned by recorder) *Date of map: State of California Natural Resources Agency DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION SKETCH MAP Primary # HRI# Trinomal Legend Date: 7/20/2016Date: 60508389 Project:

NORTH a St a

nc San Fernando Rd Barra

1

Avenue 2

Avenue 19

Humboldt St Humboldt

nca St nca

a

rr Ba

San Fernando Rd 18 Ancillary Building 2

Ancillary Building 1 Avenue 1931 Art Art 1931 Deco Building 1949 Modern Addition Modern 1949 Gatehouse

AD 1983 UTM Zone 11N UTM Zone AD 1983 Lacy St Lacy 5447-005-900 Avenue 19

r ark D

110 Hwy 110 Elysian P 110 Hwy 110 Path: C:\GISData\Projects\60508389.1 Lincoln Heights Jail\MXD\Figure-2_Lincolnheights_20160720.mxd Coordinate | System: N

APPENDIX C

Records Search

[The records search contains confidential cultural resources location information and has been supplied to the City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering and Environmental Management Division under separate and confidential cover.]

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail

APPENDIX D

Photographs

Cultural Resources Assessment for Lincoln Heights Jail PHOTOGRAPHS

East elevation façade, view facing north.

South elevation, view facing north.

South and west elevations, view facing northeast.

West elevation, view facing northeast.

North elevation, view facing south.

Landscaping along frontage of property, view facing north.

Landscaping along frontage of property, view facing south.

Gardening bed along northern elevation of ancillary building, view facing east.