Student Activism and American Democracy in Cold War Los Angeles. Kurt Edward Kemper Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Reformers in the Marketplace of Ideas: Student Activism and American Democracy in Cold War Los Angeles. Kurt Edward Kemper Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kemper, Kurt Edward, "Reformers in the Marketplace of Ideas: Student Activism and American Democracy in Cold War Los Angeles." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7273. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7273 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REFORMERS IN THE MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS: STUDENT ACTIVISM AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY IN COLD WAR LOS ANGELES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor o f Philosophy in The Department of History by Kurt Edward Kemper B.S. University o f South Dakota, 1991 M.A. George Mason University, 1995 August 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9984341 ___ ® UMI UMI Microform9984341 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. We must be in the library, but we must also be in Watts. We must be in the laboratory, but we must also be on the moon. We will be in the lecture rooms, but we will also be in the operating rooms. Without apology, indeed with undisturbed and I hope growing committment, we will serve the world of pure scholarship and the world o f man and his problems, and both with distinction. This we will do within the ancient University tradition o f the free marketplace of ideas where all matters are open for discussion and analysis, without fear of retribution, and where dissent is as necessary as agreement for the vitality and integrity of the dialogue. - Chancellor Franklin D. Murphy1 ' Ansel Adams and Nancy Newhall, Fiat Lux: The University o f California, (New York: McGraw Hill, 1967), p. 33. U Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Primary thanks for this dissertation must go to my doctoral committee which offered me constant support, guidance, and feedback: Stan Hilton, Leonard Moore, and Gaines Foster. I owe my greatest debt to my advisor, friend, and fellow college football fan, Chuck Shindo, who offered me every sort of assistance. Much of my research took place on the campus of UCLA and many thanks are due the staffs of Special Collections, Young Research Library; University Archives, particularly Dennis Bitterlich, Powell Library; the Chicano Studies Research Center Library; the Asian American Studies Center Library; and the Offices of the Daily Bruin and the Associated Students of the UCLA. In addition, the off-campus University Religious Conference allowed me access to their records. The Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research provided invaluable material on Los Angeles and reform efforts both off- and on-campus. I received long distance support from Harry Miller at the Wisconsin State Historical Society and David Kessler and Jenny Mulowney at the Bancroft Library, University o f California. Thanks also to the interlibrary loan department at Middleton Library, LSU. My sister and grandmother provided me with the money to make my first research trip for what eventually became this dissertation and my mother allowed me to live rent-free in Los Angeles while I completed my research. I also received some financial assistance from the LSU Graduate School Travel Funds and an unofficial "Xerox grant" from University Archives, UCLA. My most profuse and seemingly inadequate thanks is due my wife, Robin, who simply deserves more credit than she will ever know. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. iii List of Illustrations ................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 The City the War Made: World War II Los Angeles and Its University . 8 2 The Scourge of Anti-Communism: Cold War Campus Reform, World War H - 1960.................................................................................... 35 3 "The Free Marketplace of Ideas:" The Struggle for Free Speech and Civil Rights ................................................................................93 4 Punctuated Equilibrium: The Campus Anti-War Movement ................ 156 5 Expanding the University: Minority Student Activism and the Creation of Ethnic Studies ......................................................................... 213 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................267 Works Consulted ................................................................................................................... 274 V ita ......................................................................................................................................... 285 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 2.1 Untitled cartoon by Mishkin, Daily Bruin................................................................ 59 3.1 Untitled cartoon by Yon Cassius, Daily Bruin ........................................................ 97 3 .2 Untitled cartoon by Tony Auth, Daily Bruin .........................................................106 3 .3 Untitled cartoon by Yon Cassius, Daily Bruin .......................................................113 3.4 Untitled cartoon by Tony Auth, Daily Bruin .........................................................120 3 .5 Untitled cartoon by Yon Cassius, Daily Bruin .......................................................132 4.1 "Politics," by Bob Oates, Daily Bruin..................................................................... 161 4.2 Untitled cartoon by Neal M. White, Daily Bruin .................................................. 169 4.3 Untitled cartoon by Neal M. White, Daily Bruin ................................................170 4.4 "People's Park," by Tony Auth, Daily Bruin........................................................187 4.5 "Chuck's World," by Meyerhoff Parks, Daily B ruin.............................................210 5.1 Untitled illustration found in Churchill and Vander W all .......................................233 5.2 Untitled illustration found in Churchill and Vander W all .......................................234 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Contemporary opinion and much scholarship frequently interprets student activists from the 1960s and 1970s