DOCSLIB.ORG

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Police Brutality And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Police Brutality And CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Police Brutality and Communities of Color A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Public Administration in Public Sector Management and Leadership By Edith Jacqueline Gonzalez August 2019 i The thesis of Edith Jacqueline Gonzalez is approved: _________________________________________ ______________ Dr. Sarmistha Majumdar Date _________________________________________ ______________ Dr. Boris Ricks Date _________________________________________ ______________ Dr. Henrik Minassians, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii Dedication Above all I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the strength and determination to complete this Master’s program. I am grateful to everyone who believed in me and encouraged my journey to higher education. I would like to dedicate this research project to my mother, who crossed borders so that that I could be here. Mom, thank you for making the biggest sacrifice—leaving your family, leaving your country, leaving everything you knew to provide me with the opportunities you never had. I am the product of your sacrifices, hard work, and love. Thank you for being the shining example of what I wanted to be, for every hug, every prayer, word of encouragement, and act of love. All that I am or hope to be, I owe to you. To my younger siblings, Stephanie and Genesis, whom without knowing it inspired me to pursue higher education. If I can do it, you can do it too. For every first generation student who came before me and for those who will follow after me—¡Sí, se puede! Yes, We Can! iii Table of Contents Signature page.………………….………………………………………………………………….ii Dedication….....…………………………………………………………………………………...iii Abstract…………...……………………………………………………………………………….v Section 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….1 Section 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………...3 Militarization of Law Enforcement Agencies……………………………………………..3 Criminalization of Communities of Color………………………………………...............5 Police Perceptions/Race Relations………………………………………………...............8 Autonomy………………………………………………………………………………..10 Section 3: Background…….…………………………………………………………………......12 Section 4: Methodology………………………………………………………………………….16 Research Design………………………………………………………………………….16 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………..16 Study Population and Sampling………………………………………………………….17 Ethical Considerations…………………………………………………………………...18 Section 5: Recommendations…………………………………………………………………….20 Section 6: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………24 References………………………………………………………………………………………..26 Appendix A: Survey……………………………………………………………………………..29 iv Abstract Police Brutality and Communities of Color By Edith Jacqueline Gonzalez Master of Public Administration in Public Sector Management and Leadership Police brutality is a national phenomenon in America that primarily affects communities of color that may have increased due to the lack of accountability and civil control in law enforcement agencies. Due to this ongoing phenomenon, there is a need for law enforcement officers to perform their duties within a set of fair, public, and accountable guidelines. While there have been attempts to improve relations between law enforcement officers and communities of color such as the implementation of community policing by some agencies, the main problem with policing is how to regulate law enforcement officers while protecting civilians constitutional and civil rights. According to the author of Managing diversity in organizations, law enforcement agencies are institutions within the pubic domain that are staffed by public servants who exist in and for the interest of those whom they are sworn to protect and serve. However, when the same public institutions for one reason or another, lose sight of their mission and turn against the very communities for which they serve, they put both their legitimacy and relevance in peril. They also violate the fundamental precepts of what constitutes a representative bureaucracy (Golembiewski, 1995). This study explores the potential factors that led to the prominence of police brutality in communities of color and further intends to determine whether police officer training on alternatives to use of force leads to a reduction of police brutality incidents. v Section 1: Introduction Police brutality has become a national phenomenon in America that primarily affects communities of color. In Racism and Police Brutality in America, the authors credit Walker for defining police brutality as "the use of excessive physical force or verbal assault and psychological intimidation" (Chaney & Robertson, 2013, p. 482). Law enforcement agencies have a history of systemically criminalizing and brutalizing poor and marginalized communities. For decades minority communities have complained about abuses of police power, and for decades their complaints have gone ignored. However, recent controversial incidents between law enforcement officers and civilians, primarily people of color, has led to an increased scrutiny of law enforcement officers by the media, community stakeholders, and policy makers (Mac Donald, 2016). According to the authors of Perceptions of Police, Racial Profiling, and Psychological Outcomes: A Mixed Methodological Study, “the current social climate in the United States calls for a review of police practices and relations with community members, especially regarding people of color…While Black Americans have been harassed and murdered by police officers throughout history, these recent incidents and subsequent empirical investigations have brought Americans’ perceptions of the police to the forefront of public conversation—influencing mainstream media, community organizations, school settings, social media, and even political candidate platforms” (Nadal et al., 2017, p. 809). The increase of violence in communities of color by law enforcement officers has had a detrimental impact in the perception of law enforcement officers by minority communities. In fact, research suggests that people of color are less likely to trust the police in comparison to their white counterparts, due to racial profiling and racial disparities in police behavior (Cochran & Warren, 2012). In order to better understand the phenomenon of police brutality and communities of color we will take a 1 deeper look into previous research that has been conducted on this particular issue. Research suggests that some of the factors that result in police brutality against communities of color include but are not limited to the militarization of law enforcement agencies, the criminalization of communities of color, police perceptions and race relations, and police autonomy. 2 Section 2: Literature Review Militarization of Law Enforcement Agencies Research suggests that the militarization of law enforcement agencies was established to combat increasing crime in urban areas. In The Problem of Policing, the author states that “Police officers are granted immense authority by the state to impose harm. They walk into houses and take property. They stop and detain individuals on the street. They arrest. And they kill. They do all these things in order to reduce fear, promote civil order, and pursue criminal justice” (Harmon, 2012, p.762). Law enforcement officers are entrusted by the public to protect and serve the communities they police. Unfortunately, policies adopted by law enforcement agencies have also resulted in police brutality against the public such as unlawful arrests, and other forms of misconduct by law enforcement officers which most often occurs within communities of color. The increase in police brutality and misconduct can be attributed to policies that have been adopted by law enforcement agencies in an attempt to reduce crime. Research suggests that following the success of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) war on criminals, urban police departments decided to adopt a different approach in which law enforcement agencies changed from being a responsive force that reacted primarily to citizens’ complaints to a preventive force that aggressively confronted criminals (Escobar, 2003). Under the pretense of the war on crime, law enforcement officers aggressively patrolled neighborhoods identified as high crime areas to demonstrate that violation of the law would result in some form of punishment. This emphasis on crime-fighting created an us vs. them mentality, alienating law enforcement agencies from the communities they have sworn to protect and serve. In Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, 3 Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s, the author describes that "in the years after World War II, the LAPD officially adopted sociological explanations for Mexican American crime and extended the linkage between race and criminality to African Americans and institutionalized it in the training and deployment of officers. The adoption of the war on crime orientation and the labeling of racial groups as the criminal element in society resulted in perpetual conflict between the LAPD and the minority communities" (Escobar, 2003, p. 178). This particular example demonstrates how the LAPD has become militarized by adopting guerilla-like tactics to combat crime. However, the militarization of law enforcement agencies expands beyond LAPD and seems to be a systemic issue across the nation. The militarization of law enforcement agencies has enhanced
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cultural Resources Assessment for the Lincoln Heights Jail Los Angeles, California
    CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE LINCOLN HEIGHTS JAIL LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA Prepared for: City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering Environmental Management Group 1149 S. Broadway, Suite 600 Los Angeles, California 90015-2213 Prepared by: AECOM 401 West A Street, Suite 1200 San Diego, California 92101 Authors: Jeremy Hollins, M.A. Monica Mello, M.A. Linda Kry, B.A. September 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 Report Organization ............................................................................................................ 1 Project Description.............................................................................................................. 1 Project Location .................................................................................................................. 2 Regulatory Setting .............................................................................................................. 2 State Regulations ....................................................................................................... 2 Local Regulations ...................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT SETTING..........................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • William H. Parker and the Thin Blue Line: Politics, Public
    WILLIAM H. PARKER AND THE THIN BLUE LINE: POLITICS, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND POLICING IN POSTWAR LOS ANGELES By Alisa Sarah Kramer Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Chair: Michael Kazin, Kimberly Sims1 Dean o f the College of Arts and Sciences 3 ^ Date 2007 American University Washington, D.C. 20016 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY UBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3286654 Copyright 2007 by Kramer, Alisa Sarah All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3286654 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT by Alisa Sarah Kramer 2007 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I dedicate this dissertation in memory of my sister Debby.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara El Barrio Lindo: Chicana/O
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara El Barrio Lindo: Chicana/o and Latinx Social Space in Postindustrial Los Angeles A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Jonathan Daniel Gomez Committee in charge: Professor George Lipsitz, Chair Professor Jon Cruz Professor Gaye Theresa Johnson January 2018 ! This dissertation of Jonathan Daniel Gomez is approved. ____________________________________________ Jon Cruz ____________________________________________ Gaye Theresa Johnson ____________________________________________ George Lipsitz, Committee Chair September 2017 El Barrio Lindo: Chicana/o and Latinx Social Space in Postindustrial Los Angeles Copyright © 2018 by Jonathan D. Gomez ! iii! Dedication This project is dedicated to every social justice seeker that has carved out spaces for us to congregate, organize, and mobilize for freedom. This is for my first teachers. For my Big Dad, David R. Carrillo, who began working full days as a farmworker after the third grade, who proudly worked the ten-inch mill at Bethlehem Steel in Los Angeles, California for thirty years, who sat me on his lap to tell me stories about what it was like to be a pachuco in East Los Angeles in the early 1940s, who always did so much to ensure that we never had to miss a meal. For my Big Mom, Lydia Carrillo, who was pushed out of school after the fourth grade because she did not have shoes, who smiled whenever she reminisced about being a pachuca in East Los Angeles, who invited neighbors less fortunate than us into our home to share a meal, who showered me with love, and who made sure that we always stood together.
    [Show full text]
  • "Just the Facts Ma'am: a Case Study of the Reversal of Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department"
    1 "Just the Facts Ma'am: A Case Study of the Reversal of Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department" R. Mark Isaac* and Douglas A. Norton** *Isaac (corresponding author) is at Florida State University, [email protected] **Norton is at Florida State University, [email protected] 2 Los Angeles “appears, in the light of recent developments, [to be] one of the most vice infested” cities in the nation ---- Los Angeles civic reformer Clifford Clinton, 1938. * * * * * Philip Marlowe: “They say there’s a gambling house up the line.” [Los Angeles] Policeman: “They say.” Philip Marlowe: “You don’t believe them?” Policeman: “I don’t even try buddy,” he said, and spat past my shoulder.---- Raymond Chandler, The Little Sister, 1949 * * * * * Sgt. Joe Friday, LAPD Badge 714: “I live in this town. I work here, and I like it. There are 4,000 other men in the city who feel the same way…men who are trying to prove that the law is here to protect people, not cut ‘em down.” ---- “Dragnet”, 1954 * * * * * The Los Angeles Police Department “has become a model for police administrators throughout the world….”----O.W. Wilson, Dean of the School of Criminology, University of California Berkeley, 1957. I. Introduction Development economics research on corruption has surged in recent years, in part, because there is a growing consensus that the efficacy of foreign aid hinges on the honest management of funds. 1 The overall theme of the literature is the corrosive effect corruption has on enterprise and the political process. 2 We present here a case study of successful institutional change in the 1950s Los Angeles Police Department in which Police Chief William H.
    [Show full text]
  • Ed 393 622 Author Title Report No Pub Date Note
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 393 622 RC 020 496 AUTHOR Moore, Joan W. TITLE Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. REPORT NO ISBN-0-87722-855-8 PUB DATE 91 NOTE 187p. AVAILABLE FROM Temple University Press, Broad & Oxford Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19122 (cloth: ISBN-0-87722-854-X, $39.95; paperback: ISBN-0-87722-855-8, $18.95). PUB TYPE Books (010) Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adolescent Development; Adolescents; Delinquency; Economic Factors; Family Life; *Juvenile Gangs; Life Style; Mexican Americans; Neighborhoods; Participatory Research; *Social Change; *Socialization; *Subcultures; Substance Abuse; Urban Youth; Violence; Young Adults; *Youth Problems IDENTIFIERS Barrios; *California (East Los Angeles); *Chicanos ABSTRACT This book traces the histories of two Chicano gangs in East Los Angeles since the early 1940s, when common gang stereotypes were created by the media and law enforcement agencies. In an unusual collaborative effort, researchers worked with former gang members to make contact with and interview members of various "cliques" (cohorts) of the White Fence and El Hoyo Maravilla gangs (male gangs), as well as female gangs in the same neighborhoods. Interviews were conducted with 156 adult men and women; about 40 percent had joined the gangs in the 1940s and early 1950s, while the rest had been'active in recent years. Data are set in the context of economic and social chaages in the barrios between the 1950s and the 1970s-80s. Data reveal that in the later era, gangs had become more institutionalized, were more influential in members' lives, and had become more deviant.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Activism and American Democracy in Cold War Los Angeles. Kurt Edward Kemper Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Reformers in the Marketplace of Ideas: Student Activism and American Democracy in Cold War Los Angeles. Kurt Edward Kemper Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kemper, Kurt Edward, "Reformers in the Marketplace of Ideas: Student Activism and American Democracy in Cold War Los Angeles." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7273. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7273 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening the LAPD
    1 Screening the L.A.P.D.: Cinematic Representations of Policing and Discourses of Law Enforcement in Los Angeles, 1948-2003. by Robert Bevan University College London Ph.D. Thesis 2 Declaration I, Robert Bevan, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Thesis Abstract This thesis examines cinematic representations of the L.A.P.D. within the context of discourses of law enforcement in Los Angeles and contends that these feature films constitute a significant strand within such discourse. This contention, which is based upon the various identifiable ways in which the films engage with contemporary issues, acknowledges that the nature of such engagement is constrained by the need to produce a commercially viable fictional entertainment. In four main chronological segments, I argue that it is also influenced by the increasing ethnic and gendered diversity of film-makers, by their growing freedom to screen even the most sensitive issues and by the changing racial and spatial politics of Los Angeles. In the 1940s and 1950s, the major studios were prepared to illustrate some disputed matters, such as wire-tapping, but represented L.A.P.D. officers as white paragons of virtue and ignored their fractious relationships with minority communities. In the aftermath of the Watts riot of 1965, racial tensions were more difficult to ignore and, under a more liberal censorship regime, film-makers―led by two independent African American directors―began to depict instances of police racism and brutality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portrayal of Anti Mexican-American Sentiment In
    ADLN – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study History is a story that captures the events in the past. Today, people are helped by history books as source to know what happened long-ago, yet history books are usually boring and hard to understand. As an alternative way, many people consume history in interesting ways, such as historical novels, cartoons or movies. History is packed into these entertaining works to wipe off the stereotype that history is boring and useless. However, sometimes novels or movies adapt the historical events in creating a controversy when it changes the characters, the places, the plot and the places from the official history. One example comes from James Ellroy‘s The Black Dahlia, a fiction novel that dramatizes The Black Dahlia murder in late 1940s. Black Dahlia was the popular name of Elizabeth Short, who was an ordinary American woman. She was never famous when she was alive yet her murder could attract attention and curiosity of people until this day. According to FBI record, around 60 years ago, she was found sliced clean in half at the waist by a mother walking her child on January 15, 1947, in Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California. Although there were extensive mutilation and cuts of the body, there was not any drop of blood at SKRIPSI THE PORTRAYAL OF ... DITIA PARAMITA ARISTIYANTI ADLN – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA 2 thatplace, indicating that Short had been killed elsewhere (U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation). The novel follows Dwight "Bucky" Bleichert, a LAPD officer who was known more for his prowess in the boxing ring than his ability to uphold the law.
    [Show full text]
  • ¡Murales Rebeldes! L.A
    ¡Murales Rebeldes! L.A. Chicana/o Murals under Siege Selected Exhibition Texts From Catalog Perspectives Erin M. Curtis, Jessica Hough, Guisela Latorre Contested Histories Erin M. Curtis If These Walls Could Talk Jessica Hough Inclusion/Exclusion Guisela Latorre Recapturing the Lost, Reigniting the Present, Remembering the Future Gustavo Arellano La Historia de Adentro/La Historia de Afuera, The History from Within/The History from Without Yreina Cervántez Perspectives Erin M. Curtis, Jessica Hough, Guisela Latorre We began developing ¡Murales Rebeldes! as an exhibition about Chicana/o murals that had been censored, perhaps as a result of their content and/or their reception by the public. We wanted to find out why so many Chicana/o murals had ceased to exist over the past few decades. Given these wall paintings’ inherently contested nature, we assumed that most had been censored and eventually destroyed as a result. What we encountered in the course of our research, however, was far more complex. While many murals had been deliberately destroyed or whitewashed due to their supposedly subversive or threatening content, many had been made to disappear in less conspicuous ways. A narrative of overt censorship did not tell the full story of these murals, nor did it give us full insight into the life and work of muralists who had to contend with the destruction, ill treatment, and rejection of their work. Expanding our thinking about murals involved examining them from multiple viewpoints, including those of the artists who created them, the communities for which they were intended, and the organizations that commissioned, regulated, championed, and/or challenged them.
    [Show full text]
  • Herman Gallegos
    Herman Gallegos TAPE 70, CR 93, SR 45, TC 12:00:00 12:00:09 Herman, we’re going to focus on the period in the late ‘40’ and early ‘50’s, set the scene? 12:00:21 Yes, uh, I’d like to say that I started the movement in 1952 when I became involved in organizing in a community in East San Jose, called Sal Si Puedes, which means “get out if you can.” But I think a lot of us who got involved in the movement, uh, whether in ‘52, or ‘62, or whatever, really have to say that we’ve been part of a continuing struggle. Uh a struggle that was involved, uh, involving our parents, our ancestors, our people in this country, to overcome the devastating impact of economic poverty. Even though we were very rich in culture and values, and family support, nonetheless, discrimination, racism, has taken it’s toll on many generations. So, it wasn’t that we started in any particular period, but it was really a continuation of where our family ended and we picked up... 12:01:13 ...Now, I was working in a gasoline station in East San Jose, and right near, in, Sal Si Puedes, and I was also going to school at San Jose State University, which was previously called San Jose State College. A brilliant young organizer by the name of Fred W. Ross, who had been organizing in East San Jo- East L.A., talked about the Zoot Suit Riots, the Bloody Christmas incidents, how the CSO, the Community Service Organization, was organized to fight racism and discrimination as well as to develop political empowerment.
    [Show full text]
  • NACOLE Case Studies on Civilian Oversight: Office of the Inspector
    NACOLE Case Studies on Civilian Oversight Office of the Inspector General Los Angeles, California Auditor/Monitor-Focused Model by Michael Vitoroulis NACOLE Case Studies on Civilian Oversight | Offce of the Inspector General (Los Angeles, California) 2 This project was supported, in whole or in part, by grant number 2016-CK-WX-K017 awarded to the National Association for Civil- ian Oversight of Law Enforcement (NACOLE) by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) or contributor(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. References to specific individuals, agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement by the author(s), the contributor(s), or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The internet references cited in this publication were valid as of the date of publication. Given that URLs and websites are in constant flux, neither the author(s), the contributor(s), nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. This resource was developed under a federal award and may be subject to copyright. The U.S. Department of Justice reserves a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use and to authorize others to use this resource for Federal Government purposes. This resource may be freely distributed and used for noncommercial and educa- tional purposes only. Recommended citation: NACOLE (National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement).
    [Show full text]
  • Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: the Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950S Author(S): Edward J
    Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s Author(s): Edward J. Escobar Source: The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 171-199 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641395 Accessed: 09/09/2008 14:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s EDWARDJ.
    [Show full text]