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A Contemporary Picture of Romani Communities in Eastern Europa 1.2 PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | CULTURE ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROpe DE L´EUROpe IN EUROPE A contemporary picture of Romani communities in Eastern Europa 1.2 Elena Marushiakova & Veselin Popov Every nation around the world preserves its ethnographic and dialectal diversity as a valuable cultural heritage. This diversity is greater among the Roma due to historical events, the lack of a common territory, the dispersal of their communities in many different countries, life in different cultural environments, group endogamy, etc. At the same time, this diversity is better preserved than in other European nations, yet it is still insufficiently known and appreciated. The contemporary mosaic of Roma communities forms a significant part of the World Cultural Heritage of Mankind. Ill. 1 ‘Le Rom le čače’ from Transcarpathia, Ukraine, Korolevo 2008 Ill. 2 Kortari, region of Krajova, Romnia, 2008; Ill. 3 Košničari, Lukovit, Bulgaria 1998 Ill. 4 Kelderari, Transylvania (Foto: Fabian Jacobs) (unless otherwise stated, all photos: Archive Studii Romani) A CONTempOrarY PICTUre OF ROmaNI COmmUNITIES IN EASTerN EUROpa Ill. 5 Romanian speaking Ursari (Subgroup of Rudari) Ill. 6 Ukrainian speaking Roma with preferred Ukrainian identity, in Bulgaria 1998 from village Hlinicja, Ukraine, 2003 in the world) to have communities re- is hierarchically structured on different ETHNIC SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ferred to as “Gypsies” by the surrounding taxonomical levels. A main scientific cat- CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS population, while having chosen an iden- egory, which is traditionally used by the OF ROMANI COMMUNITIes tity “other” than Romani for themselves: Romani studies’ scholars, is “The Roma They are bearers of the so-called phe- Group” (the notions “tribe”, “nation” or In order to be able to understand the eth- nomenon of “preferred ethnic identity”. even “caste” are also used). There are nic social structure and cultural character- This term describes a publicly declared or many excellent descriptions of separate istics of Romani communities in Eastern experienced, or nowadays even actively Roma groups and several attempts to draw Europe1, we have to take into considera- constructed, identity of communities of a more or less comprehensive picture of tion several important circumstances: “Gypsies” whose mother tongues are not the existing groups in various regions or 1. Across the whole region of only various dialects of Romani, but also countries in Europe. Less attention is paid Eastern Europe lives a clearly defined of Turkish, Tatar, Greek, Bulgarian, Ser- to the question “what is a Roma group” and distinctive ethnic community, simi- bian, Albanian, Romanian, Hungarian, (i.e. what is its essence, main characteris- larly referred to in various countries as Ukrainian, etc. On the basis of this, we tics, etc.), and on the processes of its his- Cigáni, Cikáni, Cyganie, Čigonai, Čigāni, will refer to “Roma” as not only members torical and/or contemporary development. Cigányok, Țigani, Çingeneler, Αθιγγανοι, of the communities which identify them- Based on materials mainly from Цигани, Цыгане, etc. Their ancestors mi- selves as such, but a much wider circle of Eastern Europe we have developed a grated from the Indian subcontinent to Eu- communities. general theoretical “ideal” model of the rope over a millennium ago. This external 2. Everywhere in the world Roma Roma group, with its main characteris- umbrella appellation is referred to by the have existed at least in “two dimensions”, tics and its key place in the whole inter- English term Gypsies. This community or in two coordinate planes - both as a nal hierarchy of the Romani community. can be considered (as any other nation in separate community and as a society (in We can purely schematically present the the region) as an “imagined community” particular as its ethnically-based integral following characteristics that make up the (according to the terminology of Ben- part within the respective nation-state). typical “ideal” Roma group: presence of edict Anderson), but unlike the rest of the The contemporary conditions of Romani group consciousness; only a person who nations, it has been “imagined” not by communities depend on the past centuries is born into the group can be a member its own members, but by the remaining of social, cultural and historical context in of it; strict observance of group endoga- part of the population that has been liv- which they lived, as well as on the con- my; use of a common language – either ing alongside them for centuries. Hence, temporary social, economic and political Romani or another language in communi- somewhat paradoxically, the boundaries situation in their different home countries. ties who have lost their mother tongue; a of this community are determined in fact 3. One of the key problems which common traditional lifestyle (sedentary or not by its members, but by the surround- Romani studies have always faced is the nomadic); common means of subsistence ing population regardless of the Roma’s question regarding the internal structure (group profession or traditional occupa- self-perception. It is not uncommon (not of the Roma community. Roma are an tions); existence of a potestary structure only in Eastern Europe but also elsewhere inhomogeneous socio-cultural unit that and internal self-government; strict ob- 2 COUNCIL OF EUROpe PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA CHILDREN IN EUROPE ROMA | CULTURE servance of group rules and norms; com- Roma), group identity is created. Group process of segmentation or consolidation mon life perceptions (including religion); identity is ultimately the essential expres- that leads to the creation and develop- common value and behavioural patterns, sion of the existence of a given group (a ment of new Roma groups (on the same common opinions and moral principles; Roma group cannot exist without group or higher taxonomical level). large and strong families regarded as the consciousness, which is different from Generally it can be said that Roma highest value; restriction of friendly con- e.g. a dialectal group). The construction of form a specific type of community,‘“the tacts outside the boundaries of the group; this ideal model is not an end in itself. It intergroup ethnic communit’” which is di- mutual solidarity and obligation to lend merely helps to obtain a sufficiently clear vided into a number of separate (and some- support; maintenance of group authentic- notion of what the Roma group is. Fol- times even opposed) endogamic groups, ity and isolation (the rule of non-interfer- lowing a thorough analysis that takes into subgroups and metagroup units with their ence in other groups’ affairs); observance account the presence or the absence of own ethnic and cultural features. On the of group prohibitions (e.g. mahrime, mag- certain elements of the ideal group model, basis of the‘“Roma grou’” it is possible to erdo, muxros, etc.). This list of the main we can gain some insight into the set-up of reveal the different levels of existence of characteristics of the “ideal” Roma group a contemporary Roma group. Using this the Romani community - group, subgroup is a theoretical construction which could model as a yardstick we can easily rec- divisions and metagroup units on different be extended or restructured. Either way, ognise and distinguish one Roma group levels. These communities are on different it is definitely needed for the characteri- from another. It should be noted that the hierarchical levels, and depending on var- sation of separate Roma groups and for presence or absence of certain elements of ious factors, one or another of these levels distinguishing one group from another. the ideal group model in separate Roma could be the main, leading or determining Based on these main characteristics, in groups does not mean that one group is factor of the identity of any given Roma the process of comparing and confront- more real than the other. It only signifies community, including the consciousness ing with the “others” (including “other” the change in group borders and flowing of affiliations to a civic nation-state Ill. 7 Kurbeti, town of Voinka, Crimea, Ill. 8 Krimurja/Kırımlıtika Roma, Muslim Roma from Crimea, Ukraine, 2002 Crimea, Ukraine, city of Alušta 2002 we find a process of segmentation of the the Roma in the earlier historical periods THE MOSAIC OF group into separate subgroup divisions as well. These processes explain even the ROMANI COMMUNITIes formed according to family and/or territo- contemporary picture of the mosaic of the IN EASTERN EUROPE rial factors. On the other hand, the sepa- Roma groups in the world to a great extent rate subgroup divisions are consolidat- and predict that after some generations the The Roma groups are not static and un- ing gradually into one group, or separate general picture of the Romanies around changeable social and cultural units. Proc- groups are consolidating into one meta- the world will not be the same. esses in different directions, velocity and group community. In both cases, the newly Eastern Europe is the historical frequency that flow constantly among formed communities are gradually accept- region where the most numerous subdivi- them can be reduced to two main contra- ing the dimensions of a new, unique group. sion of the the Roma community, is con- dictory and correlated tendencies - seg- There are many reasons for these proc- centrated (other Roma communities living mentation and consolidation. On one hand esses to be considered characteristic for in different places all over the world are 3 A CONTempOrarY PICTUre OF ROmaNI COmmUNITIES IN EASTerN EUROpa Ill. 9 Sepedži, Izmir, Istanbul, Turkey 2006 Ill. 10 Mečkari, Baltëz, Albania 1999 contemporary migrants or descendants ten characterised by a high degree of syn- are not always clearly defined and often of the migrants who left this region from cretism. The most general distinction be- given group names which arose as profes- about 150 years ago).
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