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Japón: Identidad, Identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300

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Japón: Identidad, Identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300 Japón: Identidad, identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300 LAS MUJERES DE YOSHIWARA: PLACER, POBREZA Y LUJO EN EL JAPÓN FEUDAL Carmen Álvarez González-Jubete Master Oficial en Estudios de Asia Oriental (Universidad de Granada) [email protected] Federico Fco. Pérez Garrido Máster en Asia Oriental/Estudios Japoneses (Universidad de Salamanca) [email protected] Resumen: La historia y la literatura japonesa están repletas de arquetipos masculinos que reflejan la evolución cultural y política de este país asiático: la tradición encarnada en el valiente samurái fiel a su señor, el difícil proceso de ruptura que sobrevino sobre escritores e intelectuales a partir de la época Meiji, o la vida anodina del oficinista dedicado en cuerpo y alma a su trabajo. En contraposición a esta variedad de perfiles masculinos, la figura femenina que nos ha sido transmitida presenta un rol aparentemente estático e inmutable en el tiempo: delicadas geishas sirviendo té, lolitas sonrientes posando para una foto, madres y esposas entregadas a la crianza y educación de sus hijos. La imagen de la mujer parece circunscribirse al espacio doméstico y estético de la historia japonesa. Sin embargo, si nos alejamos voluntariamente de estas imágenes tradicionales y ahondamos en la historia, se pueden descubrir otros modelos femeninos: mujeres fuertes que tuvieron que sobrevivir en un ambiente social hostil, y que jugaron un papel central en la vida cultural y política de la época. Dentro de la cultura de la armonía y la perfección, se encontraban las llamadas oiran: mujeres que ejercieron su actividad en el ya desaparecido barrio de placer de Yoshiwara, en la antigua Edo. Su belleza y sensualidad fueron usadas como instrumentos de poder sobre nobles y señores durante más de 300 años. Palabras clave: Yoshiwara, Japón, mujer, sociedad, Historia. Abstract: Japanese history and literature are filled with masculine archetypes that reflect the cultural and political evolution of this Asian country: the tradition embodied in the courageous samurai loyal to his master, the difficult process of breakdown that came upon writers and intellectuals from the Meiji period, or the uninspired life of the clerk consecrated to his job. In contrast to this variety of masculine profiles, the transmitted feminine figure presents an apparent static and unchanging role: delicate geishas serving tea, smiling lolitas posing for a photo, 1 Japón: Identidad, identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300 mothers and wives dedicated to the upbringing and education of their children. The image of the woman seems to be circumscribed to the domestic and sensitivity space of Japanese history. However, if we voluntarily distance ourselves from these traditional images and delve into history, we can discover other female models: strong women who had to survive in a hostile social environment, and who played a central role in the cultural and political life of the time. Within the culture of harmony and perfection, were the called oiran: women who worked in the now-defunct pleasure district of Yoshiwara, in the old Edo. Her beauty and sensuality were used as instruments of power over nobles and lords for more than 300 years. Key Words: Yoshiwara, Japan, woman, society, History. Introducción. La industria del sexo se sitúa como una de las actividades comerciales más antiguas del mundo. Cada civilización ha desarrollado en este sentido negocios de distintas características, dependiendo de sus rasgos culturales y sus circunstancias político-sociales. La historia de los países europeos tampoco está exenta de este tipo de costumbres, que no pueden achacarse a una superioridad moral, o a distintos valores religiosos. Cuestiones estas que deben mirarse desde un punto de vista histórico-social y ser analizadas en el seno de su propia cultura. De este modo, nos disponemos a hacer una breve aproximación a la historia y al desarrollo de Yoshiwara, el antiguo barrio de placer de Tokio. Que quedó grabado en la imaginería popular japonesa durante todos los años que permaneció activo, del 1626 al 1959. Debemos enmarcarlo dentro del llamado mundo flotante (浮世) del Edo clásico. Concepto que describe un mundo en el que las relaciones humanas adoptaron un tono ligero y hedonista, en contraposición a la gravedad difundida por las doctrinas budistas del momento. Un lugar en el cual confluían personajes de toda clase: geishas, actores de kabuki, samuráis, comerciantes y artistas. De estos últimos surge el movimiento pictórico del ukiyo-e, que plasma en sus 2 Japón: Identidad, identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300 grabados las escenas icónicas de estos centros de placer, sus calles, sus gentes y la belleza de las mujeres que allí vivían. Imágenes que han pasado a formar parte del imaginario japonés y que han adquirido la condición de símbolos culturales, especialmente fuera de Japón. Una visión exótica e idealizada de un periodo de la historia japonesa especialmente duro para las mujeres, cuya vida y experiencias merece la pena analizar desde un prisma diferente a aquel que las pinturas y los relatos nos ofrecen en calidad de productos artísticos. En este breve artículo estudiaremos la construcción y planificación del barrio rojo de Tokio, así como la jerarquía presente en las relaciones sociales dentro del mismo. También trataremos de presentar un retrato de la vida cotidiana de estas mujeres, y la característica figura de la oiran dentro del Japón clásico. Yūkaku (遊郭): centros de placer en el Japón feudal. Para rastrear el origen de los barrios de placer en Japón, debemos retroceder al periodo Edo [江戸時代 (1603-1868)]. Durante este largo periodo histórico se dan épocas en las que existe un gran desajuste entre la población masculina y femenina, situándose esta última en torno al 35% del total en la etapa central del mismo1. Dicha situación demográfica y unas normas morales diferentes configuraron la realidad de la sociedad japonesa de la época. Donde frecuentar barrios de placer no sólo fue un hecho aceptado, sino que gozaba de bastante popularidad entre los diferentes estratos de la población. Con la implantación del nuevo orden shogunal, la vida en Japón comienza a organizarse bajo unas normas que se mantendrán vigentes durante más de 300 años, hasta la revolución política y social de la era Meiji (1868). Entre estas disposiciones se encontraba la de regular el lucrativo mercado del sexo en las principales ciudades japonesas; a semejanza de lo que 1HANE, Misiko. Breve historia de Japón, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2003, pp. 72-113. 3 Japón: Identidad, identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300 siglos después ocurrirá con la llamada Ley de Regulación de Negocios que Afectan a la Moral Pública o Fūzoku Eigyō Torishimari Hō (風俗営業取締法), promulgada en 1948. Dichas reglas obedecían, principalmente, a facilitar el control gubernamental sobre este tipo de negocios y sus beneficios. Tras diferentes pugnas políticas debidas a conflictos de intereses, el bakufu (幕府) o shogunato, concede los permisos para la apertura y organización de los llamados yūkaku (遊郭)2 o barrios de placer. De esta manera nacen en los tres grandes centros urbanos del momento los más históricos barrios rojos de Japón: Yoshiwara (吉原) en Edo, la antigua Tokio; Shimabara (島原) en Kioto y Shinmachi (新町) en Osaka3. Espacios que se convirtieron en lugar de encuentro para todo tipo de personas, como si de un destino turístico se tratara (en japonés: 観光地). Congregando en sus calles a clientes, curiosos, gente de paso, proveedores e incluso a mujeres que se sentían atraídas por la atmósfera desenfadada existente en ellos. Dicha costumbre estaba instaurada de forma natural en el Japón shogunal, entendido como un ambiente laxo en el cual los marcados roles sociales quedaban ligeramente de lado. Las mujeres de entretenimiento guardaban un comportamiento refinado, lo que las convertía en las esposas idóneas para pretendientes provenientes de toda clase social. Y no sólo debido a la especial formación que recibían, sino también por su variada procedencia. Como ejemplo se puede mencionar el caso de la Batalla de Sekigahara (関ヶ原の戦い), en la cual, las esposas de los señores feudales derrotados pasaron a engrosar las filas de las prostitutas habituales de estos barrios. Estas mujeres fueron muy codiciadas por los regentes de los 2 La palabra yuukaku (遊郭) está formada a partir de los kanji 遊 “jugar” y 郭 “barrio”. Dicha etimología ilustra el cariz de las actividades que se realizaban en estos lugares, no sólo de carácter sexual, sino también recreativo. 3ISAHARA, Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman and Other Writings (trad. de Ivan Morris), New York, New Directions, 1969, pp. 13-19. 4 Japón: Identidad, identidades (III) ISSN: 2254- 8300 establecimientos más reputados, ya que su linaje y buena educación las convertía en candidatas a oiran (cuya relevante figura analizaremos más tarde) y a ser pretendidas por personajes de la más alta alcurnia. Lo que en el caso de las mujeres de clase más baja suponía una suerte de movilidad social como esposas o concubinas. Cuando los daimios o alguna figura relevante quería casarse con alguna de ellas, debían ejercer el llamado miuke (身請け): el pago de toda la deuda que la mujer había contraído. Tras lo cual éstas se convertían en sus mujeres o concubinas (mekake 妾). El concubinato fue una práctica cotidiana en Japón debido a la necesidad de engendrar un hijo varón que perpetuara el clan familiar, entendido éste como una trasmisión de valores y no de sangre. Es después de la revolución Meiji cuando se empiezan a elaborar algunas leyes al respecto, en un intento por modernizar el país de cara a la moralidad de las potencias extranjeras. Sin embargo, la prostitución y el llamado mundo flotante (浮世) no se reducía a estos barrios; casas de huéspedes, casas de citas y mujeres sin filiación determinada ofrecían sus servicios a los viajeros y paseantes del Japón feudal. Fuera del distrito proliferaban lugares como algunos baños públicos (湯女風呂)4, donde trabajaban prostitutas de bajo escalafón que ofrecían servicios sexuales a precios mínimos.
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