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Pioneers of the Women's Movement in Japan: Hiratsuka Raichô and Fukuda Hideko Seen Through Their Journals, Seitô Andsekai Fujn

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Pioneers of the Women's Movement in Japan: Hiratsuka Raichô and Fukuda Hideko Seen Through Their Journals, Seitô Andsekai Fujn PIONEERS OF THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN JAPAN: HIRATSUKA RAICHÔ AND FUKUDA HIDEKO SEEN THROUGH THEIR JOURNALS, SEITÔ ANDSEKAI FUJN by Fumiko Horimoto A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto O Copyright by Fumiko Horimoto 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the excIusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïh, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thése. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Master of Arts, 1999 Fumiko Horimoto Department of East Asian Studies Hiratsuka Raichô's (1886-1971) statement, "In the beginning woman was the Sun," in the opening editorial of Seitô is generally regarded as the first Japanese "women's rights declaration." However, in January 1907, more than four years before the publication of Seitô, Fukuda (Kageyama) Hideko (1865-1927), one of the most remarkable activists in Japan's early phase of feminism, also published a magazine, Sekai fujïn (Women of the World), aiming at the emancipation of women. While Raichô's Seitô started as a literary magazine arnong bourgeois and elitist women, Hideko's Sekai fujin was published with the assistance of male socialists. Both magazines fought against the traditional family system, which was tormenting women in those days. However, Seito had a larger impact on society partly because of the public criticism against the group members. This thesis studies the significance of the two magazines, the social background which gave rise to them, and the two outstanding activists in the Japanese women's movement, Hiratsuka Raichô and Fukuda Hideko. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................1 II . Background of Japanese Women's Status........................................... 8 III . Fukuda Hideko and Sekai Fujïn 1. Ear!y Life of Kageyama (Fukuda) Hide ko ............................. 22 2 . JiyriMinken UndôandHideko .............. .. ....... .. .................. 25 3 . Socialism and Hide ko .......................... .. .................................34 4 . Publication of Sekai Fujin ......................................................... 41 5 . Government's Suppression and Discontinuation of the Magazine .................................. 50 IV . Hiratsuka Raichô and Seitô Early Life of Hiratsuka Karu (Raichô) ......................................56 Birth of S~I~O4............................................................................. -66 Slanders and Suppression agsinst Seitô.............. .... ........... 76 Departure fkom the Literary Group .................... ... ..................... 80 Discontinuation of Seitô and Itô Noe .................. .... .......... ...93 V . Conclusion ......... ...... ..................................................................... 103 Bibliography .....................................................................*...................... 113 iii 1. INTRODUCTION In September 1911 Hiratsuka Raichô (her real name was Haru)' (1886-1971)and her four fellow alirmnae published the hst issue of Sei6,2 with its powerful statement comparing women to the sun. It is partly because of this opening editorial that the journal left its name in history. Raichô's vigorous words move our heart even today, because Japanese people are particularly sensitive to nature and have a special feeling of attachment to the d-embracing sun. In the opening editorial she wrote: In the beginning, woman was the Sun. She wns an authentic person. Today she is the moon. She lives by others, shines with the light of others; she is the mwn with the pallid face of an invalid, Today, SeDi5was born, which was created by the contemporary Japanese women's brains and hands. What women do today just incurs the laughter of contempt .... We must restore our hidden sun. "Recover our hidden sun and our potentiai genius." This is our incessant cry toward our inner seE our insuppressible and ineffaceable desire, and the only final instinct embracing the w hole personality....g This address to women is generally regarded as the first Japanese "women's rights dedaration", and has become the symbol of women's fi~edom. However, in Jmuary 1907, more thsn four years before the publication of =ô, Fukuda Raich6 is a pen name used by Karu since she -te the opening editorial of Sez"'. It means a snow grouse. In this thesis, allpersonal names are listed with their surname coming first in accordance with Japanese custom. 5kMmeans Blue Stncking. This name cornes fimn the literary gmup of new women in London in the middle ofthe eighteenth century. The group was sarcastidy called the Blue Stocking Society because the members wore blue stockings. 3 Hiratsuka Wo,"Ganshi josei wa taiyo de atta -Seitij hakkan ni saishite"in the jod2Ye.i~ vol 1, n0.1. Unlesa otherwise indicated, translations hmJapanese are made by the writer of this thesis. (Kageyama) Kidekod (1865-1927),one of the most remarkable activists in Japan's early phase of feminism, also published a journal, Seka*fijh (Women of the World). While the name Sa'tô appears in all standard historical texts as the ktwomen's movement in Japan, nothing is mentioned about Hideko's activities. #y is one so fàmous and the other virhially unknown to most people today? What kind of person was Fukuda Hideko? Should we give more credit for her role in the liberation of women? Actudy, Raicho's Seitô did not start as a social movement, rather as a literary journal born fiom her soul searching journey, but S'hjhclearly aimed at raising the social status of wornen f?om the very beginning. The first issue of S& fiijui announced its purposes and goals as follows: What are our reasons for publishing Women of fie WorId? In a word, to determine the real vocation of women by extracthg it fimm the tangled web of law, custorn, and morality that are a part of women's experience. Then, we hope t~ cultivate among all of you a desire to join a reform movement founded on what will be the true mission of wornen.. .. When 1look at the conditions currently prevailing in society, I see that as far as women are concerned, virtirally everything is coercive and oppressive, making it Mperative that we women rise up and forcefdy develop our own social movement. This truly is an endless enterprise; we have not reached our goals, but our hope is that this magazine will inspire you to become a champion of this [womeds]movement.5 Thus, the slogan of this journal was the social emancipation of women. Based on Her real name was Hide. Ln those days, ko was usuaily added at the end of a gir1's name. Kageyama Hideko bemeFukuda Hideko &r she married Fukuda Tomosaku. Fukuda Hideko, iikhifijùlt vol.1 (Jan-l,190'7),translated by Sharon L. Sievers in Rowersin Salt - me FeCb~lsc~busness in Modem Japan (Stdrd, CaMbrnia: Stanford University Press, 1983), pp.126-127. this slogan, Hideko tried to deal with all the issues useful to this cause. Sekaifirj~s particular emphasis was placed on the emancipation of women fimm the feudalistic Mysystem and the acquisition of political keedom. Women in those days were deprived of fixedom both by the patriarchal famiy system and by the discriminatory laws. Not ody were they bound to the house by the old Confucian morals, but they were also deprived of all political rights: Article 5 of the Ctim keisatsu h6 (Public Peace Police Law) of 19006 barred women fkom joining in political organizations and even attending political meetings. The revision of this law became the direct target of Hideko's activity. In her magazine she also reported the women's sufli.age movements in other developed countries to encourage Japanese women. In addition, S'fijIncarried many articles advocating fieedom of love, giving hope to the women suffering the miseries and injustices Uiflicted upon them by society and the state. Even though Hideko was the actual chief editor, the contributors of the magazine included many male socialists, such as Sakai Toshihiko (1870-1933) and Kôtoku Shûsui (l8?l-l9ll). For thiç reason, S&m*tCirjin was subject to severe suppression by the govenunent authorities, who were determined to extinguish any socialist movement. In 1908, because of the short essay entitled "Saisho no teki" meFirst Enemy) written by the author whose pen name was Kakuda Meisaku (which incorporates the word meaning 'crevolution"), the magazine was charged with a violation against the Newspaper OrdinanceÏ by the Metropolitan Police, leading to the prohibition of its sale. Afkr the trial in the Tokyo Distrid Court, the judgment was passed, which stated that the essay "Saisho no teki" disturbed
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