Prospects for Changes in Gender Bias in the Japanese Language
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Japanese Religio-Cultural Context
CHAPTER TWO THE JAPANESE RELIGIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT Introduction This chapter introduces three factors that provide essential background information for my investigation into Endo’s theology of inculturation. First, I give a historical sketch of Japanese religion. Secondly, I look at different types of Shinto and clarify aspects of koshinto that inform contemporary Japanese culture. This is important as koshinto with its modern, psychological, and spiritual meanings is the type of Shinto that I observe in Endo’s attempts at inculturation. In connection with this I introduce the Japanese concept of the ‘divine’, and its role in the history of Shinto-Buddhist-Christian relationships. I also go on to propose that koshinto plays a fundamental role in shaping both different types of womanhood in Japan and the negative theology that forms a background to Endo’s type of inculturation. Outline of Features in Japanese Religious History Japan’s indigenous faith is Shinto, which has its roots in the age prior to 300 B.C. The animistic beliefs of this primal religion developed into a community religion with local shrines for household and guardian gods, where people worshipped the divine spirits. Gradually people began to worship ideal kami, personal kami and ancestorial kami.1 This form of Shinto is frequently called ‘proto-shinto’. Confucianism was introduced to Japan near the beginning of the 5th century as a code of moral precepts rather than a religion.2 Buddhism came to Japan from India 1 The Japanese word kami is usually translated into English by the term deity, deities, spirits, or gods. Kami in Japanese can be singular and/or plural. -
Samurai Life in Medieval Japan
http://www.colorado.edu/ptea-curriculum/imaging-japanese-history Handout M2 (Print Version) Page 1 of 8 Samurai Life in Medieval Japan The Heian period (794-1185) was followed by 700 years of warrior governments—the Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa. The civil government at the imperial court continued, but the real rulers of the country were the military daimy class. You will be using art as a primary source to learn about samurai and daimy life in medieval Japan (1185-1603). Kamakura Period (1185-1333) The Kamakura period was the beginning of warrior class rule. The imperial court still handled civil affairs, but with the defeat of the Taira family, the Minamoto under Yoritomo established its capital in the small eastern city of Kamakura. Yoritomo received the title shogun or “barbarian-quelling generalissimo.” Different clans competed with one another as in the Hgen Disturbance of 1156 and the Heiji Disturbance of 1159. The Heiji Monogatari Emaki is a hand scroll showing the armor and battle strategies of the early medieval period. The conflict at the Sanj Palace was between Fujiwara Nobuyori and Minamoto Yoshitomo. As you look at the scroll, notice what people are wearing, the different roles of samurai and foot soldiers, and the different weapons. What can you learn about what is involved in this disturbance? What can you learn about the samurai and the early medieval period from viewing this scroll? What information is helpful in developing an accurate view of samurai? What preparations would be necessary to fight these kinds of battles? (Think about the organization of people, equipment, and weapons; the use of bows, arrows, and horses; use of protective armor for some but not all; and the different ways of fighting.) During the Genpei Civil War of 1180-1185, Yoritomo fought against and defeated the Taira, beginning the Kamakura Period. -
Pioneers of the Women's Movement in Japan: Hiratsuka Raichô and Fukuda Hideko Seen Through Their Journals, Seitô Andsekai Fujn
PIONEERS OF THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN JAPAN: HIRATSUKA RAICHÔ AND FUKUDA HIDEKO SEEN THROUGH THEIR JOURNALS, SEITÔ ANDSEKAI FUJN by Fumiko Horimoto A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto O Copyright by Fumiko Horimoto 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the excIusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïh, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thése. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Master of Arts, 1999 Fumiko Horimoto Department of East Asian Studies Hiratsuka Raichô's (1886-1971) statement, "In the beginning woman was the Sun," in the opening editorial of Seitô is generally regarded as the first Japanese "women's rights declaration." However, in January 1907, more than four years before the publication of Seitô, Fukuda (Kageyama) Hideko (1865-1927), one of the most remarkable activists in Japan's early phase of feminism, also published a magazine, Sekai fujïn (Women of the World), aiming at the emancipation of women. -
Shinto: Discovery of the Divine in Japanese Art
SHINTO: DISCOVERY OF THE DIVINE IN JAPANESE ART CASE ON VIEW ON VIEW IMAGE TITLE DATE MEDIUM OWNER DESIGNATION No. 4/9–5/19 5/23–6/30 catalogue no. catalogue no. ENTERTAINING THE GODS 1 6 Mounted Archery at Nikkō Tōshōgū Shrine Edo period, 18th century Handscroll; ink, color, and gold on silk LACMA Sliding-door panels remounted as a pair of 2 4 Horse Races at Kamo Edo period, c. 1634-44 six-panel folding screens; ink, color and CMA gold on gilded paper Heian period, 12th Shiga 1 Sumo Wrestlers and Referee Hinoki cypress with traces of ink and color Mikami Jinja century Prefecture ICP 3 Kamakura period, 12th- 5 Mounted Archer Wood with color Kasuga Taisha IAO 13th century Ritual of the Third Month: Sumo, Bugaku, 3 and Lion Dance Edo period, 17th Pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color 4 Izumo Ōyashiro century and gold on gilded paper Ritual of the Third Month: Mounted 2 Archery Nō Costume with Design of Snow-Covered 17 ICP Willows and Swallowtail Butterflies Momoyama period, late Embroidery and gold and silver leaf on 5 Kasuga Jinja, Seki 16th century plain-weave silk Nō Costume with Design of Pine, Wisteria, 18 ICP and Swallowtail Butterflies Muromachi period, 16th Wood with color, metal fittings, and traces 24 Swollen-Nosed Elder (Hanakobu Akujō) ICP century of hair Kasuga Jinja, Seki 6 22 Zen Acolyte (Kasshiki) Mask Momoyama period Wood with color ICP 19 Evil-Expelling (Tsuina) Mask Edo period Wood with color Kasuga Jinja, Seki ICP Nanbokuchō period, 6 21 Young Woman (Wakai Onna) Mask Wood with color Kasuga Jinja, Seki ICP 14th century CASE ON VIEW ON VIEW IMAGE TITLE DATE MEDIUM OWNER DESIGNATION No. -
Kamakura Period, Early 14Th Century Japanese Cypress (Hinoki) with Pigment, Gold Powder, and Cut Gold Leaf (Kirikane) H
A TEACHER RESOURCE 1 2 Project Director Nancy C. Blume Editor Leise Hook Copyright 2016 Asia Society This publication may not be reproduced in full without written permission of Asia Society. Short sections—less than one page in total length— may be quoted or cited if Asia Society is given credit. For further information, write to Nancy Blume, Asia Society, 725 Park Ave., New York, NY 10021 Cover image Nyoirin Kannon Kamakura period, early 14th century Japanese cypress (hinoki) with pigment, gold powder, and cut gold leaf (kirikane) H. 19½ x W. 15 x D. 12 in. (49.5 x 38.1 x 30.5 cm) Asia Society, New York: Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd Collection, 1979.205 Photography by Synthescape, courtesy of Asia Society 3 4 Kamakura Realism and Spirituality in the Sculpture of Japan Art is of intrinsic importance to the educational process. The arts teach young people how to learn by inspiring in them the desire to learn. The arts use a symbolic language to convey the cultural values and ideologies of the time and place of their making. By including Asian arts in their curriculums, teachers can embark on culturally diverse studies and students will gain a broader and deeper understanding of the world in which they live. Often, this means that students will be encouraged to study the arts of their own cultural heritage and thereby gain self-esteem. Given that the study of Asia is required in many state curriculums, it is clear that our schools and teachers need support and resources to meet the demands and expectations that they already face. -
Medieval Japan Through Art: Samurai Life in Medieval Japan
www.colorado.edu/ptea-curriculum/imaging-japanese-history Medieval Japan Through Art: Samurai Life in Medieval Japan by Jaye Zola, Retired Teacher and Librarian, Boulder Valley Schools Introduction: Teachers are encouraged to read “Medieval Japan: An Introductory Essay,” by historian Ethan Segal, prior to conducting this lesson. The introductory essay may also be assigned to students with advanced reading abilities (grades 11-12). The essay provides context for this lesson by sketching the history of medieval Japan. Medieval Japan saw warfare and chaos. The growth of the warrior class and the influence of Buddhism eventually gave rise to a refined culture having roots in the classical Japanese tradition. The time period referred to as medieval Japan actually comprised three distinct periods: the Kamakura (1185-1333), Muromachi (1336-1573), and Momoyama (1568-1603). Beginning with the Kamakura through the mid-19th century, military rulers governed Japan. During the Muromachi and Momoyama, the feudal structure concentrated wealth, culture, and power in the hands of feudal lords called daimyō. The social structure of samurai as retainers to noble lords enabled a few powerful daimyō to eventually be shogun or the military ruler. This lesson is designed to challenge the view of sword-wielding samurai of U.S. movies. Rather than focusing on one particular art form, this lesson uses a variety of images from scrolls, screens, and artifacts. Using these visual sources, students learn about the three different periods of medieval Japan. Adding to the visual record of this time period, literature selections bring the voice of the samurai into the historical account. -
Changes in the Status of Japanese Women
CHANGES IN THE STATUS OF JAPANESE WOMEN PONGSUN CHOI ALLEN Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 Nothing in this world is static, especially cultures. Arnold W. Green (1950) writes, "Culture and the social institutions which transmit culture to succeeding generations are themselves conservative forces. Nevertheless, the moral norms and social values, the culture and social institutions, of any society, all change through time." Thus, the statuses of women in various cultures change, due to factors both internal and external, and those of Japanese women present one of the most dramatic pictures of such changes. Japanese society was deeply steeped in feudal culture until 1854 when Com- modore Perry pried open the Japanese trading gate to the sharply contrasting, industrialized Western cultures without any shock-breaking intermediary period. In the case of western European and American (U.S.) cultures, the Renaissance, the individualistic doctrines of Protestantism, Romanticism, the political rationali- zation of the Enlightened period and, especially in the case of America, the economic frontier conditions helped to smooth out the straining transitional period from the feudal culture to the industrial and urban culture. Japan did not have all these benefits. She was forced by circumstances to catch up with Western culture, technologically and intellectually, in less than one hundred years, a transition which the West made in several centuries. This traumatic social change was due to the rapid industrialization and modernization under Western influence; it did not leave any aspect of Japanese culture unaffected. The status of Japanese women was affected directly and indirectly, and changed consciously and un- consciously during the westernization processes. -
Samurai in Medieval Japan Through Art and Literature, Consider How Our Understanding of Warrior Culture Compares to the Reality of Their Daily Lives
Medieval Japan Samurai: Real and Imagined The life and persona of the samurai are alive in popular imagination, but how well do they reflect historical accuracy? By comparing representations of the samurai in medieval Japan through art and literature, consider how our understanding of warrior culture compares to the reality of their daily lives. Samurai (lit. “one who serves”) refers to members of Japan’s warrior class. The origins of the samurai can be traced to the eighth and ninth centuries, when large landholdings moved into the hands of the imperial family and related members of the aristocracy. In the Heian period (794–1185), the Kyoto- based imperial court and nobles depended on the agricultural income from these landholdings, especially large private estates in northern Japan. The need to defend these distant estates from attacks by local chieftains led to the birth of the samurai. Nobles sent from the capital to govern the estates often lacked the skills and authority necessary to maintain security or provide effective administration in such remote districts, so the court appointed deputies from among the local population to assist them. Forerunners of the samurai, these deputies built local and regional power by creating privately controlled militias, called “warrior bands.” Starting as little more than family organizations, warrior bands were initially formed for the duration of a military campaign. Afterward, the group wa disbanded to allow the men to return to farming. By the eleventh century the bands were changing to groups of fighting men not necessarily connected through kinship. Power was beginning to aggregate in the hands of a few elite military families, or clans, whose regional dominance was supported by the fighting abilities of retainers and vassals. -
Encyclopedia of Shinto Chronological Supplement
Encyclopedia of Shinto Chronological Supplement 『神道事典』巻末年表、英語版 Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics Kokugakuin University 2016 Preface This book is a translation of the chronology that appended Shinto jiten, which was compiled and edited by the Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University. That volume was first published in 1994, with a revised compact edition published in 1999. The main text of Shinto jiten is translated into English and publicly available in its entirety at the Kokugakuin University website as "The Encyclopedia of Shinto" (EOS). This English edition of the chronology is based on the one that appeared in the revised version of the Jiten. It is already available online, but it is also being published in book form in hopes of facilitating its use. The original Japanese-language chronology was produced by Inoue Nobutaka and Namiki Kazuko. The English translation was prepared by Carl Freire, with assistance from Kobori Keiko. Translation and publication of the chronology was carried out as part of the "Digital Museum Operation and Development for Educational Purposes" project of the Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Organization for the Advancement of Research and Development, Kokugakuin University. I hope it helps to advance the pursuit of Shinto research throughout the world. Inoue Nobutaka Project Director January 2016 ***** Translated from the Japanese original Shinto jiten, shukusatsuban. (General Editor: Inoue Nobutaka; Tokyo: Kōbundō, 1999) English Version Copyright (c) 2016 Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University. All rights reserved. Published by the Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University, 4-10-28 Higashi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. -
History of Japanese Literature Based on Books" Materials List, Part III 名 称 名称ふりがな 解 説
Regular Exhibition "History of Japanese Literature Based on Books" Materials List, Part III 名 称 名称ふりがな 解 説 III Literature in the ちゅうせいのぶんがく Medieval Period The medieval period corresponds to a time about 400 years from the end of the 12th century to the 16th century. In this period, samurais newly expanded their power along with nobles and temples/shrines that had seized power. From the Kamakura period when the political power shifted to samurais, through the Nanboku-cho period that became confused due to an emperor's attempt for recovery, the Muromachi period when samurais ruled the country again, to the Azuchi-Momoyama period characterized by gekokujo or inferiors displacing their superiors, unstable political situations and recurring wars had a considerable influence on literature. After the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate in 1185, eastern Japan increased its presence, also influencing literature. Setsuwa literature describing the provinces and common people developed, while Literature in the Kamakura かまくら・なんぼくちょう travel literature about journeys and trips emerged. Wars spread the culture of Kyoto across the provinces, じだいのぶんがく and aroused criticism of the real society and interest in history, leading to the creation of many war tales and and Nanboku-cho Periods treatises on history. People sought to be saved from uneasy daily life, resulting in the advent of hougo, which preaches the Buddhist doctrine, and literature of hermits rooted in the Buddhist view of life as transitory. Opposing samurais, Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba promoted waka as nobles' culture. The largest-ever waka contest Sen-Gohyakuban Utaawase was held, and Shin Kokin Wakashu was compiled as the anthology crowning hachidai-shu or the eight major waka anthologies compiled by imperial command. -
A002930 – History of Japan
A002930 – History of Japan 熊本評論 [Kumamoto hyōron], 20.09.1907. Illustration of the Japanese proverb, “One gen- eral succeeds and countless bones rot “, derived from the line「一将功成、万骨枯 of a poem by the Chin poet Cao Song (830–901). © Christian Uhl, UGent 1 General Information When? On Thursdays, 16:00 to 19:00. First class: 26. 09. 2019. Where? Campus boekentoren 05.03.110.063 = Auditorium 3 “Suzanne Lilar”, ground floor Blandinberg 2 (main building of the Faculty Lettren en wijsbegeerte. Map: http://admin.flwi.ugent.be/maps/?id=05.03.100.005& ) Books you need Conrad Totman. A History of Japan. The Blackwell History of the World. Malden MA, Oxford UK, Berlin: Blackwell Publishing, 2000 (or newest edition). W.J. Boot. Keizers en Shōgun. Een Geschiedenis van Japan tot 1868. Amster- dam: Salomé – Amsterdam Univ. Press, 2001 (not needed for exch. students) There is a stock pile of the books (newest edition) for a reduced student price waiting for you at Standard Boekenhandel in the shop on the Kouter: http://www2.standaardboekhandel.be/nl/winkels/gent-kouter. Additional readings, lecture scripts, etc., on MINERVA UFORA is our electronic learning platform. Please make sure that you are in- scribed on UFORA for this course so that you have access to documents and get notifications. Additional readings, lecture scripts and announcements will be distributed and stored there for down-loading. Exam In order to pass this course you have to successfully participate in the final exam (date will be announced). The final exam will consist of 20 questions. Some of them are multiple choice questions, others require a short written answer (in English or Dutch, as you prefer). -
In 1180, Minamoto No Yoritomo Arrived in Kamakura with His Many Samurai Warriors
Handout 1 “Kamakura Google Map Questions” In 1180, Minamoto no Yoritomo arrived in Kamakura with his many samurai warriors. Afterwards, Kamakura prospered as Japan’s unofficial capitol for over 150 years. During these days, the population was approximately 100,000 residents. Watch the video assigned and answer the following question. 1. One reason Kamakura was selected as the site for the shogunate is geography. Which are geographic advantages for choosing Kamakura as the new military capital? (Choose two) • The sea borders one side • It was a fertile river valley • Mountains surround it on three sides • It is on an elevated plateau that can be used to attack invaders • It is a peninsula that has a mountain range blocking the landside 2. What was the benefit of Kamakura’s geography compared to creating a walled city? For the remaining questions, use The Kamakura Period (1185-1333) Google Map. You previously learned about the Heian Period (700s-1100s) of Japanese history. To find out about Kamakura’s history during this time, use the ‘Before and During the Heian Period’ layer (turn off all other layers.) 3. Provide evidence from the map to support this claim: Kamakura existed prior to Minamoto no Yoritomo’s take over. To find out about the geography of Kamakura, use the ‘Kiridoshi Passes are a Distinguishing Feature of Kamakura’ layer (turn off all other layers.) 4. What symbol is used to mark locations for Kiridoshi passes? 5. How many of passes are there? 6. What purpose do these passes serve? 7. Shintoism is the native religion of Japan.