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Περì O̓ρθότητος Ἐ Τύμων Uusiutuva Uralilainen Etymologia

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Περì O̓ρθότητος Ἐ Τύμων Uusiutuva Uralilainen Etymologia ΠΕΡI OΡΘΌΤΗΤΌΣ EΤΎΜΩΝ UUSIUTUVA URALILAINEN ETYMOLOGIA Uralica Helsingiensia11 Περì ̓ ρθότητοςo ἐ τύμων Uusiutuva uralilainen etymologia TOIMITTANEET / EDITED BY SAMPSA HOLOPAINEN & JANNE SAARIKIVI HELSINKI 2018 Sampsa Holopainen & Janne Saarikivi (eds): Περı` o̓ ρθότητος ἐ τύμων. Uusiutuva uralilainen etymologia. Uralica Helsingiensia 11. Cover Rigina Ajanki Layout Mari Saraheimo English proofreading Alexandra Kellner ISBN 978-952-7262-04-7 (print) ISBN 978-952-7262-05-4 (online) ISSN 1797-3945 Orders • Tilaukset Printon Tiedekirja <www.tiedekirja.fi> Tallinn 2018 Snellmaninkatu 13 <[email protected]> FI-00170 Helsinki Uralica Helsingiensia Uralica Helsingiensia is a series published by the Finno-Ugrian Society. It features mono- graphs and thematic collections of articles with a research focus on Uralic languages, and it also covers the linguistic and cultural aspects of Estonian, Hungarian and Saami studies at the University of Helsinki. The series has a peer review system, i.e. the manuscripts of all articles and monographs submitted for publication will be refereed by two anonymous reviewers before binding decisions are made concerning the publication of the material. Uralica Helsingiensia on Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran julkaisema sarja, jossa ilmestyy mono- grafioita ja temaattisia artikkelikokoelmia. Niiden aihepiiri liittyy uralilaisten kielten tutkimuk- seen ja kattaa myös Helsingin yliopistossa tehtävän Viron kielen ja kulttuurin, Unkarin kielen ja kulttuurin sekä saamentutkimuksen. Sarjassa noudatetaan refereekäytäntöä, eli julkaistavaksi esitettävien tutkimusten käsikirjoitus annetaan kahden nimettömän asiantuntijan arvioitavaksi ennen kuin lopullinen julkaisupäätös tehdään. Publisher • Julkaisija Finno-Ugrian Society • Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura Editors • Päätoimittajat Ulla-Maija Forsberg, Riho Grünthal Editorial board • Toimitusneuvosto Márta Csepregi, Cornelius Hasselblatt, Magdolna Kovács, Johanna Laakso, Helle Mets- lang, Matti Miestamo, Irma Mullonen, Karl Paju salu, Janne Saari kivi, Anneli Sarhimaa, Elena Skribnik www.sgr.fi/uh The publications are indexed in ARTO data base with the index Urbis. Julkaisut luetteloidaan ja indeksoidaan ARTO-tietokantaan tunnuksella Urbis. Sisällys / Contents Esipuhe / Introduction 7 Juha Kuokkala Finnic-Saamic labial vowels in non-initial syllables: An etymological evaluation 11 Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Ante Aikio) Notes on the development of some consonant clusters in Hungarian 77 Niklas Metsäranta Marin ja permiläisten kielten jakamista äänteenmuutoksista – aitoa konvergenssia vai kielikunnan sisäistä lainautumista? 91 Sampsa Holopainen Indo-Iranian loanwords confined to Saami? 135 Jeongdo Kim Uusia etävastineita suomen onomatopoieettisille sanoille 181 Katja Heikkonen Äännesymbolisen sanaston etymologioinnin ongelmia 205 Santeri Junttila Mitä tapahtui kantasuomen lyhyelle *o:lle Kuurinmaan liivissä? 229 Petri Kallio Ensitavun diftongit kantasuomessa 251 Janne Saarikivi Finnic and other Western Uralic borrowings in Permian 269 Sofia Björklöf Uusia lainaetymologioita viron koillisrannikon rantamurteen länsiryhmässä 357 Kirjoittajat / List of contributors 488 Esipuhe Tämä nide sisältää pääasiassa Helsingin yliopiston tutkijoiden ja jatko-opiskelijoiden artikkeleita uralilaisesta etymologiasta ja äänne- historiasta. Mukana on lisäksi yksi Turun yliopiston jatko-opiskelija Katja Heikkonen sekä Koutokeinossa sijaitsevan Saamelaisen korkea- koulun professori Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Ante Aikio). Pää- osa kirjoittajajoukosta koostuu nuorista tutkijoista. Etymologia on aina ollut historiallis-vertailevan uralistiikan kes- kipisteessä. Viimeisen parin vuosikymmenen aikana uralilaisen kie- likunnan äänne- ja sanastohistorian tutkimus on kehittynyt nopeasti. Monet perinteiset käsitykset mm. uralilaisten kielten välisistä äänne- suhteista, eri kantakieliin palautuvan sanaston määrästä ja kielihaa- rojen välisistä kontakteista on kyseenalaistettu. Jopa melko uudetkin uralilaisten kielten etymologiset sanakirjat ovat jo paljolti vanhentu- neita ja historiallis-vertailevan uralistiikan kenttä on ehkä suuremman paradigmanvaihdoksen edessä kuin vuosikymmeniin. Vuosina 2013–2018 toteutettiin Helsingin yliopiston suomalais- ugrilaisten kielten oppiaineessa Koneen säätiön rahoittama hanke Periytyminen ja lainautuminen uralilaisten kielten historiassa. Tässä kirjassa julkaistut artikkelit liittyvät hankkeen tematiikkaan ja pyrki- vät osaltaan uudistamaan uralilaisten kielten etymologisen tutkimuk- sen traditiota. Helsingin yliopisto on jo vuosikymmeniä ollut uralilai- sen etymologian keskus ja tämä kokoelma osoittaa, että perinne jatkuu vahvana. Samalla kiinnostus uralilaiseen etymologiaan ylittää aine- ja yliopistorajat. Erityisesti saamelaiskieliin kohdistuva tutkimus tuo jat- kuvasti uusia merkittäviä avauksia uralilaisen etymologian piiriin. Kirjan artikkelit edustavat monenlaista uralilaisen etymologian tutkimusta. Perintösanasto on tärkeässä osassa monessa artikkeleista, ja sen kytkös äännehistoriaan tulee selvästi esille. Esimerkiksi Ante Aikion artikkeli esittelee uusia äänteellisiä selityksiä unkarin aiemmin tuntemattomalle uralilaiselle sanastolle ja Juha Kuokkalan artikkelissa arvioidaan vanhoja olettamuksia jälkitavun labiaalivokaalien alkupe- rästä uuden systemaattisen lähestymistavan avulla. Santeri Junttilan Περı` o̓ ρθότητος ἐ τύμων. Uusiutuva uralilainen etymologia. 7–9. Uralica Helsingiensia 11. Helsinki 2018. SAMPSA HOLOPAINEN & JANNE SAARIKIVI artikkelissa esitetään uusi äännehistoriallinen hypoteesi liiviläisen sanaston tulkitsemiseksi. Omaperäiseen sanastoon kohdistuvat myös Jeongdo Kimin ja Katja Heikkosen artikkelit, joiden keskiössä on äänteellisesti motivoituneiden sanojen kehitys uusista näkökulmista tarkasteltuna. Kielikunnan sisäiset lainasuhteet epäsäännöllisten äännesuhtei- den selittäjänä ovat tärkeässä osassa artikkeleissa. Janne Saarikiven pitkä artikkeli käsittelee itämerensuomen ja permiläisten kielten suh- detta lainaolettaman valossa ja Niklas Metsärannan artikkeli permin suhdetta mariin samasta lähtökohdasta. Vastaava tematiikka on myös Sofia Björklöfin artikkelissa, joka käsittelee viron itämerensuomalai- sia lainoja. Teos sisältää myös perinteisiä lainakerrostumia käsittele- viä artikkeleja. Sampsa Holopaisen artikkelissa käsitellään saamelais- kieliin rajoittuvia indoiranilaisia lainaetymologioita. Kirjan toimitustyö kesti huomattavasti kauemmin kuin arvioim- me. Moni kirjoittajista on joutunut odottamaan tekstinsä ilmestymistä kohtuuttoman kauan ja toimittajat pahoittelevat tätä. Yksikään artik- keli ei silti ole vanhentunut, vaan kaikki sisältävät tärkeitä uusia ha- vaintoja. Samalla kiitämme Suomalais-Ugrilaista Seuraa siitä, että se otti teoksen Uralica Helsingiensia -julkaisusarjaansa. Kiitämme myös taittaja Mari Saraheimoa, kielentarkastaja Alexandra Kellneria ja Nora Fabritiusta, joka on tehnyt sivulla 343 olevan kartan. Platon asetti dialogissaan Kratylos vastakkain kaksi näkemystä sanoista. Ensimmäisen mukaan sanat ovat alkuaan luonnollisia, toi- sin sanoen kuvaavat nimeämiään asioita jossain tietyssä suhteessa kuvattuun. Toisen mukaan sanat ovat sattumanvaraisia eli arbitraa- risia. Hänen dialoginsa alaotsikko oli nimien oikeellisuudesta, Περὶ ὀρθότητος ὀνομάτων. Etymologinen tutkimus on myöhemmin osoit- tanut, että sanojen historiaan kuuluu sekä luonnollisia piirteitä, kuten äännesymboliikkaa, johtamista ja yhdistämistä, että monin tavoin ai- nutkertaisia lainautumisia ja merkityksenmuutoksia, eli sattumaa. Sii- tä kirjan nimi Περὶ o̓ ρθότητος ἐ̓ τύμων, alkuperien eli etymologioiden oikeellisuudesta. Helsingissä 19.6.2018 Toimittajat 8 ESIPUHE This book contains articles by young researchers of etymology from the University of Helsinki, as well as additional articles from research- ers at the Saami University College (Guovdageaidnu, Sápmi = Kou- tokeino, Norway) and the University of Turku. The University of Hel- sinki has traditionally been an important research center for Uralic etymology, and this collection of articles demonstrates that it contin- ues to function as a hub for etymological research on many northern Eurasian languages. The articles in this volume deal with almost all branches of the Uralic family. They explore the new paradigms of historical-compar- ative studies, taking into account internal borrowings within the lan- guage family, as well as evidence from Indo-European loanwords. The editors hope that this books stimulates interest in Uralic ety- mology also in international arenas beyond the immediate scope of Uralic studies. The editors wish to express their gratitude to Alexandra Kellner, who did the English proofreading, Mari Saraheimo, who did the tech- nical editing and Nora Fabritius, who made the map on the page 343. 9 JUHA KUOKKALA University of Helsinki Finnic-Saamic labial vowels in non-initial syllables: An etymological evaluation Abstract In the current article, a critical analysis is conducted of the corpus of proposed Finnic-Saamic etymological cognates showing second-syllable labial vowels in both language groups. The data is taken from the etymological dictionary Suomen sano- jen alkuperä (SSA, 1992–2000) and assessed in the light of cur- rent research on Uralic sound history and language contacts. The analysis reveals that more than half of the cognate pairs previously suggested by SSA cannot be regarded as actual cognates includ- ing their stem vowels, but should instead be viewed as the results of loan contacts and parallel developments. There are, however, a dozen cognate pairs with
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